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1、Dangercanalwaysbepresentinatanker.Mostoftheriskisremovedbythedesigner.Whatriskremainscanonlybeavoidedbytakingcare.Thiscaremustbetakenbyeverybodyaboardtheship.You.Tobeabletoavoidrisksyoumustknowwhattheyare.Thisbookletwarnsyouoftherisks.Itexplainshowtheycanarise.Itinstructshowtheycanbeavoided.Byyou.Te
2、rmsareexplainedasWegoalong.Ifyoualreadyunderstandtheterms,pleasebepatient-yourshipmatemaynot.SAFETYIIMOILTANKERSPublished in 1973 and revised in 1978 byTHE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF SHIPPINGInthisbookletpetroleummeanscrudeoilorproductsmadefromit.Petroleumcanbehandledsafely.Careisabsolutelynecessaryth
3、roughoutthewholeoperation.Tobeabletoexercisecareyouneedtoknowsomethingaboutpetroleum.Thecharacteristicsofanysubstancewhichdeterminehowitwillbehaveundervariousconditionsareknownasthepropertiesofthesubstance.Weshalldealwithsomeofthepropertiesofpetroleum.EvaporationAllliquidscanchange-orbechangedintova
4、pour.Theprocessofchangingintovapouriscalledevaporation.ItisusualtorefertosuchVapourvapoursasgases.Petroleumformspetroleumvapour.BurningLiquidpetroleumdoesnotburn.Itispetroleumvapourthatburns.Dangerincreasesaccordingtohowreadilyaproductevaporates.Thelowerthetemperatureatwhichapetroleumcanevaporate,th
5、emoredangerousitis.Mixtures,Apetroleumvapourcanonlyburnifitismixedwithoxygen.Oxygenisanimportantpartoftheairaroundus.WhenwerefertoamixtureinthisbookletWenormallymeanamixtureofpetroleumvapourandair.FlammableYouwillrecognisethewordflameinflammable.Flammablemeanscapableofbeingsetonfire.Amixturewhichcan
6、besetonfireisaVflammablemixture.Flammable1.imitsItispossibletohaveamixturecontainingsolittleorsomuchpetroleumvapourthatitcannotburn.Mixturesthathavereachedthesestrengthshavereachedtheflammablelimits.J.FlammableRangeBetweentheseflammablelimitsthereliesaquitenarrowrangeofmixtureswhichareflammable.This
7、isknownastheflammablerange.Flammablelimitsandflammablerangearesometimesreferredtoastheexplosivelimitsandexplosiverange.Mostsubstanceswhenheatedexpand.Evaporationcausesrapidexpansion.Burningofthevapourcausesheatingandevengreaterexpansion.Iftheexpansionisconfinedpressuremayincreasestillfurther.EXPLOSI
8、ON,FlashpointThelowesttemperatureatwhichaliquidgivesoffenoughvapourtoformaflammablemixtureiscalleditsflashpoint.Someproductsevaporateveryrapidly.Theyproduceplentyofgasatnormalpressuresandtemperatures.Gasolineisanobviousexample.Vapourisnearlyalwayspresent.Ahotenoughsparkwillsetitonfire.Awordweshallus
9、einsteadofsetonfireisignite.Volatile1.iquidswhichevaporatereadilyareknownasvolatileliquids.Anypetroleumwithaflashpointbelow60C(140F)isclassedasvolatile.Spentrefinerywaste-spentcausticsodaforexample-maycontainvolatilepetroleum.Non-volatileSomeotherpetroleumevaporateslessrapidly.ThosewithaflashpointOf
10、60C(1400F)oroverareclassedasnon-volatile.Gasoilanddieseloilaretwoexamples.PetroleummistPetroleumsprayedfromaleakingpumporpipemayformamistofdroplets.SmokingSmoking in bedLightersMatchesTorchesDomestic equipmentFlammablemixturesmaybewhereyouleastexpectthem.Theyareeasilyignited.Sparkscansetthemoff.Smok
11、ingcanbeverydangerous.Secretsmokingismoredangerousthancontrolledsmoking.Theremaybeflammablegasinatoilet(forinstance).Gasmayhavebeendrawnintotheventilationsystem.Acraftysmokecouldbedisastrous.Smokinginbedisfoolishanywhere.Itisdangerousinanyship.Itcanbedisastrousinatanker.Ifacigarettelighterfallsitmay
12、operate.Nonsafetymatchesareamenace.Evensafetymatchesmalightaccidently.Ordinaryhandtorches(flashlights)spark.Domesticequipmentwhichcanigniteflammablevapoursinclude- shavers radios electriccookingappliancesIfacigarettelighterfalls,itmayoperate.pagefourObeyALLinstructionsaboutsmoking.Thecaptainwillsayw
