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1、U：NUNITEDNATIONSDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMMEENHANCINGClimatechangeTRANSPARENCYIHowdevelopingcountriesaretakingactionjNOVEMBER2023Author：DouglasA.MarettandAnnaTheou-Tsafara(GHSustainabilityAS)Editor：SkrivanekTranslationServicesDesigner:JTQuirkTechnicalreviewersandcontributorsRichemondAssie,ZeynepBakir1LisaBa
2、umgartner,RebeccaCarman,EvaHuttova,ClaudiaOrtiz,KimberlyTodd,PatriciaVelasco,JamesVenerandMylesWhittaker(UNDP).AcknowledgementsTheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)wouldliketoacknowledgeandshowappreciationtothedozensofUNDPstaffmembers,comingfrom24UNDPCountryOffices,whoshapedtheanalysisforthisre
3、port.Wearegratefultothetransparencyandclimatechangeteamsintheirofficesfortheiractiveparticipationandqualifiedinput.AboutUNDPUNDPistheleadingUnitedNationsorganizationfightingtoendtheinjusticeofpoverty,inequality,andclimatechange.Workingwithourbroadnetworkofexpertsandpartnersin170countries,wehelpnatio
4、nstobuildintegrated,lastingsolutionsforpeopleandplanet.Learnmoreatundp.orgorfollowatUNDP.AboutUNDP,sClimatePromiseUNDPsClimatePromiseisthelargestglobalofferonNDCsupport,coveringover120countriesandterritories,representing80percentofalldevelopingcountriesgloballytoenhanceandimplementtheirNationallyDet
5、erminedContributionsundertheglobalParisAgreement.Deliveredincollaborationwithawidevarietyofpartners,itistheworldslargestofferofsupportfortheenhancementofclimatepledgesandimplementationoftheParisAgreement.Learnmoreatclimatepromise.undp.organdfollowat1JNDPCIimate.UNDisclaimerTheviewsexpressedinthispub
6、licationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyrepresentthoseoftheUnitedNations,includingtheUNDevelopmentProgrammeorUNMemberStates.CopyrightUNDP2023.Allrightsreserved.OneUnitedNationsPlaza,NewYork,NY10017,USA.Coverphoto:UNDPCostaRicaCLIMATEQPROMISEENHANCINGClimatechangeTRANSPARENCYHowdevelopingcount
7、riesaretakingactionNOVEMBER2023AbbreviationsAFDBAfricanDevelopmentBankLEAPLowEmissionsAnalysisPlatformAFDAgenceFranaisedeDdveloppementLECBLowEmissionCapacityBuildingProgrammeAFOLUAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUseLEDSLow-EmissionDevelopmentStrategiesBTRsBiennialTransparencyReportsLGIFLebanonGreenIn
8、vestmentFacilityBAUBusinessasUsualLTSLong-TermStrategyBURBiennialUpdateReportLT-LEDSLong-TermLow-EmissionDevelopmentStrategyCBITCapacity-BuildingInitiativeforTransparencyNAMAsNationalAppropriateMitigationActionsCSOsCivilSocietyOrganizationsM&EMonitoring&EvaluationETFEnhancedTransparencyFrameworkMPGs
9、Modalities,ProceduresandGuidelinesETSEmissionsTradingSchemesMRVMeasurement,ReportingandVerificationEUEuropeanUnionNAPNationalAdaptationPlanFAOFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsNCNationalCommunicationFMCPFacilitative,MultilateralConsiderationofProgressNDCsNationallyDeterminedContributio
10、nsFREUFRLForestReferenceEmissionLevel/ForestReferenceLevelNGOsNon-GovernmentalOrganizationsGGGIGlobalGreenGrowthInstituteQA/QCQualityAssuranceZQuaIityControlGHGGreenhouseGasSBI.5757thmeetingoftheSubsidiaryBodyforImplementationGISGeographicInformationSystemSIDSSmallIslandDevelopingStatesGIZDeutscheGe
11、sellschaftfurInternationaleZusammenarbeitSIRENEBrazilsNationalEmissionsRegistrySystemILOInternationalLabourOrganizationSPCThePacificCommunity(formerlytheSouthPacificCommission)INDCsIntendedNationallyDeterminedContributionsUNCFDUnitedNationsCapitalDevelopmentFundIPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateCha
12、ngeUNDPUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeIPPUIndustrialProcessesandProductUseUNEPUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeITMOsInternationallyTransferredMitigationOutcomesUNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeLDCsLeastDevelopedCountriesVFDVariablefrequencydrivesContentsL2.2l22233.4414.1.14124.
