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1、AbstractDanielDefoeisagreatEnglishnovelistinthel8thcentury.RobinsonCrusoe,hismasterpiece,iseitherapioneeringEnglishadventurefictionoratypicalcolonialliterature.ltnotonlyisavividnarrativestoryaboutthesurprisingandadventuringlifeofRobinson,butalsohasthethemeofcolonismwhichisrepresentedonaseriesofbinar
2、yoppositionalcolonialdiscourses:thecolonialcountryandthecolony,masterandslave,thewhiteandthecolored,centralcultureandmarginalculture,civilizationandSavageness5Christianityandcannibalsandallthat.Withpost-colonialcriticismasitsvisualangle,thisthesissetsonthehistoryofEuropeancolonialism,analyzesthedesc
3、riptionofcharacters,narrativewordsandthegrowingprocessofTriday,wholoseshisnationalcultureidentitytodeconstructthosecolonialdiscourses,exploresthestrategiesforcolonist,sculturalcolonizationtothosepeopleinthecoloniesandrevealsthedilemmaoflosingtheirnationalcultureidetity.Thisanalysisgivesusanewperspec
4、tiveinappreciationthisclassicalworkandatypicalcasestudyofhowthecolonistsexerttheculturalruleonthepeopleinthecolonies.KeyWordsRobinsonCrusoejcolonialismjcolonialdiscourses;culturalcolonization摘要鲁滨逊漂流记是18世纪英国作家丹尼尔笛福的代表作，是英国历险小说的源头，也是一部带有强烈殖民主义意识的文学作品。它不仅生动地讲述了小说主人公鲁滨逊开拓荒岛的详细过程，也描绘了他驯服改造原始部族人“星期五”的手段和策
5、略。本课题着重以“后殖民主义批评”（易小斌，2004:64-68）为视角，拟从历史文化背景、人物刻画以及话语分析入手，对鲁滨逊漂流记中所建立起的宗主国/殖民地，奴隶主/奴隶，白种人/有色人，中心文化/边缘文化，文明/野蛮，基督教/食人部族等二元对立的殖民话语体系进行解构，揭示蕴涵在作品中的殖民主义意识，并阐释鲁滨逊如何以枪炮为后盾，有计划地从语言和宗教信仰两方面对“星期五”进行赤裸裸的文化殖民，使其丧失了原有的民族文化身份，从而造成自我身份丧失的窘境。本课题为读者重读经典开辟了一个新的视角，也为读者审视殖民者的文化统治提供了一个典型个案。关键词鲁滨逊漂流记；殖民主义；殖民话语；文化殖民Intr
6、oductionColonialismistheconsequenceofwesterncapitalaccumulation.ltoriginatesfromtheperiodsofDiscoveryandExplorationsince15thcentury.Somecriticsthinkthatitbreakstheseparationofthe0IdWorldandtheNewWorldandalsoencouragestheexchangeofbothCUItUreS.（李伯庚，2003）ACtUally,from15thtol9thcentury,itisalonghistory
7、ofexploitationandinvasionamongEuropeanpowers.TheyaremotivatedbythelureofwealthinAsia,thespicetradeinlndia,thegoldandsilverinAmerica,andtheslavesofAfricaafterreadingMarcoPolosTravels.(Spielvogel,281)DuringthisPeriod5Europeancountriesgethandsomeprofitsandbecomegreatempires.EspeciallyforBritain,tillthe
8、reignofQueenVictoria5Shebecomes,theEmpireonWhichtheSunNeverSetsandtheMistressoftheSeasn.(Clemen,2003)0nthecontrary,whattheybringtothepeopleinthecoloniesisravagingtheirland,mockingtheirgods,banishingtheirlanguages,decimatingtheirpopulationthroughdisease5andsubjugatingtheirchildrentoasubservientanddep
9、endentstatus.(Rogers,461-519)HoweverJncolonialliterature,allthedevilpracticesofthosecolonistshavebeenerased,instead,weoftenfindthemessagesconveyedeverywherethatthewhitesarespreading,civilizationtonon-westernersfortheyjustifiesthattheyareunderthecalloftheGodtoudelivertheinferiorraces,andcivilizethesa
10、vages.FactuaIIyJtisoneofpopularcolonialdiscoursesfortheirculturalcolonizationorinvasion.DanielDefoeisagreatEnglishnovelistinthel8thcentury.RobinsonCrusoe,hismasterpiece,iseitherapioneeringEnglishadventurefictionoratypicalcolonialliterature.ltnotonlyisavividnarrativestoryaboutthesurprisingandadventur
