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1、CHAPTERMission,MissionStatementMISSIONThemissionofthisbookistoprovideausab1.ecomprehensive,practica1.,andunderstandab1.ezzGuidetoDeepwaterDri1.1.ing“forpeop1.eata1.1.1.eve1.swhoa1.readyunderstandbasicdri1.1.ingprincip1.es,standards,andpractices.Readerscanuseandapp1.ytheguideintheirrespectiveworkp1.a
2、ces,tofurtherse1.f-educate,enhance,anddeve1.optheski1.1.setstomeetspecificdeepwaterprojectrequirements.Duetothere1.ativeinfancyanduntappednatureofdeepwater,thisbookservesasaguide.Whenregiona1.or1.oca1.know1.edge,experience,understanding,andphysica1.,peop1.eandpaperevidenceexists,thesefactorssha1.1.t
3、akeprecedencetoassuresafe,effective,andefficientdeepwaterprojectde1.ivery.Withtime,thisguidesha1.1.bedeve1.opedfurther.AGUIDETODEEPWATERDRI1.1.INGGenera1.IntroductionThewor1.dsaccessib1.eoffshorehydrocarbonhasbeenproducedinabundancefromthe1960s.Easy。仟Shorehydrocarbonstodayaremoredifficu1.ttofind,yet
4、deepwaterexp1.orationremainswherepotentia1.zzbigoi1.“exists.Deepwaterisacontinuanceofaccumu1.atedbest-practiceddri1.1.ingknow1.edgeandexperiencetomanage,contro1.,andchangeinmorecha1.1.engingoperatingenvironments.Ifbigoi1.discoveriescontinuetoresu1.tindeepwater,morewe1.1.swi1.1.needtobedri1.1.edandbu
5、sinesswi1.1.continuetogrow.Operatingcompaniesarethereforenoton1.ysearchingandexp1.oringintomoredistantseasandoceansbuta1.soinmoreremote,harsh,andinhospitab1.e1.ocationsandenvironmentsforbigoi1.inarapid1.ychanginganduncertainwor1.dofenergyneedszSUPPIyanddemand.EconomicFactorsofDeepwaterExp1.orationTh
6、ecommon1.yacceptedeconomicobjectivestoexp1.oresuccessfu1.1.yindeepwaterenvironmentsareviewedas:1. thick,continuousreservoirsthatexhibithighf1.owrateswith1.argedrainageradius;2. recoverab1.ereservesofat1.eastfivetosevera1.hundredmi1.1.ionbarre1.sormore;IvpuucDttgJ2019Ekcvicr1.td.A1.1.rightsreserved.h
7、ttpMdoi.orK/10.1016B97S40,102282*5.00001怎3. geo1.ogica1.1.yandSeismica1.1.ywe1.1.definedandre1.ative1.ysimp1.ereservoirsinnature,downtoandinc1.udingtheproducinghorizons,sothathigh1.yaccuratepetro1.eum,reservoir,andproductionmode1.ingcanresu1.ttoreducerisksanduncertainties.ThePurposeofDri1.1.inginDee
8、pwaterThepurposeofdeepwaterdri1.1.ingprojectsisessentia1.1.ynodifferentfromotherdri1.1.ing,i.e.ztodiscovercommercia1.hydrocarbonsSafe1.yeffective1.y;andefficient1.yatthe1.owestcost.Whendiscoveryresu1.ts,thekeydecisiontriggerishowmuchcapita1.investmentisneededtosanctionappraisa1.dri1.1.ing,toassure,a
9、ndacquiremust-havevs.nice-to-havedata,thenprocessandinterpretthedatatomeetthecomp1.exityofmu1.tidiscip1.ineissuestobereso1.ved.Thecha1.1.engethenistomanagetheprojectdeve1.opmentaccordingtocontro1.sthatassuredoingtherightthingsandgettingthingsdonerightthefirsttime,atthe1.owestcapita1.andoperatingcost
10、s,avoidingdamage,1.ossorharmtothepeop1.e,businessesandenvironmentas1.owaspracticab1.e,asi1.1.ustratedinFig.1.1.Asoffshoredeepwaterbasinsremainre1.ative1.yunexp1.oredwhencomparedtoonshoreorsha1.1.owoffshore,thegreaterthewaterdepthsshou1.dpresentagreater1.ike1.ihoodofdiscoveringbigoi1.,especia1.1.yint
11、he2000-3500m(6562-11z583ft)waterdepths.Thepromiseofdiscoveriescanoffsetthesignificant1.yhighercosts,risksanduncertaintiesthatcomewithincreasedwaterdepth,andoffertheeconomicviabi1.itytoexp1.oreintheseenvironments.DeepwaterDri1.1.ingGoa1.sandObjectivesObjectivesandgoa1.stobemetindeepwaterdri1.1.ing-re
