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1、M3TheworldofscienceIUnderstandingideas-词汇-语法(P26-27)1. Inaddition,importantadvanceshavebeenmadeinmedicineandenvironmentalsciencethankstoincreasingcomputerpower.除此之外,由于计算机功能的不断强大，医学和环境科学也取得了重要进展。inaddition除此之外，另外,单独使用，在句中作状语QbeSideSNmoreoVerQWhatsmoree.g.-Whydidntyoubuythatdress?-Idislikeditspattern.
2、Inaddition,thecolourdidntsuitme.-Hnadditionto.除以夕卜(还)+n./pron./v.ing作宾语NaSWenasgbesidese.g.ShecanspeakFrenchandJapaneseinadditiontoEnglish.2. Intermsoftheenvironment,itisnowpossibletocreateanintelligentwalkinghouse.从生活环境方面来讲，现在已经可以创建岂能的行走房屋。intermsof从方面来讲，就而言e.g.Thebookisagreatsuccessintermsofitssal
3、es.Itiswidelyacknowledgedthatstudentsshouldbeevaluatedintermsofoverallquality.综合素质-*termn.词语,术语legalterms法律术语学期thespringterm血限;任期;期满termsn.(协议/合同等的)条件,条款PeaCetermS和平条件地位；关系表达方式；措辞；说法e.g.lltrytoexplaininsimpleterms.与某人达成协议COmeloIermSWithsb.从长远/短期看inIheIongZShorlIerm与某人关系好/不好beOngood/friendly/badterms
4、Withsb.3. ItiscapableofusingGPStechnologytotraveltodifferentplaces,withcomputingtechnologycontrollingitslegs.利用计算技术控制“双腿”,它能够运用GPS技术抵达不同的地方。capableadj.有能力的有能力做某beCaDabIeOf(doing)slh.e.g.Youarecapableofbetterworkthanthis.mperfectlycapableofdoingitmyself.Thankyou.adj.能力强的，足以胜任的e.g.Napoleonwasoneofthem
5、ostcapablegeneralsinhistory.llleavetheorganizationinyourcapablehands.incapableadj.无能力的CaPabIyadV.能干地capability才能With复合结构，即“with+宾语+宾补”结构，在句中通常作状语，表示伴随、方式、原因或条件等，也可作定语。宾语可由名词或代词充当。常见的With复合结构有：With+宾语+现在分词(表示主动或动作正在进行)e.g.Withsomanypeoplestaringather,shefellverynervous.With+宾语+过去分词(表示被动或动作已完成)e.g.Joh
6、nreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhisworkfinished,hegladlyacceptedit.With+宾语+动词不定式(表示动作尚未进行，通常用主动形式表示被动含义)e.g.Withsomanyessaystowrite,shewonthavetimetogoshoppingthismorning.Wilh+宾语+adj./adv./prep.短语e.g.Lastyearwasthewarmestyearonrecord,withglobaltemperature0.68abovetheaverage.4. Butwhatremainsimp
7、ortantisthatwehaveanincredibledesiretothinkandcreate,andthatstherealspiritofinvention.不过,一直以来重要的是我们有一种强烈地想要思考、创造的渴望，那就是真正的创新精神。desiren.C,U&vt.渴望当desire作v.+宾语从句，以及desire作n.+同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语用(ShOUld)+v.原形。渴望得到某物/做某事haveadesirefbr/todosh.希望某人做某事desiresb.K)doslhdesirethat.渴望,谓语用(ShOUld)+v.原形渴
8、望做某事desiretodosth.e.g.Hehadastrongdesireforsuccess.Shedesiresthathe(should)comeatonce.=Shedesireshimtocomeatonce.5. Mydaughterdesires/hasadesirethatshe(should)beadmittedtoafamousuniversity.Besides,shehasastrongdesiretomajorinEnglishwhileIdesirehertostudymedicineinthefuture.Butnowshedesirestohaveagoo
9、dtimeinthecomingsummerholiday.6. 1.ookatthepicturesandtalkabouthowthewaywelivehaschangedovertime.看这些图画，讨论我们的生活方式是怎样逐渐变化的。welive是省略了关系词that的定语从句，修饰先行词theway。Way作“方式，方法”讲，后接定语从句时有两种情况：WWay后面的从句缺少状语时，用that/inwhich引导；用that引导时，that可以省略。e.g.TheWayThat)/inWhiChheexplainedIhequestionwasquitesimple.当Way后面的从句
