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1、POLLUTIONCONTROLTECHNOLOGIESFORSMALL-SCALEDECEMBER2023ADBASIANDEVELOPMENTBANKPOLLUTIONCONTROLTECHNOLOGIESFORSMALL-SCALEOPERATIONSDECEMBER2023ADBASIANDEVELOPMENTBANKCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)2023AsianDevelopmentBank6ADBAvenue,MandaluyongCity,1550MetroManila.PhilippinesTel+632
2、86324444;Fax+63286362444Somerightsreserved.Publishedin2023.ISBN978-92-9270-538-1(print);978-92-9270-539-8(electronic);978-92-9270-540-4(ebook)PublicationStock.No.TCS230595DOI:TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsandpoliciesoftheAsianDevelopmentBank(
3、ADB)oritsBoardofGovernorsorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.ADBdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationandacceptsnoresponsibilityforanyconsequenceoftheiruse.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturersdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyADBinpreferencetoothersofas
4、imilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.Bymakinganydesignationoforreferencetoaparticularterritoryorgeographicarea,orbyusingtheterm“country*inthispublication,ADBdoesnotintendtomakeanyjudgmentsastothelegalorotherstatusofanyterritoryorarea.ThispublicationisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicen
5、se(CCBY3.0IGO)Byusingthecontentofthispublication,youagreetobeboundbythetermsofthislicense.Forattribution,translations,adaptations,andpermissions,pleasereadtheprovisionsandtermsofuseathttps:/www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.ThisCChtmaterialsinthispublication.Ifthematerialisattributedtoanothersource,p
6、leasecontactthecopyrightownerorpublisherofthatsourceforpermissiontoreproduceit.ADBcannotbeheldliableforanyclaimsthatariseasaresultofyouruseofthematerial.Pleasecontactpubsmarketingadb.orgifyouhavequestionsorcommentswithrespecttocontent,orifyouwishtoobtaincopyrightpermissionforyourintendedusethatdoesn
7、otfallwithintheseterms,orforpermissiontousetheADBlogo.CorrigendatoADBpublicationsmaybefoundatNote:Inthispublication,F$referstoFijiandollar;wKwreferstoPapuaNewGuineakina;wST,rreferstoSamoantala;and$referstoUnitedStatesdollars,unlessindicatedotherwise.Onthecover:Theupperphotoshowsabove-groundstructure
8、sofbiogasinCambodia;thelowerphotoshowsconstructedwetlandintheLaoPeople,sDemocraticRepublic.BothwerebuiltunderrecentADBprojects.PhotosbyXinRen.ContentsTables,Figures,andBoxvAcknowledgmentsviAbbreviationsviiExecutiveSummaryviii1 Introduction1Background1Objectives2MethodologyandCoverage22 WaterPollutio
9、nControlTechnologies3Principles3Pre-treatmentsandTheirComparison4PrimaryTreatmentsandTheirComparison6MajorTechnologiesforSecondaryTreatment7RemovalRateofTreatmentTechnology10CostDimensions123 DischargeStandardsandImplications13AmbientVersusDischargeStandards13ImplicationsofDifferentDischargeStandard
10、s15FromConcentration-BasedStandardtoTotalLoadControl164 TechnologiesforSolidWasteManagement18PrinciplesandWasteManagementHierarchy18SolidWasteManagementTechnologies19TechnologiesforHazardousWasteManagement225 TechnologiesforAirEmissionsControl24Principles24AirPollutionControlTechnologies246 Conclusi
11、onsandRecommendations27jvContents294042Appendixes1 MajorTechnologiesforSmall-ScaleWastewaterTreatment2 DevelopmentofEnvironmentalStandardsintheUnitedStatesReferencesTables5Figures5andBoxTables2.1 PrimaryTreatmentTechnologiesforWastewater72.2 SecondaryTreatmentTechnologiesApplicabletoSMEs82.3 Compari
12、sonofMajorSecondaryTreatmentTechnologies93.1 ComparisonofDomesticWastewaterDischargeStandards143.2 MajorOrganicWasteTechnologiesApplicabletoSMEs213.3 MajorTechnoIogiesforHazardousWastefromAgro-Sectors225.1 AirEmissionControlTechnologiesApplicabletoSMEs26Figures4.1DiagramofDigestionwithBiogasandCompo