11、inglifeofRobinson,butalsohasthethemeofcolonism.Withpost-colonialcriticismasitsvisualangle,thispapersetsonthehistoryofEuropeancolonialism,analyzesthedescriptionofcharacters,narrativewordsandthegrowingprocessofTriday,wholoseshisnationalcultureidentitytodeconstructthosebinaryoppositionalcolonialdiscour
12、ses:thecolonialcountryandthecolony,masterandslave,thewhiteandthecOlored1CentraIcultureandmarginalCuIturejCiviIizationandsavageness,Christianityandcannibalsandthelike,explorestheStrategiesforcolonistsculturalcolonizationtothosepeopleinthecoloniesandrevealsthedilemmaoflosingtheirnationalcultureidentit
13、y.1.ColonialDiscoursesIncolonialliteratures,thecolonialdiscoursesareprevailing.Especiallyduringtheperiodofcolonialismandimperialism,thosenovelistspreferredtoproduceasuccessionofpowerfuldiscoursesasausefulapproachtospreadingcolonism.Thewesternersweregoodatcreatingthewhitemythologyandconstructingimagi
14、native,others,.lnOrientaIismjEdwardSaidpointedout,“thelong-termimages,stereotypesandgeneralideologyaboutthetheOrienfasthe,0ther,constructedbygenerationsofWesternSchoIarsjWhichproducemythsaboutthelaziness,deceitandirrationalityofOrientals,aswellasthereproductionandrebuttalincurrentdebatesontheArab-Is
15、lamicworldanditsexchanges,particularly,withtheUnitedStates.,(Seldenetal.,223)RobinsonCrusoeisatypicalcolonialliteraturethathasathemeofColonismwhichisrepresentedonaseriesofbinaryoppositionalcolonialdiscourses:thecolonialcountryandthecolony,masterandslave,thewhiteandon-white,centralcultureandmarginalc
16、ulture,civilizationandSavagenessjChristianityandcannibalsandotherdiscourses.WiththeconfidenceofBritainImperiaIismjRobinson,1herepresentativeofthosecolonistscontinuouslyclaimedhimselfasthecivilizedman,hiscultureasthecentralculture,thushehadthecompetenceofenslavingtheotherandSpreadingnCiviIizationtoth
17、einferiorrace.A.MasterandSlaveWehavelearnedfromtheEuropeanculturethattheRenaissancederivedfromandroseinItalyandthenspreadtootherEuropeancountries.Withthecoreof,Humanism,itadvocatedHumanRight*anduLiberty.Yet,itaswellsupportedslaverysystemandtheevilslavedeal.SincetheRenaissancewasanageofeconomyrevival
18、,too.Thosecapitalistsgainedlucrativeprofitsfromtheslavedeal.Whatsmore,KarlMarxhadeverclassifiedslavedealasoneessentialfactorofcapitalaccumulation.(阿勃拉莫娃，1983:2)ThUSJHUmanRighCanduLiberty,wereonlyconfinedtotheWestthatwasconsideredastheCenteroftheWorld.MasterandslavewasacommondiscourseincolonialIitera
19、ture.Thosescholarsoftenconstructedthewhitemythologyandtreatedwesternersasthemasteroftheotherintheirworks.Foranother,DanielDefoe,theauthorofRobinsonCrusoe,wasoriginallyamerchantwhowasconcernedmoreaboutowninterests.DanielDefoeonceSaidLTradeisthewealthoftheworld.Trademadethedifferencebetweenrichandpoor
20、,betweenonenationtoanother.Jackson,82)lnthisshortbutsignificantstatementDefoeexpressedthemainideasofthemercantilisticsystemthatBritainwasdevelopingattheendofthe17thcentury.TheEnglishmercantilespiritbeganduringtheElizabethanAgewhenEnglandrealizedthattradegeneratedwealth.Inhiseyes,aswellasinRobinsonse