10、缺少主语或宾语时，关系词用that/WhiCh(作宾语时关系词可省略，作主语时不可省略)。e.g.Theway(that/which)hetolduswasquiteeffective.Thewaythat/whichwasthoughtupbyhimwassimilartoToms.做某事而方法waytodosth.Xwayofdoingsth.e.g.Recyclingisonewayofprotecting/toprotecttheenvironment;reusingisanother.7. Sowhatisitthatinspiresustoinventthings?那么是什么激励我
11、们去发明东西呢？强调句的基本结构：Itis/was+被强调部分+thatwho+句子其他部分。该句型可以强调句子的主语、宾语、状语等，但不能强调谓语。使用时应注意：构成强调句的h本身没有词义，但不能用其他词代替。被强调部分指人时用that/who均可，其他情况一律用thato被强调部分无论是单数/复数,be动词均用单数形式，即用is/was,根据原句的时态来确定。e.g.Itisthelaststrawthatbreaksthecamesback.ItwasinthestreetthatIsawayounemanleadinganoldmanacrosstheroad.判断一个句子是否是强调句
12、的方法：把句子中的,Itis/was”和“that/Who”去掉，剩余部分若结构完整、句意明确，则为强调句型，否则就不是。强调句型的特殊形式：特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词(被强调部分)+is/wasit+that+句子其他部分？e.g.Whatwasitthatpreventedhimfromcomingintime?一般疑问句式：Is/Wasit+被强调部分+that/Whc)+句子其他部分？e.g.WasitbecauseJackcamelateforschoolthatMr.Smithgotangry?(3)not.Unlil结构的强调句型：lis/wasnotUntil.that+句子其他
13、部分。e.g.Bachdiedin1750,butitwasnotuntiltheearly19thcenturythathismusicalgiftwasfullyrec02nised.1 .选择填空：inaddition/inadditiontotheschool,thevillagehasaclinic,whichwasalsobuiltwithgovernmentsupport.,itwillbewiseofyoutotakeanumbrellaincaseitshouldrain.2 .Tdfindthemissingboyassoonaspossible,theywereremin
14、dedtoturntotheInternetinadditionto(dial)110.3 .Thejobwillbeofferedtowhoeveriscapableperformingitwell.4 .Weshouldhelpthosewhoare(capable)oftakingcareoftheirpersonalaffairs.5.1hadastrongdesire(reach)inandplaywiththetoy,butwasheldbackthankfullybytheshopwindow.6. Theoldwomandesiredhersonanddaughter(come
15、)andseeherfromtimetotime.7. Ifsmydesirethatallthemembersofthefamily(gather)onceayear.8. Wedesirethatimmediatehelp(give)tothelocalvillagerswhohavebeensufferingfromtherisingfldwater.9. Mostpeoplebelievethebestway(build)agreatteamistogatheragroupofthemosttalentedindividuals.10. Thewaywasofferedbyhimtod
16、otheexperimentwasdifferentfromthewayyoucarrieditout.11. Chinasimageisimprovingsteadily,withmorecountries(recognize)itsroleininternationalaffairs.12. Ifyoudontlikeit,youcanjustsayapolitethankyou,withthefood(leave)there.13. Withsomuchhomework(do),Iwontgotothecinemathisweekend.14.ItwaswhenIgotbacktomya
17、partmentIfirstcameacrossmynewneighbors.15 .wastheculture,ratherthanthelanguage,thatmadeithardforhimtoadapttothenewenvironmentabroad.16 .Itnotuntilthetrainpulledintothestationhefoundthathissuitcasewasgone.11UsingLanguage”词汇-语法(P29-31)1. Withinthenext80years,ourlivesmaybechangedbeyondrecognitionby3Dpr
18、inting.今后的80年内，3D打印技术可能会使我们的生活变得无法想象。beyondrecognition认不出来，无法辨认七相当于OUtofrecognition-beyond构成的其他短语：超出某人的控制，不受某人的控制beyondonescontrol无法形容beyonddescription无法表达beyondexpression令人难以置信beyondbelief无与伦比beyondcompare超乎某人的想象beyondonesimagination超出某人的权力范围beyondonespower2. Butperhapsthemostsignificantsuccessthat
19、peoplehaveachievedtodateisinmedicine.不过或许到目前为止,人们所取得的最大的成功是医药方面的。significantadj.有重大意义的，显著的e.g.Pleaseinformusifthereareanysignificantchangesinyourplans.Yourworkhasshownasignificantimprovement.-*significancen.U,C重要性，意义SignifiCantlyadV.显著地，明显地重要的，有重大意义的beofgreat/muchSignifiCanCe无关紧要的beofno/littleSignif