13、sting21A1TypicalFlowDiagramofTricklingFilterSystem31A2TypicalSchematicofanRBCInstallation33A3SepticTankandConstructedWetland34A4DiagramofTypicalDEWATS36A5DiagramofaMini-ActivatedSludge37A6FlowChartofAeratedLagn38Box2.1ExampleofAnimalHusbandryWastewaterTreatment10AcknowledgmentsThestudywasinitiatedan
14、dledbyXinRen,seniorenvironmentalspecialist,OfficeofSafeguardsoftheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB),fundedbytheregionaltechnicalassistance(TA9647)onStrengtheningSafeguardsManagementinSoutheastAsia.XinRenauthoredChapters1,3,4,and6andperformedqualitycontrolfortheentirereport.ChirongHuang,seniornsultantandsani
15、tationengineerofmorethan30yearsofexperience,draftedtherestofthereportandcontributedtoChapter4.XinRenhasworkedcloselyinruralprojectsofSoutheastAsiancountries,focusingonenvironmentalmanagement.BeforejoiningADB1sheworkedintheWorldBankindiverseprojectsrangingfromurban,energy,andtransporttoruralsectors.A
16、partfromher15yearsinmultilateraldevelopmentbanks,shealsoworkedinUnitedNationsagenciesonclimatechangeandwastemanagementforyears,andinthePeoplesRepublicofChinaonpollutioncontrol,hazardouswastemanagement,andcleanerproduction.Thisstudydrawsuponthetwoauthors,substantialexperienceindifferentfacetsofpollut
17、ioncontrolandtheirinsightsonbroaderenvironmentalmanagementindevelopingcountries.Thestudyreportbenefitedfromthevaluablecommentsandsuggestionsbypeerreviewers,JamesG.Baker,seniorcirculareconomyspecialist,ADB;andJitendraK.Singh1watersupplyandsanitationspecialist,ADB.TheauthorsalsowanttothankAntoineMorel
18、,coordinatorofenvironmentalworkinSoutheastAsiaDepartmentofADBandTA9647,forhissupportallthrough,andRicardoCarlosBarba,officerinchargeofRegionalOffice2intheOfficeofSafeguardsofADB,forhisguidanceinreviewandpublication.Theauthorsremainresponsibleforalltheresidualshortcomings.AbbreviationsBATbestavailabl
19、etechnologyBOD5five-daybiochemicaloxygendemandBORDABremenOverseasResearchandDevelopmentAssociationBPTbestpracticablecurrentlyavailabletechnologyCAPEXcapitalexpenditureCODchemicaloxygendemandDEWATSdecentralizedwastewatertreatmentsystemDMCdevelopingmembercountryEHSenvironmental,health,andsafetyEIAenvi
20、ronmentalimpactassessmentGACgranularactivatedcarbonGHGgreenhousegasHDThydraulicdetentiontimeIFCInternationalFinancialCorporationMDBmultilateraldevelopmentbankMLSSmixedliquorsuspendedsolidsO&GoilandgreaseO&MoperationandmaintenanceOPEXoperatingexpensePRCPeople*sRepublicofChinaRASreturnedactivesludgeRB
21、CrotatingbiologicalcontactorSMEssmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesSRTsludgeretentiontimeTSStotalsuspendedsolidsUKUnitedKingdomUSUnitedStatesUSEPAUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyWASwasteactivatedsludgeWSPwastestabilizationpondWWTPwastewatertreatmentplantExecutiveSummaryAgricultureactivitiesareverydiverse
22、anddealwithvastlydifferentrawmaterials,products,andproductiontechnologies.Manyofthem,especiallythoserelatedtoanimals,generatepollutionthatisequallydiverseandcomplex.Inparticular,wastewaterandsolidwastefromanimalhusbandryandpressinghavebecomeoneofthelargestpollutersinmanyruralareas.Withthecoronavirus
23、disease(COVID-19)pandemicandheightenedawareness,pathogenicandinfectiousrisksofagro-sectorsalsoreceivedmoreattention.TheAsianDevelopmentBankhassupportedagricultureandruraldevelopmentfordecades.Mostoftheseactivitiesaresmallscaleinruralareaswithverylimitedresourcesandcapacity.Thisaddsmorechallengesinco
24、ntrollingpollutionandcomplyingwithenvironmental,health,andsafety(EHS)requirements.Itisthereforecriticaltoidentify,evaluateorvalidate,andselectthesuitablemethodsandtechnologiesthatareeffectiveonEHSyetaffordable,easytooperate,andthussustainable.Yettheprojectdevelopers/technicaldesignersfortheseproduct