12、1.atedprojects,i.e.zthroughExp1.oration,Appraisa1.,Deve1.opmentandProductionphases,summarized,areto:1. 1.owerfinding,capita1.,intervention,workoverandabandonmentcosts;2. acce1.erateandmaximizeproduction;3. creategreaterva1.uereturnsoninvestment,e.g.,increaseu1.timaterecovery.FIG.1.1Deepwaterwe1.1.-1
13、.ife-cyc1.eProjeCtgoa1.sandobjectives.Source:KingdomDri1.1.ing,2018.Tbcounterthesecha1.1.enges,mu1.tip1.eoffshoretechno1.ogica1.andadaptiveadvancementswou1.dhavetobemetduringtheproject1.ifeperiod.Examp1.e:thebui1.dingandconstructionofamorefit-for-purpose,mu1.ti-functiona1.,next-generationdeepandu1.t
14、radeepwateroperatingf1.eetisperhapsdemandedtostepchangetheadvancementsandtechno1.ogica1.so1.utionsrequired.Wherethisinvestmentisgoingtocomefromisakeyfactor.Anewf1.eetwou1.dhoweverofferfarmoreoptimismthatdeepwatercansurviveinsuchturbu1.ent,cha1.1.enging,andchangingtimes.AGuidetoDeepwaterDri1.1.ingPro
15、jectsAsthecontinuoussearchfordeepwaterdiscoveryprecipitatesdri1.1.ingprojectsintountappedandprogressive1.ymoreremote,harsh,deep,andu1.tradeepenvironmentswheremorecomp1.exgeo1.ogy,geoscience,petro1.eum,reservoir,dri1.1.ing,subsea,technica1.,andtechno1.ogyoperationa1.cha1.1.engesarise-thisguidecaniden
16、tifyandeva1.uatehowandwhydeepwaterdri1.1.ingcanevo1.vefrommoresingu1.arfrontieractivitiesintoafarsafemoreintrinsic,andstrategice1.ementofanoperatorsoffshoreportfo1.io.Thisguidea1.sofocusesprimari1.yondeepwaterexp1.orationandappraisa1.dri1.1.ingthatmay1.eadintodeve1.opment,intervention,andabandonment
17、activitiesrequired.A1.1.suchspecia1.istareasrequireseparateguides.Contentistargetedatanintermediate-to-advanceddri1.1.ing1.eve1.,forthosewithagoodworkingunderstandingandknow1.edgeofoffshoredri1.1.ing;we1.1.safetyandmanagementsystems;andwe1.1.de1.iveryusingamu1.tidiscip1.inary,project-managedapproach
18、andabe1.iefthatordinarypeop1.ecanmakeadifference.AccordingtotheP1.an-Do-Check-Act(PDCA)(Demingcyc1.e)asshowninFig.1.2,continuousqua1.ityimprovementisachievedbyiteratingthroughawe1.1.s1.ifecyc1.ebyconso1.idatingprogressasdiscussed1.aterinthisguide.Emphasisisp1.acedontheimportancetouti1.izethreefundam
19、enta1.SEEprincip1.estorea1.izedeepwaterde1.iveryoutcomesandbenefitsdesired,i.e.:1. SBeingSafe;thecontro1.of1.oss,2. EBeingEffective;bydoingtherightthings,3. EBeingEfficient;bygettingthingsrightfirst.Thisguideisfordeepwaterparticipants,whorequirefurtherengagement,know1.edge,andunderstandingaboutthefu
20、ndamenta1.differencesofwhatdrivesthedri1.1.ingofdeepwaterwe1.1.s.Itshou1.dappea1.tothemu1.tidiscip1.inaryrangeofseasonedprofessiona1.sinvo1.vedinprogramsandprojectsrequiringmorespecificsintermsofdeepwaterwe1.1.design,engineeringstandards,princip1.es,currentadvancements,newandadaptivetechno1.ogies,sp
21、ecifictechniques,systems,equipment,andoperationa1.bestpracticeusedandapp1.ied.Theintroductorydeepwaterguidechaptersinc1.ude:1. Introductions,whatdefinesdeepwater.Anout1.ineofthebasicconceptsandpreceptsofoperatingwe1.1.s2. Geo1.ogyandgeoscienceaspectsfromadri1.1.ersperspective3. Pressuremanagementofw
22、e1.1.s4. Metoceanoperatingconditionsandenvironmentsthatexist5. Essentia1.differencesanddriverscomparedtoastandarddri1.1.ingnorm6. Program,projectmanagement,safetyand1.osscontro1.aspectsReviewingperformanceInvestigatingaccidents, incidents, near missesFIG.1.2 P1.an-Do-Check-Act. Source: http:Zfyvww.h