20、iCanCe(对)很重要/不重要haveRreat/noSiRnifiCanCe(for.)(非常)重视attach(great)SignifiCanCeto.e.g.Thenewdrughasgreatsignificanceforthetreatmentofthedisease.TheproposalstheyputforwardatthemeetingwereofIitllesignificance.Parentsattachmuchsignificancetoeducation.Theywilldotheirbesttogivetheirchildrenthatpricelessgif
21、t.3. BritishbiologistCharlesDarwin(1809-1882)isbestknownforhisworkOntheOriginofSpecies,inwhichheexplainschangesinspeciesduetonaturalselection.英国生物学家查尔斯达尔文(18091882)最著名的著作是物种起源，他在书中解释了自然选择导致的物种变化。originn.C起源，源头，起因在来源上inOrigin的起源/起因IheOriRinOf起源于haveOneyOriRinSine.g.SomeJapanesewordsareChineseinorigin
22、.ThisparticularcustomhasitsoriginsinWales.nC出身，身世籍贯byorine.g.HermotherisFrenchbyorigin.originaladj.原来的，起初的；独创的OriginalIyadV.原来，起初Originatevi.起源，发端于；vt.创立，创建4. Currently,there,snocureforAlzheimers,butscientistsareresearchingwaystoimprovethequalityoflifeforpeoplelivingwiththedisease.目前，还没有治愈阿尔茨海默病的办法，
23、不过科学家正在研究改善患者生活质量的方法。curen.C疗法；治疗；措施，对策的疗法/措施acurefor.e.g.Thesedoctorsaredeterminedtodevotethemselvestofindinganewcureforthelungcancer.Thegovernmentistryingtofindagoodcureforunemployment.vt.治愈，治好治好疾病curesth.箔好某人CUreSb.使某人从某种疾病中痊愈CUresb.Ofsth.e.g.Ihopethedoctorcancurethepaininmyshoulder.Movingtotheco
24、untrycuredherofthedisease.【辨析】cure/treatCUre治愈，治好，强调结果。curesb.ofsth.治好某人的病treat医治,治疗,强调治疗的过程或动作，不涉及治疗的结果。treatsb.forsth.治疗某人的病e.g.ThedoctortreatedMikeforhisheadachewithanewdrugbutdidntcurehimofit.词汇语法练习二1.Ifyouveput（significance）effortintoaproject,youmaybenefitfromfinishingit.2.1thinkhisresearchonre
25、newable（可再生的）energysourcesisgreatsignificance.3. Theexpertthinksthatschoolsshouldattachsignificancestudentsall-rounddevelopmentratherthanonlytheirgrades.4. Whilethe（origin）purposeoftheWorldPostDaywastopromotethepostalserviceworldwide,nowitssignificanceismoreaboutpostalculture.5. Theexam,whichwastobe
26、heldinourownclassroom,waschangedtothelibraryatthelastminute.6. ThereareanumberofwordsinEnglishthatareFrench（在来源上，origin）.7. WhenhearrivedinAmerica,hewassurprisedtoIeamthatthemayorofthecitywasChinese.（籍贯，Origin）8. Thankstothehelpoftheexpert,hewascuredtheterriblediseasesuccessfully.9. Medicalresearcho
27、ftenmakesusetheforestsplantandanimallife,andthedestructionofsuchspeciescouldpreventresearchersfromfindingcurescertaindiseases.选词填型：cure/treat10. -Hasthedoctortheoldwomanofherillness-No,heherbutdidnther.11. Thehospitalhasrecentlyobtainednewmedicalequipment,allowingmorepatientstobe.HIDevelopingideasan
28、dpresentingideas-i-i（P32-33）12. .Apartfrombeingasuccessfulstatesman,hewasalsowellknownasaleadingAmericanauthor.除了是一个成功的政治家，他还是一位杰出的美国作家。apartfrom+n.pronv-ing作宾语除j外（还）,此外ginadditiontobesides。e.g.ApartfromEnglish,hehadtostudyanotherforeignlanguagewhileincollege.除宁夕卜（都）*except（for）0e.g.1hardlyknowanyon