25、ionactivitiesarenotexpertsonpollutioncontrol,letaloneitstechnologies.Mostpractitionersforenvironmentalimpactassessment(EIA)arenotengineerswiththeexpertisetoenablethemtoperformvalidationorselection.Thereisalackofsystematiccomparativestudyofthecost-effectivenessofmajortechnologiessuitableforsmall-scal
26、eoperations,whetherinruralorurbansettings,forpeopletoreadilytapintotomeettheneedofprojectsingeneralandinthefeasibilitystudyandEIAinparticular.Inthisstudy,majorcontrolmethodsandtreatmenttechnologiesforwastewater,organicsolidandbio-hazardouswastes,chemicalsubstances,andairemissiontypicalfortheagro-sec
27、torarereviewedtoevaluatetheirsuitabilityforsmall-scaleoperations.Itfocusesontheirefficiencyandcost-effectivenessinreducingmainpollutantsincludingmicrobesregulated.Itincludesinvestmentandoperationandmaintenancecostinrelativeterms,inadditiontoefficiencyandmainprosandconsfortechnologiescoveredandcompar
28、ed.Themostsalientindicatorfortechnologiesabilitytoabatepollutionistheirremovalefficiencyoftargetedpollutants.However,thediscussionshowsthatspecificdesignforthepollutionathandandoperationalfactorscangreatlyaffecttheresultsofpollutiontreatmentorwasteutilization.Therefore,theefficienciesofmajortechnolo
29、giesservemostlyasastartingpointandreference.Withthem,itishopedthatprojectdesignersandEIApreparerscanatleastjudgethevalidityandfeasibilityofvarioustechnologiesproposedtothemincontrollingthepollutionandEHSrisksinquestion.ExecutiveSummaryjThediscussiononwastewateralsoillustratesthecriticalroleplayedbye
30、nvironmentalstandards,towhichachapterisdedicated.Itdescribesthedifferencebetweentwomaintypesofstandards,ambientversusdischarge,intermsoftheirbasisandimplications.WastewaterstandardsofmostdevelopingcountriesinSoutheastAsiaandinthePeoplesRepublicofChinaaremparedwiththatofrepresentativedevelopedcountri
31、esaswellastheirapproachestogaininsightsandproviderecommendations.Giventhatcost-effectivenessisthekeyforsmall-scalepollutioncontrol,arepeatedthemeregardlessofthetypeofpollutionissegregation,i.e.,separatingliquidfromsolids,Cleanerfromdirtierstream,ororganicfromhazardous,inordertocontrol,utilize,andtre
32、atcost-effectively.Theresultscanbeusefulnotonlyfortheagrosectorbutalsofortheperi-urban,industries,orhealthsectorsthatneedtodealwithsmall-scaleyetcomplexpollution,wastemanagement,andbiosafetyissues.Differenttechnologiesworkbestforcertaintypesofpollutioninacertainrangeofstrength.Alackofdecentknowledge
33、onpollutioncharacteristicswillresultinimproperchoiceofmethods,technologies,ortheirdesignedcapacity,leadingtoineffectiveorunsustainablepollutionabatementorevenfailure.Therefore,astudyonpollutioncharacteristicsfortypicalagro-sectorsisbeingundertakeninparallelanditsresultsaretobeusedintandemwiththisrep
34、ort.IntroductionBackgroundAgricultureactivitiesareverydiverse,mainlyincludinghorticultureandplant-basedprocessing,animalhusbandryandprocessing,aquacultureandfishprocessing,laboratories,manufacturingofvaccinesandotherveterinaryproducts,agro-wasteutilization,andby-productsproduction.Theydealwithvastly
35、differentrawmaterials,products,andproductiontechnologies.Manyofthem,especiallythoserelatedtoanimals,generatepollutionthatisequallydiverseandcomplexwithimpactsandriskstowater,air,soil,ecosystem,andlivingresourcesalongthefoodchain.Notably,wastewaterandsolidwastesfromanimalhusbandryandprocessinghavebec
36、omeoneofthelargestpollutersinmanyruralareas.Inaddition,theyinvolveactivitieswithpathogenicandinfectiousrisks,broughttothefrontbythecoronavirusdisease(COVID-19)pandemic.Totackletheenvironmental,health,andsafety(EHS)issuesofagro-sectors1itismostimportanttounderstandtheirpollutioncharacteristics,namely