13、1341.442421战4234/44343143244441454514524535.&|父536.&|心心，Abbreviations4Executivesummary6IntroductiontotheEnhancedTransparencyFramework12Sharingexperiencesinenhancingtransparency16Purposeofthereport16Approachforthisanalysisandreport16Selectedcountriesincludedintheanalysis19HowUNDPissupportingenhancedt
14、ransparency20Bestpracticestoenhancetransparencyandidentifiedsupportneeds24GHGinventory24Commonelements24Energyandindustrysectors26AFOLUsector27Wastesector29Mitigationprogress30Commonelements30Energyandindustrysectors32AFOLUsector35Wastesector37Adaptationprogress38Assessingimpactsofclimatechangeandre
15、latedplanning38ImplementingadaptationactionsandM&E41Trackingsupportneededandreceived44Trackingsupportforcapacity-building,technologytransfer,andfinance44Cross-cuttingissues46Digitalsystemsandothertools46Informationdisseminationandstakeholderengagement48Gendermainstreaming50Synergiesoftransparencywit
16、hothernationalcomponents54Institutionalframeworksfortransparency54Strategyandplanning56Climatefinance58Collaborationhelpsfillintransparencygaps60Collaborationbetweennationalstakeholders60Collaborationbetweendevelopmentagenciesoperatingincountries62Internationalcollaborationbetweengovernments64Tenkey
17、lessonslearnedinenhancingtransparency66References69ExecutivesummaryInthecontextofglobalclimatechangepolicyandactions,transparencyequalstrust.TrustthatallcountriesareundertakingeffortstoaddresstheclimatecrisiswithintheirbordersasoutlinedinthierNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs),anddependingonthe
18、ircapacity,supportingothercountrieswiththeirclimateactionsandcommitments.Thistrustisbuiltnotonlythroughconcreteactionsandthedistributionoffinance,butalsothroughinformationsharing.Thisallowscountriestocollectivelygaugeglobalprogresstowardsmeetingclimatechangegoals,thusimprovingunderstandingofhowtound
19、ertakeclimateactionquicklyandefficiently.Inthiscollaborativentext,climateaction,finance,andtransparency(e.g.,informationsharing)followthewprincipleofequityandcommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilitiesandrespectivecapabilities,inlightofdifferentnationalcircumstances,1ashighlightedinArticle2.2oftheParisA
20、greementandArticle3.1oftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC),referredtoastheConvention.AboutthisreportandanalysisTofurthertheprocessofenhancingtransparency,thisreporthasthreeobjectives:1. Sharethesuccesses,bestpractices,andlessonslearnedbycountriesintheirprogressofenhancingtrans
21、parencyatthenationallevel;2. Highlightvariouschallengesthatcountriesfaceintheireffortstoenhancetransparencyatthenationallevel;and3. Informthedesignoffuturesupportorcollaborationsbetweencountriesandbilateralandmultilateralpartnerstoenhancetransparencyframeworks.Thisreportutilizesthevaluableresultsoft
22、hetechnicalpaper,Problems,constraints,lessonslearnedandcapacity-buildingneedsinpreparingnationalcommunicationsandbiennialupdatereports/preparedbytheConsultativeGroupofExpertsfromthe57thmeetingoftheSubsidiaryBodyforImplementation(SBI.57).ByexpandingontheSBI.57analysis,thisreportshareshowandwherecount
23、riesareaddressingclimatechange-relatedtransparencychallenges.Todothis,qualitativeanalysiswasconductedoninitiativessupportedbyUNDP-managedprojects,usingasampleof24developingcountriesfromAfrica,AsiaandthePacific,Europe,LatinAmerica,andtheMiddleEast.Subsequently,thisreportoffersageneral,globalsnapshoto
24、fclimatetransparency-relatedactivities.This,however,isnotacomprehensivepictureofthestatusofglobaltransparencyastherearemanyothernationalandinternationalentitiessupportingclimatechangeandtransparency-relatedactivitiesindevelopingcountriesaroundtheworld.Theanalysisrevealscommonbestpracticesthatcountri