29、eelseinthevillageapartfromyou.Thearticleisgoodapartfromafewspellingmistakes.【辨析】apartfrom/inadditionto/besides/except/exceptforinadditionto/besides除了之外，强调除此之外还包括其他。except除之外，指从整体中除去一部分，except的宾语与整体词一般是同类的。其后可接that/when引导的从句。exceptfor除以外，指说明整个基本情况后，对细节加以纠正，其后常接n.e.g.SheunderstandsFrenchbesides/inaddi
30、tiontoEnglish.HegetsupearlyeverydayexceptSunday.Ifsreallyagoodbookexceptforthecover.13. BenjaminFranklin,sfamousexperimentwithlightninghasintroducedgenerationsofchildrentoSCienCe.本杰明富兰克林有关闪电的著名实验使几代儿童初次了解了科学。experimentn.C,U实验，试验关于的实验anexperimentWith/on.做实验performcarryout/do/conductanexperimentvi.做由验
31、，进行妥验；尝试，试用用做实验/试用experimentWith/on.e.g.Somepeoplefeelthatexperimentingonanimalsiswrong.Theteacherexperimentedwithanewteachingmethod.introducevt.使初次了解，使尝试使某人初次了解某事/物introducesb.tosth.e.g.Thefirstlectureintroducesstudentstothemaintopicsofthecourse.vt.介绍，引见自我介绍introduceoneself把A介绍给BintroduceAtoBe.g.He
32、introducedmetoaGreekgirlattheparty.vt.首次引入，使传入把传入/弓I进introduce.Winto.e.g.CoffeewasintroducedintoBritainfromtheContinent.fintroductionn.U引进；C介绍；C,U序言；C入门课程介绍信aletterofintroduction简短的序言abriefintroduction14. Ametalkeywasattachedtothestring.绳子上还绑着一把金属钥匙。attachvt.系；绑；贴；固定；连接；附上把系于；把附在上aitachto.（to为DreD.）
33、e.g.Hewillattachthelabeltoyourluggage.Theyhaveattachedanumberofconditionstotheagreement.vt.赋予；认为具有；为所有认为（很有/几乎没有）重要性/价值/分量/意义attach（great/little）importance/value/weight/significanceto（to为prep.）e.g.Ourgovernmentattachesmuchimportancetoeducationnow,whichenablessomanypeopletobewelleducated.fattachedadj
34、.爱慕，依恋：附属于attachmentn.C附属物,附件；C,U爱慕，依恋附属于;依恋/爱慕beattachedto（attachedto常在句中作定语/状语注卜语）e.g.ThisinstituteisattachedtoPekingUniversity.Heisdeeplyattachedtodancing.15. AflashOflightninghitthekite,andelectricitywasconductedthroughthestringtothekey.一道闪电击中风筝，电通过绳子传导至钥匙匕conductkandktVL传导（热/电等能量）；指挥（歌唱/音乐演奏）;实
35、施,执行,进行;带领进行调查conductasurveye.g.Asisknowntoall,rubberdoesnotconductelectricity.TheconcertconductedbyAndrewturnedouttobeverysuccessful.Heconductedusroundthemuseum.vt.举止，表现表现好/差conductoneselfwell/badlye.g.Childasheis,hereallyconductshimselfwellbeforeguests./kDndAktn.U行为，举止e.g.Hisconductdisagreeswithhi
36、swords.-*conductorn.（乐队）指挥;（公共汽车上的）售票员;列车长;导体conductiveadj.具有传导性的一COndUCl词性不同时，发音不同，重音位置也不同，作名词时重音在前，作动词时重音在后，可以概括为“名前动后”o此类单词常见的还有:trjen,sp :1/ vt.运送 im,p : t/ vl.进口 /inkri:s/v.增加 ikspo :t/ V.出口 rik : d/V.记录；录制 /so ,spekt Vt.怀疑transport,trensp:t/n.运送import,imp:t/n.进口increase,inkrizsn.增加export,eksp:
37、t/n.出口（商品）record/rek3:d/n.唱片;纪录suspect,sspektn.嫌疑犯16. Franklin,alongwithmanyotherscientists,hasinspiredusandtaughtusthatscientificexperimentsareimportantinordertoestablishthetruthandtocontributetowardslaterscientificdiscoveries and inventions.富兰克林与许多其他科学家一样激励了我们，并教会我们无论是为了证实真相，还是为促成日后的科学发现和发明，科学实验都很
38、重要。alongwith与一起,为prep.短语，用于连接两个并列的n./pron.alongwith连接两个n./pron.作主语时，谓语动词的数要遵循就远一致的原则,还有togetherwith,aswellas.e.g.Shelostherjobwhenthefactoryclosed,alongwithhundredsofothers.Theadultaswellasthechildrenlikesthisfilm.establishvt.证实，确定e.g.Beforewetakeanyactionwemustestablishthetruth.vi.建立（尤指正式关系）;创立,设立与