21、yes,slavedealwasnothingdevilbutonetermsoftradethatcouldbringhandsomeprofits.1.SellingXuryandBuyingBlackSlavestoWorkforHisPlantationInRobinsonCrusoejDefoenarratedthatRobinsononcebecameaslavehimselfoftheMoorsbutlater,whenhewasafreeman,hesoldalittleboyandboughtaslaveforhisplantation.Robinsonalsoexplain
22、ednonchalantlytohisfriendsinBrazilthatblackslavescouldeasilybeboughtontheAfricancoast.AsXuryoncebeingenslavedwithRobinson,later,thelittleboywasenslavedtoRobinsonagainunderthethreatofbeingthrownintotheseawhenRobinsonescapedfromslavery.Somecriticswouldarguethatuaskinghimswearotherwisethrewhimintoseaha
23、dnoviciousintentionbutforprudence.Inaddition,RobinsonhadeverpromisedthathewouldmakeXuryagreatmanifXurywouldbetruetohim.Nonetheless,wehadlearnedthatthefateofXurywasoncemoresoldtothecaptainwhohelpedthemoutoftrap.DefoedescribedthatuRobinsonwasreluctanttogivetheboytothecaptainatfirstforhewasloathtosellt
24、heboy,sliberty,butafterbeingofferedamedium,thecaptainhadhimbecausehewouldgivetheboyanobligationtosethimfreeintenyearsifheturnedtobeaChristian.,(Defoe,26)lttoldthatitwasthecivilizedreligiousfaithChristianitythatdeliveredXuryandhisliberty.Herewasanotherexpressionofthewhitesmythology.Meanwhile,Xurywasw
25、rittentobewillingtogotohim,whichreducedthedevilpracticeofslaverysystem.Asamatteroffact,athistimes,hehadnorighttodecidehisfateandincolonialliterature,theother,wasalwaysdescribedasvoiceless.Hence,itjustifiedfortheslaverysystem.2.EnslavingtheSavage-FridayWiththerisingofBritainEmpire5Britishpeoplewereco
26、nfidentintheirraceandCUltUre.(陈兵,2006:71)Theybelievedthattheyweresuperiorto,theother.TheyheldthefaiththatGodwasontheirsideandcalledthemtodeliverthesavagesandcivilizethem.Consequently,enslavingthesavage-FridaywasoneessentialstepinRobinsonsplantorealizethetask.Furthermore,theformerpartofthenovelproved
27、thatowningaslavewasreasonable.FridayIivedinaprimitivetribewiththenatureofman-eatingandalsoavictimofthebloodycustom.Robinsonrepresentedthe,CivilizedWesternMan,whodroveawaytheIndieswithadvancedarms-gunandpowder,andthenhewasjusttodeliverFridayfromthecannibals.WhenhemetFriday,hesaidFridaywasmeanttobehis
28、servant.HeclaimedthathewouldmakeFridayleadauhappy,1ife.lnordertothankforhisdeliverance,Fridaybecamehisservant.Butfromthatmoment,thelibertywasdeprived.Fridayhadlefthishornetownandhisrelativesforever.Hewasforcedtosuffertheextremelyagonyofhomesickandmissingrelatives.Asweknow,Fridaywasamanwholovedhisrel
29、ativesverymuch.Inthenovel,whenhemethisfather,theaffectionhetreatedhisfathereventouchedRobinson.ltdepictedthat:.butwhenFridaycametohearhimspeak,andlookinhisface,itwouldhavemovedanyonetotears,tohaveseenhowFridaykissedhim,embracedhim,huggedhim,cried,laughed,hallooed,jumpedabout,danced,sung,thencriedaga
30、in,wrunghishands,beathisownfaceandhead,andthensungandjumpedaboutagain,Iikeadistractedcreature.ltwasagoodwhilebeforeIcouldmakehimspeaktome,ortellmewhatwasthematter;butwhenhecamealittletohimselfhetoldmethatitwashisfather.Itisnoteasyformetoexpresshowitmovedmetoseewhatecstasyandfilialaffectionhadworkedi