13、heresmokingisallowed.ONLYSMOKEWHERESMOKINGISALLOWED.Insomeportsthelocalauthoritiesprohibitsmokinganywhereintheship.Thereareheavypenaltiesforbreachesoftheseregulations.NEVERSMOKEINBEDIfyouareallowedacigarettelighteronboard keepitinyourcabinKeepo-safetymatchesawayfromtankers.Keepallmatchesawayfromarea
14、swhereyouarenotallowedtosmoke.Useonlyspecialtorches(flashlights)issuedonboard.Keepyourelectricshaverandradioinyourcabin.Ifthereisanypossibilityofflammablevapourenteringgalleysoraccommodation donotuseelectricalappliancesNeversmokeinbed!Metal tools could cause sparks by being dropped.AluminiumIfalumin
15、iumoroneofitsalloysisknockedagainstrusttheremaybeaflashofheat.Theheatcanbeenoughtoigniteaflammablemixture.AluminiumAluminiumpaintoverrustmaybejustasdangerous.paintIfthatisstruckorrubbedthesameheatmaybegenerated.RubbishDirtywaste,rags,sawdustandotherrubbishisdangerousifleftlyingabout.Heatmaybegenerat
16、edwithinbundlesofrubbish.Theheatmaybeenoughtoigniteflammablemixtures.Itmaybecomehotenoughtosetitselfonfire.Theriskisincreasedifmaterialisleftnearsteampipes.CathodicSomeshipstanksarefittedwithcathodicprotection.Thisisamethodprotectionofcontrollingcorrosion.Metalslabsknownasanodesarefittedintotanks.Th
17、eyareonsupports.Ifananodeoritssupportisstruckordislodgedasparkmayresult.日ectricElectrictoolsandappliancesusedintankcleaningandgasfreeingcantoolsproducesparks- iftheyarenotofapproveddesign iftheyaredefectiveToolsMetalhandtoolscouldcausesparksby- strikingtogether strikingagainstothermetal beingdropped
18、Non-sparkingtoolscouldbehazardousasferrousmetalsmightbecomeembeddedinthematerial.pagesixNeverdragaluminiumorlightmetalobjectsacrossdecks.Neverallowheavyobjectstostrikerustyareaswhicharecoveredwithaluminiumpaint.Neverusealuminiumpaintin-Nevertakeportableequipmentmadeofaluminiumoritsalloysinto cargota
19、nks pumprooms anyspacewhereflammablemixturesmayaccumulateWhenremovingscaleorsludgeneverusescoopsorshovelsmadeofaluminiumoraluminiumalloy.Clearawayallwaste,rags,sawdustetc.afteruse.iNeverknockanodesortheirsupportsintanks.Whentankcleaningorgasfreeingusingportableequipment useonlyapprovedtype. reportan
20、ydefectsinthisequipmentInanyareawheretheremaybeexplosivevapour preventmetalhandtoolsfromknockingtogether preventmetalhandtoolsfromstrikingothermetal preventmetalhandtoolsfrombeingdropped lowermetalhandtoolsintotanksinacanvasbaorbucketStaticStaticelectricityisgeneratedwithintanksinseveralwayselectric
21、itywhenfillingwithcleanoilproducts whenwashingwithwaterjets whensteamingatankTheproductorwatermistorsteambecomeschargedwithelectricity.Thechargewilltrytodischargetoearth.Intimeitwilldischargeitselfharmlesslythroughtheship,shull.Whilesufficientchargeremainsahotsparkcapableofignitingaflammablemixturem
22、aybeproduced.Thereareseveralwaysinwhichthismighthappeninvolvingtheintroductionofmetalobjectsintoatank.Objectswhichhavecausedsparksinclude-NO!. hand-heldmetalullagetapes metalsamplecans metalsoundingrods ungroundedportablewashingmachinesAstaticcharge-andspark-mayalsobecausedbycarbondioxideorTank Flam
23、mable gas remains in a tank after it is discharged.washing This presents a hazard - particularly during washing unless appropriate steps are taken.steambeingdischargedatahighratefromanozzle.pageeightAmaterialwhichconductselectricityisknownasaconductivematerialoraconductor.Whenapetroleumwhichisabovei