39、建立联系/关系establishComaCtZrelalionsWithe.g.Wewouldliketoestablishdirectbusinessrelationswithyou.Thecommitteewasestablishedin1912.-*establishmentn.确立；建立establishedadj.已确立的,早己投入使用的17. Infact,morethanoneaccountsuggeststhatwhileNewtonwascertainlyinspiredbyafallingapple,thereisnoproofthatithithimonthehead.事
40、实上,不少记述表明牛顿确实受到了掉落苹果的启发,但没有证据显示苹果砸在了他的头上。accountn.C描述,叙述（后常接介词Of）；账目；账户描述giveanaccountof.开户/销户open/closeanaccount在银行有账户haveanaccountal/withabanke.g.LindagaveusavividaccountofhertriptoMountTaiafterherreturn.vi.解释,说明;（数量上、比例上）占是的原因：解释；（数量上、比例上）占accountfor.e.g.Shecouldnotaccountforhermistake.Girlsaccou
41、ntfor30%ofthestudents.vt.认为是，视为,为正式用语。认为某人accountsb.+adi./n.（常用于被动语态）e.g.Harrywasaccountedhonest.f因为，由于OnaccountOf决不，绝对不OnnoaCeoUnt（位于句首时，句子用部分倒装）考虑到某部，顾及某事takesth,intoaccount=takeaccountofsth.e.g.Shewastoldtowearflatshoesonaccountofherbackproblem.Onnoaccountshouldyoutelloursecrettohim.Theyhadtotake
42、accountofeverypossibilitywhentheydrewuptheplan.that引导的同位语从句同位语从句在句中起同位语的作用，多出现在fact,news,idea,doubt,thought,question,promise,truth,report,possibility等名词的后面,解释说明名词的具体名词后接同位语从句时，如果同位语从句意义完整，则用thal引导。在that引导的同位语从句中，that在从句中不作任何成分，无具体的意义，只起连接作用，但是不可省略，亦不可用WhiCh替换。e.g.Thefactthatshewasaforeignermadeitdif
43、ficultforhertogetajob.WeexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.及物动词+sb.+介词+the+表示身体部位的名词在该结构中，若身体部位不同，所用白词也不同，其具体用法如下：拍,打:pat,strike,hit,beat+sb.+inthe+柔软的部位（如:face,eye,leg.）抓:catch,seize,grasp+sb.+onthe+坚硬的部位（如：head,shoulder,back.）拉,牵：pull,lake,hold+sb.+byhe+可牵拉的部位（:hand,arm,ear.）e.g.He
44、hitTomintheface.Theangryfathercaughthissonbythearm.Thenaughtyboyhitthemanonthenose.一介词后面所跟的表示身体部位的名词前面要用Ihe,而不是his,her等物主代词。18. However,newresearchsuggeststhatthestorymaybefictioninsteadoffact.然而，新的研究表明，这一故事可能只是杜撰，而非事实。suggest后接宾语从句的用法SUggeSt表“暗示,袤明”时，其后所接的宾语从句用陈述语气。su3esl表“建议”时，其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，即从句的谓语
45、用”(ShoUld)+v.原形e.g.Herexpressionsuggestedthatshehadtoldalie.Expertssuggestthatteenagers(should)spendatleast30minutesexercising,fivetimesaweek.19. Morethanonegenerationofschoolchildrenhasbeenamazedbyhisbraveryandhisscientific叩ProaChtolookingforthetruth.几代学生都曾为他的勇敢和探索真理的科学方式而惊叹不已。morethanone+nC单数,作主语+
46、谓语v.单数，不止一个e.g.Morethanonepersonhasbeeninvolvedinthisaffair.manya+n.C单数，作主语+谓语v.单数，许多e.g.Manyastudenthasattendedthelecture.20. ButscientistsallagreethatifFranklinhadactuallytouchedthekey,hewouldcertainlyhavediedfromtheelectricshock.不过科学家们一致认为,如果富兰克林真的触摸了钥匙，他肯定会因触电而亡。与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句语法意义：表示与过去事实相反的情况书句谓
47、语用“wouldhavedone”形式，从句谓语动词的形式：haddone主句谓语动词的形式：would/could/should/might+havedonee.g.IfIhadseenhimyesterday,Iwouldhavetoldhimthenews.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句语法意义：表示与现在事实相反的情况或对当前情况的一种假设从句谓语动词的形式：过去式(be动词通常用Were)主句谓语动词的形式：would/could/should/might+v.原形e.g.IfIwereyou,Iwouldntdoitlikethat.IfIhadenoughmoney,Imightbuymyselfacomputer.1. (apartfrom/exceptfor)schoolwork,thechildre