31、nthispoorsavage,atthesightofhisfatherandofhisbeingdeliveredfromdeath;norindeedcanIdescribehalftheextravagancesofhisaffectionafterthis;forhewentintotheboatandoutoftheboatagreatmanytimes.Whenhewentintohim,hewouldsitdownbyhim,openhisbreast,andholdhisfathersheadclosetohisbosom,halfanhourtogether,tonouri
32、shit;thenhetookhisarmsandankles,whichwerenumbedandstiffwiththebinding,andchafedandrubbedthemwithhishands;.,(Defoe,191-192)FromtheversionofFridaymethisfatheragain,wecanfindthatFridayrathermissedhisownmotherlandandrelatives.Thewhitedidntreleasehimfromdisasterbuthadhimintoanotherone:losinglibertyandlon
33、gingforrelatives.AlthoughDefoetriedtopersuadethatitwasreasonabletoenslavetheother,wecanstillreadthemiserablelifeofTriday,.ThelatterwelltellusthattheirlivesneverturnedouttoeasierwhentheychangedintotheslavesofthewesternersandChristiansjinstead,theywerereducedtomuchworseconditionssincethecolonistsnever
34、plantobringblesstothembutfortheirowninterests.Theyweresheermerchantsonlyconcerningmoreaboutprofits.Wheitturnedtothehistory,wewouldfoundthattheevilpracticesofslavedealwereprovedprettywel3.TheHistoryofEvilSlaveDealandSlaverySystemDuringthisperiodofhistory,slaves,particularlyblackslaveswereborntobeingc
35、ommoditiesthatcouldbeeasilyboughtandsoldatslavemarkets.Theslavetradebecameahuge,lucrativebusinessthatdidnottakeintoaccounttheimmensesufferingandhumiliationofthesepoorhumanbeings.TheEngIishjFrenchandPortuguesehadtradedinslavessincethemiddleofthel6thcentury.SirJohnHawkins,oneofqueenElizabethsprivateer
36、s,becamethefirstEnglishmantotradeinAfricanSlaves.Englishseacaptaintradedcloth,gunsandcheapirongoodsforWestAfricanslavescapturedbylocalslavetraders.Thesewretchedpeoplewerebrutallycaptured,crammedintoshipsandchainedtothelowerdecksfortheirentirejourneyacrosstheAtlanticOcean.Fromthe1500stothe1800s,about
37、12millionAfricanswereshippedacrosstheAtlantic.Someoftheslavesdidnotsurvivetheordeal.Abouttwomilliondiedduringthejourney.Thosewhosurvivedweresoldtotobaccoandsugarplantationowners,mainlyinJamaicaandBarbados1Wheretheyworkedincrediblylonghoursinaveryhotclimate.Theirlivingconditionswereappalling.HoweverJ
38、nRobinsonCrusoe,theseconditionswereerasedcompletely.GreatBritainhadsetupcoloniesontheeastcoastofmainlandAmericaduringthefirstpartofthe17thcentury.TheNewEnglandcoloniesengagedina,triangularslavetrade,whichinvolvedslaves.SugarcanewasbroughtfromtheWestIndiestoNewEnglandwhereitwasrefinedandmadeintorum.T
39、herumwasthentradedontheWestCoastofAfricaforblackslaves.TheslaveswhoenduredtheextenuatingjourneyacrosstheAtlanticweresoldtoplantationownersintheWestIndies.Tobacco,cottonandsugarcanewerethemostimportantproductsoftheBritishcoloniesofthesoutheasternAmericanmainland.Blackslavesonhugeplantationscultivated