25、eshavetakentoaddressdifferentchallengesthatfallwithintheenhancedtransparencythemes.Additionalareasandelementsofsupportneedsthatcountrieshaveidentifiedforfurtherenhancingtheirtransparencyarealsopresented.GHGinventoriesBestpracticesforaddressingtransparencywithinthebroadergreenhousegas(GHG)inventorysy
26、stemsincludeparticipatingininstitutionaltrainingontheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)reportingguidelinesortheuseoftheIPCCsoftware,improvingprotocolsandformalinstitutionalarrangementsfordatasharingandmanagement,andtheuseofonlineinformationsystemsforcentralizingdata.Whiletrainingonqualityas
27、surance/qualitycontrol(QAQC)istakingplace,relatedactivitiesalsoincludeestablishingcountry-specificemissionfactors,procedures,andinstitutionalarrangementswiththeuseofnationaland/orinternationalconsultantsforassistance.WhenaddressingtheGHGinventoryintheenergysector,transparency-relatedbestpracticeincl
28、udesusingsimplifiedtlstofacilitatedatacollectionandtrainingnationalexpertstocollectthedata.Inaddition,differentdigitalmodels,country-specificmethodologies,andemissionsfactorsaredevelopedandusedincalculatingandprojectingemissionsintheenergysector.WithintheAgriculture,Forestry,andOtherLandUse(AFOLU)se
29、ctor,countriessupportdatacollectionbyusingcommondatacollectionformsandtoolsfordifferentsubsectors,surveysforlivestock,andemployingsatelliteimagesfromglobalinformationsystems(GIS)tomaplanduseovertime.Formanyoftheseactivities,countriesaretrainingnationalexpertstousetherelatedmodelsandcalculationmethod
30、ologies.Inaddition,emissionsestimationsarebeingstrengthenedbydevelopingcategoricalnationalemissionsfactors,includingentericfermentationandagriculturalsoils,completingstudiesthatcalculatesoilorganiccarboncontentand,insomecases,byfurtheranalysingharvestedwoodproducts.Whilethereisnointernationalconsens
31、usonthedefinitionofForest,countriesareusingnationaldefinitionsintheirGHGinventoriesconsideringtheirnationalcircumstances.InstrengtheningtheGHGinventoryforthewastesector,countriesarecompletingtrainingprogrammesontheIPCCguidelinesandmethodologiesforwaste,developingnationalemissionsfactors,strengthenin
32、gsubsectoractivitydata,implementingdatacollectionandmanagementprocedures,andincludingQA/QCpractices.MitigationprogressToenhancethetransparencyofmitigationprogress,countriesaredevelopingtheircapacitytousevarioustoolsanddigitalmodelstobuildscenarios,andtoestimateandeventuallytrackemissionsreductionsin
33、differentsectors.Somecountrieshaveelectedtoconductspecializedstudiestoassess,prioritize,andmeasuremitigation,suchascirculareconomymitigationanalyses,low-emissiondevelopmentstrategies(LEDS)andsubsectormethodologies.Uniquetosomecountriesareactivitiesimplementedtosetupnationalinstitutionalframeworks,in
34、formationprocesses,andregistriestosupportmeasurement,reporting,andverification(MRV)andtheirparticipationinArticle6togenerateandtransferinternationallymitigationoutcomes.Intheenergyandindustrysectors,countriesareestablishingsubsector-specificmethodologiesfordeterminingbusinessasusual(BAU)baselinesand
35、mitigationpotential,implementingMRVsystemstodetermineachievedemissionsreductions,andtrainingrelevantpersonnelfromtheinstitutionsresponsibleforimplementingthemitigationactionsusingthesemethodologiesandtools.Theseactivitiesincludeensuringidentifieddataparameters,preparingdatacollectiontemplates,anddev
36、elopingMRVprocedures.ByaddressingtransparencyinmitigationandcarbonsequestrationfromtheAFOLUsector,somecountrieshavedevelopedastandardforMRVinsubsectors(e.g.,bovinemeat,coffeeproduction,andre-carbonizationofsoils)andpreparedinitialbaselineandmitigationassessmentsforconvertinggrasslandtoSilvopastorals