24、tsflashpointisbeingloadedintogas-freetanksthefollowingmustbemadeofon-conductivematerialhand-heldullagetapesullagestickssamplingcontainersAtleastthirtyminutesmustelapseaftercompletionofloadingbeforehand-heldmetalorotherconductiveequipmentmaybeused.Anofficerwillauthorisetheoperationoffixedcarbondioido
25、rsteamfirefightingequipment.lWhentankwashingisinprogress keeptankopeningsclosedasmuchaspossible donotintroducemetalobjectsintothetank,otherthanagroundedwashingmachine donotdisconnecttankcleaninghosesfromtheirhydrantsuntil)theyhavebeenremovedfromthetankToxicityUllaging or sampling the RIGHT way - fac
26、ing across the wind.Fireisthebest-knowndangerintankers.Thereisanotherriskwithpetroleum:toicit.Toxicityistheabilityofasubstancetoharmyouifitreachesasensitivepartofyourbody.Asubstancethatdoesthisistoxic.Petroleumvapoursaretoxic.Breathethemandtheyharmyou.Evensmallquantitiescan dullyoursenseofsmell make
27、youdizzy produceadiminishedsenseofresponsibility giveyouaheadache irritateyoureyesThedizzinessandlossofresponsibilityareratherlikedrunkenness.Yourspeechmaybecomeslurred.Increasedquantitieswillleadto staggering confusionlossofconsciousness1.argequantitiesmayresultin arrestofbreathing arrestofheart de
28、athUUagingorsamplingtheWRONGwaypagetenDonotinhalepetroleumvapour.Whenullagingorsampling一faceacrossthewindclosealltankopeningsassoonasyoufinishItmaybenecessaryforyoutokeepawatchonamantakingullages.Youmayhavetowearbreathingapparatuswhenullagingcertaincargoes.Aresponsibleofficermustensurethatitissafefo
29、ryoutoenteranyenclosedspaceby一 testingtheatmosphere;or specifyingthelife-sustainingequipmentyoumustwear;and takingallnecessaryprecautionsforyoursafetyorescapeThisappliesto- cargotanks pumprooms holdsusedforcarryingpackedpetroleumandofcoursetootherenclosedspaces,suchasdoublebottoms cofferdams peaktan
30、ksVentilationmustbecontinuouswhileyouworkinpacked-cargoholds.Ifventilationorworkisinterrupted,regardthespaceasunsafe.Rotten eggsInsomepetroleumthereisadangerousgascalledhydrogensulphide.Thissmellsofrotteneggs.Itquicklydullsyoursenseofsmell.Firstyousmellitthenyoudon,t.Youmaysupposeitisnolongerpresent
31、.Thismaynotbethecase.Becausetheydullyoursenseofsmellpetroleumvapoursaredoublydangerous.Ifyoucannotsmellthemyoumaythinktheyarenotpresent.Youcertainlycannotjudgehowmuchthereis.Theabsenceofsmelldoesnotmeantheabsenceofpetroleumvapour.Tolerance of vapourl/Vehavesaidthatsomeoftheilleffectsofbreathingpetro
32、leumgasareabitlikedrunkenness.Youwillknowsomepeoplewhocanholdtheirliquor.TheyseemtobeabletodrinkalotwithoutshowinganysignsofitThatdoesnotmeanthatthestuffinthebottleisanylesspotentSomepeoplecantoleratepetroleumvapoursbetterthanothers.You,orsomebodyyouarewatching,maybeone.Youmaynotshoworfeelearlyill-e
33、ffects.Youmaythinktheatmosphereissafe.But theremaybedangerousvapourpresent itmaybeaflammablemixture theatmospheremaybetoxicRespiratorsNever rely on your nose.Anti-gasrespirators-suchasthemilitarytypeintowhichairisdrawnthroughabsorbents,affordyounoprotectionagainstatmospheresdeficientinoxygenandmustn
34、otbeusedinenclosedspaces.pagetwelveNeverwaituntililleffectswarnyouthatpetroleumvapourispresent.Neverrelyonseeingill-effectsinothersasawarningthatpetroleumvapourispresent.PROTECTIVECLOTHINGBreathing apparatus and protective dothiQ.Protectiveclothingisoftennecessary.Itprotectsyoufrompossibleharm.Itmay
35、simplybeglovesorgoggles.Itcouldbenecessaryforyoutowearacompletesuitwithahelmet.Yourofficerswillknowwhichcargoescanharmyou.Theyknowwhatprotectiveclothingyoumustwear.Followyourofficers,instructions wearwhateverprotectiveclothingyouaretoldtowear、 wearitwheneveryouaretoldtodosoProtectiveclothingshouldbe