40、them.ThemiseryandsufferingoftheplantationslavesinspiredtheAmericanauthor,HarrietBeecherStowe,towritethenovelUncleTomsCabin,atouchingstorythatintensifiedanti-slaverysentimentintheNorth.SlaveryintheSouthwasoneofthereasonsthatledtotheAmericanCivilWarof1861.In1865theSouthlosttheWarandSlaverywasabolished
41、intheUnitedStates.InRobinsonCrusoejRobinsonwasthespokesmanofDefoeaswellasthosemerchantsandcapitalistswhosupportedslavetradeandslaverysystem.AlthoughtherewerenofuriouswordsasirritatingasinUncleTomsCabin,theevilpracticeofclaimingtheothers*humanrightandlibertywasobvious.B.TheSuperiorRaceandtheInferiorR
42、aceIfthecolonialdiscourseofmasterandslavewasonaccountofeconomicfactor,thewhitemythologyofthesuperiorraceandtheotherpeoplesastheinferiorraceswasthebasiccontextthatWesternscholarsoftenConstructed.EspeciallywhenBritishfromasmallislandcountryrosesharplyandbecameanEmpire5Suchaccepteddiscoursewasdominated
43、theirculture.Besides,EnglishscholarEllekeBoehmerhadeverpointedoutthat:”BlitiShareanationthatinherentlyidentifiedtherestoftheworldas,theOther陈兵，2006:72)Geographically,Britainwasfeaturedasalongandnarrowislandsurroundedbythesea.Yetintheirmind,providedthatthoseraceswerebelongtonon-whiteswhoseimageswerel
44、ikelytosuffertwistedastheothertostressthecivilizationandjustofBritishPeople.InRobinsonCrusoeJikemanyothercolonialliterature,thewhitesweredescribedasthethesuperiorraceandclicheasthejustandkindpeople;bycontrast,theother-theblacksalongtheAfricancoastandtheAmericanIndieswereidentifiedastheinferiorracean
45、dstereotypedasthebarbarouscreaturewithprimitivelifestyle,uncivilizedbehavior,awkwardanduglywayofdancingandthemostinhumaneconventionofeatingmansflesh.1 .TheJustandKindWhitesInthestoryofRobinsonsadventuringlife,hemetfourcaptainsandanEnglishwidow,allofwhorepresentedthecivilizedandjustwesterners.Thefirs
46、tcaptainhemetwasthefatherofoneofhisfriends,whoservedhimtogotoseaforthefirsttime.Thefirsttrialwasafailure:theirshipmetterriblestormandsank,thoughtheyweresaved.Despitehewasatagreatloss,hestillturnedtoRobinsonwithaverygraveandconcernedtonelikehisfathertopersuadehimnevertogotoseaanymore.Thesecondmasterh
47、efellacquaintedwithwasthemasterofashipinLondon.Thiscaptainwasanhonestandplaindealingman.Althoughthiscaptaindiedsoon,theybuiltastrictfriendship.Withthecaptainsintegrity,honestyandhospital,helearnedalotandsetupforatrader.Later,thecaptainswidowcontinuedtosupporthimaskindasthecaptain,evenifshewasinunfav
48、orableconditions.ThethirdkindcaptaindeliveredRobinsonfromtheseawhenheescapedoutofslavery.Hewasnotonlykindtosavebutalsogenerousdeliveredgoodsforhimwithouttakinganythingfromhim,forhebelievedthat,ulhavesavedyourlifeonnoothertermsthanIwouldbegladtobesavedmyself,anditmayonetimeorotherbemylottobetakenupin
49、thesamecondition;besides,saidhe,whenIcarryyoutotheBraziIsjSOgreatthatawayfromyourowncountry,ifIshouldtakefromyouwhatyouhave,youwillbestarvedthere,andthenIonlytakeawaythatlifeIhavegiven.No,no,SeigniorInglese,sayshe(Mr.Englishman),lwillcarryyouthitherincharity,andthosethingswillhelpyoutobuyyousubsistencethereandyourpassagehomeagain.(Defoe,25)Defoealsodepictedthatthismasterwascharitablenotonlyinhisproposal,b