37、theamountofpollution,majorpollutantsandtheirconcentrationrange,ortheirnature(e.g.,organicorinorganicandtypesofhazards).Theselaythefoundationforthenextstep,tocontrolandabatethepollutiontomeetapplicablestandardsandrequirements.ManyruralprojectsoftheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)supportcooperativesorsmallan
38、dmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs)intheabovementionedagro-sectors.Duringpreparationoftheseprojects,lackofexpertiseandtimeduringthefeasibilitystudyandenvironmentalimpactassessment(EIA)oftenhindertheevaluation,validation,orselectionofsuitablepollutioncontrolmethodsandtechnologiesthatcanfulfillcompliancere
39、quirementsyetbeaffordableandsustainable.Technologiesthatareeitheractiveand/orpromotedintheuntrybyprivatecompaniesorbilateraldevelopmentagenciesoftenprevail.Therefore,fundingwasobtainedfromTechnicalAssistance(TA)(TA9647:StrengtheningSafeguardsManagementinSoutheastAsia)tocarryouttwoparallelstudiestofi
40、llthesegapsandaddressthedifficultiesfacingsimilarADBprojects,inparticularintheenvironmentandruralsector.Nonetheless,resultsofthisstudyonpollutioncontroltechnologiescanalsobeusefulforprojectsinperi-urban,energyefficiencyinindustry,orhealthsectorsthatneedtodealwithsmall-scalewastewatertreatmentandsoli
41、dwastemanagement.ObjectivesTofilltheabovementionedgaps,majorcontrolandtreatmenttechnologiesforwastewater,solidwaste,andairpollutionforagro-sectorsarereviewedtoevaluateorverifytheirsuitabilityforsmall-scaleandevenmedium-scaleoperations.Theevaluationfocusesontheirefficiencyinreducingmajorpollutantsreg
42、ulatedinapplicableenvironmentalstandards,e.g.,suspendedsolids,bihemicaloxygendemand(BOD)1andbacterialparameters.TheseelementsareneededfortheEIAprocesstoevaluatepossibilityofcompliancewithapplicablestandardsafterpollutiontreatmentbydifferenttechnicaloptionsrecommendedbytheproject(alternativecompariso
43、n)anddevelopmentofenvironmentalmanagementplans.Thestudyalsolooksatotherkeyfactorssuchasinvestmentcapitalexpenditure(CAPEX),easeinoperationandmaintenance(O&M),andcost.Thesearenotonlyindispensableforthefeasibilitystudyandcostingofsuchprojects,butalsousefulfortheselectionandtechnicaldesignoftheirpollut
44、ioncontrol.Theworkcanbenefitothertypesofruralprojectsandalsothoseinaperi-urbansetting.Priortoselectingamongavailabletreatmenttechnologiesforthepollutioninquestion,itscharacteristicsandreductionrequirementsneedtobethoroughlyinvestigated.Withoutfullandclearunderstandingofthepollutioncharacteristics,ap
45、ollutiontreatmentfacilityisdoomedasisapparentinmanyfailures.SuchinvestigationiscompletedinanotherstudyonpollutioncharacteristicsfundedunderTA-9647.However,everypollutionmanagementfacilityhasitsownuniquecharacteristicsintermsofquantityandqualityofinfluentwastewaterandsolidwaste.Notonlywaterandmateria
46、lusagepatternbutalsocollectionefficiencywillvaryamongprojects.Todeterminethepollutioncharacteristicstobetreated,thereportsofbothTAstudiescannotsubstitutefortheinvestigationandtestsspecificforthepollutionathand.MethodologyandCoverageGeographicscopeofworkisintendedforbutnotlimitedtodevelopingmembercou
47、ntries(DMCs)ofADBinSoutheastAsia.Thismeansthepollutioncontroltechnologiesstudiedshouldbeapplicabletotropicalandsubtropicalzones.(i) Themainmethodologiesemployedareasfollows:(ii) 1.iteraturesurveyandreview:includingADBprojectdocumentsanddata;(iii) Researchofrelevantdischargestandardsandlimits:relying
48、onunofficialEnglishtranslationofnationalenvironmentalstandardsandclarificationbynationalenvironmentalstaffandconsultants;and(iv) Relativecostlevelestimatedtotheextentpossible:basedontheauthors*experience,expertopinionsemergedfromvariousprojects,inadditiontotheliteraturesurvey.2WaterPollutionControlTechnologiesPrinciplesSeparationofsolidwastefromwastewaterisneededforgreaterefficiencyinwastewatertreatm