37、ystems,includingbetterlivestockpracticeswithMRVintegratedintonationaldigitalMRVsystems.CountrieshavealsopreparedtheirForestReferenceEmissionLevel/ForestReferenceLevel(FREL/FRL),whichprovidesabaselineforevaluatingperformanceinimplementingREDD+activitiesandistheparameterformeasuring,reporting,andverif
38、yingthereductionofforestcarbonemissionsinthecontextofresults-basedpayment.Toenhancetransparencyinwastesectormitigation,somecountrieshavepreparednationallyappropriatemitigationactions(NAMAs)forlandfillgasflaringandutilization,whichincludeemissionsmethodologies,assessedBAUemissionsandmitigationpotenti
39、al,developedMRVmethodologies,andidentifieddataneeds.OthercountrieshaveundertakensimilaractivitiesoutsideoftheNAMAframework,whichalsoincludedwastecomposting.AdaptationprogressCountriesareprovidingastrongbackgroundasabasisforimpactanalysisbydevelopingclimateprojectionsandscenariosatnationalandsubnatio
40、nallevels.Inaddition,severalcountrieshavetakenstepstowardsdevelopingvulnerabilityassessmentsforsectors,suchasagriculture,energy,mining,tourism,andhumanhealth,aswellasforresourceassessmentsforwaterandfoodsecurity.Atleastonecountryhasusedtheresultsofriskandvulnerabilityassessments,combinedwithclimatep
41、rojections,tocreateadigitalatlasandadisasterriskregistry.Inaddition,somecountrieshavealsocompletedstudiesthatincludeassessmentsoftheimpactonsocio-economicdevelopmentandlossanddamage.Importantly,countriesarealsotrainingtechnicalstafftointegrateadaptationintodevelopmentplanningatthesectoral,territoria
42、landlocallevels.Strengtheningtheresilienceofcoastalareasisanobjectivethatmultipleuntrieshaveprioritizedintheiradaptationplans,andassuch,theyhaveinitiatedactivitiestoimproveM&Einthisarea.Thisincludesdevelopingdatabasesformonitoringcoastaladaptationmeasures;atleastonecountryhassetupanIntegratedCoastal
43、ZoneManagement(ICZM)interministerialplatformtocoordinatecoastaladaptationprojects.Anothercountryhasfocusedonlandmanagementandagriculturebysupportingresearchonpathogensaffectingfarmsforpestmanagement,improvingtraceabilitysystemsforproduction,andestablishingsoilcarbonbaselines.Othercountrieshaveaddres
44、sedadaptationplanningatthesubnationallevelbytrainingtechnicalstafftointegrateadaptationintodevelopmentplanning,includingsoftwareforriskassessmentandmanagement.TrackingsupportneededandreceivedToenhancethetransparencyofsupportneededandreceived,countriescommonlyundertakeactivitiesthatmapandtrackpublice
45、xpendituresrelatedtoclimatechangeand/ortrackandreportsupportthroughdigitalMRVsystems.Inaddition,countrieshaveidentifiedthespecificcapacity-buildingandtechnicalassistanceneededtosupporttheimplementationofmitigationandadaptationactions,aswellasinvestmentneedsforimplementingmitigationandadaptationactio
46、ns.Cross-cuttingissuesCountrieshavestrongneedsforcentralizedandeasilyaccessiblerepositoriesfordataandadditionalinformationontheirnationalinventories,mitigationandadaptationactions,Article6trading,thesupporttheybothneedandreceive,andinformationrequiredforclimatechangepoliciesandplans.Inresponsetothes
47、eneeds,multiplecountrieshavedevelopedcountryspecificsoftwarethatisreferredtogenericallyasdigitalMRVsystems,tomanageclimatechangeinformation,includingtrackingprogresstowardsNDCtargets.UnderlyingthedevelopmentofdigitalMRVsystemsareactivitiescarriedoutoncountries,institutionalframeworksthatsupportthetr
48、ansparencyinformationsystem,whichidentifyweaknesses,bestpractices,andareasforimprovementforsystemimplementation.Manycountriesfaceabroadchallengetoensurethatinformationandothermaterialproducedundertransparencyreportingiswidelydistributedandunderstoodbystakeholdersandthepublic.Onecommonactivitythatcountriesundertakeforinformationdisseminationisdevelopingorimprovingonlineplatforms(sometimescalleduclimateportals)thatpubliclyshareinformationaboutc