36、keptcleananddry.Protectiveclothingmadeofheat-resistantmaterialwillintimeabsorbandtransmitheat.Dampclothingofthistypecanscaldyouwhenitisexposedtofire.Thereisnothingcowardlyorchildishinwearingprotectiveclothing.Itisnotbravetoleaveoffnecessaryprotectiveclothing.Itisfoolhardytoleaveitoff.Itisunsafetobef
37、oolhardy.Whennecessaryyouwillbeissuedwithspecialbreathingapparatus.UseDermatitis.Remove petroleum from your skin asPetroleumPetroleummistsorspraycanbeharmful.mistIfyouinhaletheminlargequantitiestheycanirritateyourlungs.Thisirritationcanleadtopneumonia.SkinPetroleumcandamageyourskin.contactLightpetro
38、leum-keroseneforexample-cancausedermatitis.Heavierpetroleumcanblockyourporesandcausearash.Youmayhearthisrashreferredtoasoilacne.Someheavypetroleum-lubricatingoilforinstance-canproducemoreseriouslong-termeffects.Incontactwiththeskinoverlongperiodstheymaycauseskincancer.Thereisparticularriskofcancerof
39、thescrotum.Petroleum-soakedunderclothesareobviouslydangerous.1.eadLeadcompoundsareaddedtosomepetroleums.Ships*tankscanpoisoningbecomecontaminatedbythese.Consecutivevoyagescarryingsuchcargoescandangerouslycontaminateatank.ReducedYourbrainhastohaveanadequatesupplyofoxygen.Theoxygenoxygenntentoftheairi
40、natankcanbecomereduced.Oxygenreductionisparticularlylikely afterinertgas,steam,orcarbondioxidehasbeenused inanyunventilatedspacesCarbonCarbondioxideismuchheavierthanair.Itwillnaturallylingerindioxidespacesintowhichitisinjected.pagefourteenIfpetroleumgetsontoyourskin removeitasquicklyaspossible useso
41、apandwateroraspeciallypreparedcleanser donotuseharshsoaps-theymaycausedermatitisIfyouusewasteorragstoremovesplashes一 changethemfrequently donotkeeptheminyourpocketWearcleanworkclotheswheneverpossible-particularlyunderclothes.Showerattheendofeachdayswork.Removealltracesofoilfromyourskin.Whenworkingin
42、tankswhichhavecontainedleadedpetroleumforconsecutivevoyages一 wearfullprotectiveclothing donotinhaleanyvapours avoidcontactbetweenyourskinandanyscaleorsludge removeimmediatelyanyscaleorsludgewhichtouchesyourskin washthecontaminatedskinwithlotsofsoapandwater maintainventilationAftercarbon-dioxideextin
43、guishershavebeenusedinanyconfinedorpartiallyconfinedspaces- onlyenterunderanofficr,ssupervision onlyenterwearingbreathinapparatusandalifelinePresence ofgasTheremaybeflammablegas afterloadingordischargingvolatilepetroleum afterloadingnon-volatilepetroleumintoatankwhichisnotgasfreeItmaybeinthetank:itm
44、aybeatanyopeningtothetank.PressureVapourintanksmaybeunderpressure.Inspacesdeclaredgas-freeInotherspacesGAS-FREEFurthergasmaybereleased- afterloosescaleorsludgeisdisturbed afteraheatingcoilisopenedup whenapipelineorvalveisopenedup whenacargopumporvalveisopenedup whenacargoventlineisopenedupFlammableg
45、asmaybeinanyspaceintowhichvolatilepetroleumcouldhaveleaked.Examplesare- pumprooms cofferdams ballasttanks emptycompartmentsnexttotanksusedtocarrylowflashpointpetroleumAspacedeclaredgas-freeisfreeofgasatthetimeofthetest.Thespacemaynotremaingas-free.Remember:furthergasmaybereleased.Gas may be released
46、 when loose scale is disturbed.Theabsenceofflammablemixturesdoesnotnecessarilymeanthespaceisgas-freeandsafe.Remembertoxicgasesarenotnecessarilyflammable.agesixteenBeforeyouopenatankanypressuremustberelieved.Thishastobedoneverycarefullyundercontrolledconditions.Openingsmustbeclosedassoonaspossible.As
47、pacewhichisshownbytestinstrumenttobefreeofflammableortoxicgasisstatedtobegasfree.Aspacemaybecertifiedgas-freeandbe- safeformenandcoldwork safeforhotworkColdworkincludesjobswhichcancausesparksorenoughheattoigniteanynearbyvapour-e.g.hammering.Hotworkissohotthatitcanactuallycausedirtypartsofatanktogiveoffvapoure.g.welding.Thisvapourcanofcoursebeignitedbythework.Testswil