23、se.gov.tkpiu.visua1.dictiotiaryon-1.ine.coninageseart1.geoiogyocean-oor.jpgWhatimmediate1.ysetsdeepandu1.tradeepwaterapartfromconventiona1.offshoreprogramsandprojectsisthatoperationshavetobeconductedatfargreatersupp1.y,1.ogistic,andoperatingdistancesfromshore.Thismakesthesupp1.ychainandconductingofo
24、perationsfarmorecha1.1.enging.Additiona1.1.ybe1.owthedeepandu1.tra-deepwaterdepths,thecontinenta1.marginsthatexisthavevariantconditions,settings,andenvironmentasi1.1.ustratedthrougharegiona1.examp1.eofdeepwaterexp1.orationandappraisa1.we1.1.sinFig.1.6.Here,itcanbeviewedhowvariantwe1.1.designsdiffera
25、crossthisregion.ItisfurtherevidentinFig.1.6thatthedeepwatersedimentarystratigraphythatexistsoneachwe1.1.isfarfromthesame.We1.1.sareexposedtodifferentsetsofoperatingconditionsthatcanbemoreor1.essprob1.ematica1.fromadri1.1.ingoperationa1.standpoint.Atthisear1.ystage,itisimportanttobegintocomprehendwhy
26、geo1.ogica1.risksanduncertaintiesessentia1.1.ycandrivethedeepwaterwe1.1.design,construction,andthedri1.1.ingcha1.1.engesthatarise,andwhytheseissuesresidehighontheprojecthazardandriskregisterunti1.we1.1.saresafe1.ydri1.1.ed,datagathered,andmorecanbe1.earnedandtrans1.atedintoaddedprojectva1.ue.Onecanc
27、onc1.udeagainthevariantgeo1.ogica1.anddri1.1.ingconditionsandenvironmentsmustbesafe1.ymanagedthroughadeepwaterwe1.1.s1.ifecyc1.ewithinsuchfie1.ds.With1.oweroi1.pricesthatmayexistwe1.1.intothefuture,morecompetitivemeans,effectiveandefficientmethodssha1.1.havetoresu1.ttoassurethatdeve1.opingandproduci
28、ngtheseprospectiveregionsremainscommercia1.1.ysustainab1.ede1.iveringevengreateroutcomesandbenefits.Brazi1.Presa1.tPetro1.eumSystemsThepresa1.tsystemoccursbeneatha1.ayerofevaporatesediments,i.e.zsa1.tanhydriteandotherminera1.sformedbyanancient,massiveevaporationofbasinwaters.Sa1.tevident1.yresu1.tsm
29、oreor1.esscontinuous1.yacrossmuchoftheAt1.anticmarginofbothBrazi1.andWestAfricasides,butisnotpresentonthenorthernequatoria1.marginofBrazi1.orAfrica.Theorganic-richsedimentsthatexistandthetherma1.1.ymaturephysicsofthesourcerocks,andtheprimaryandsecondarymigrationintothereservoirrocksandsea1.swithinth
30、eriftbasin,resu1.tedasthetectonicforcespu1.1.edAfricaandSouthAmericaaparttocreatetheSouthAt1.anticOceanduringCretaceousandyoungertimes-beginning145mi1.1.ionyearsago.Thesubsa1.treservoirsthatcapturethepetro1.eumthendividedintotwogroups:1. C1.asticsediments,formedofbothsandstoneandcong1.omeratesthatwe
31、reerodedfromthemountainsthatf1.anktheriftbasin,and,2. Carbonatesediments(rockconsistingmost1.yofca1.ciumcarbonate).Thisporous1.imestoneandsomedo1.ostonereservoirsweredepositedinsha1.1.owmarinewatera1.ongtheedgesandcrestofthemountainsastheywereeventua1.1.yf1.oodedandthenburiedbyo1.dersandstoneandasso
32、ciatedsediments.Abovethereservoirs,thesa1.tformedthetopsea1.thattrappedthepetro1.eumaccumu1.ations.Brazi1.ianPostsa1.tPetro1.eumSystemThepostsa1.tpetro1.eumsystemintheAt1.anticmargins1.iesabovetheregiona1.sa1.t1.ayerandwasdepositedonthewesternmarginsofthegrowingSouthAt1.anticOceanunderconditionsofno
33、rma1.marineshe1.vesanddeepwaters1.opes.Thepostsa1.tsystemisdivideda1.sointotwomainunits:Use-FormationFm1-MISSION-M-SSK)NSTATEMENTFm7Note:TO=TVD55nCsg=MDRK8m-0-5-1000TSoO2000-2030-30-4000-4500FIG.1.6Deepwaterwe1.1.sstratigraphyandcasingdepthsvariations.Source:KingdomDri1.1.ingTraining,2018.45OO1.DEEP
34、WATERGENERA1.1. Sha1.1.owwatercarbonates,1.arge1.ygrainstonesrestingontopofthesa1.t1.ayer,and2. Ayoungerc1.asticsystemsection,with1.oca1.sandstonereservoirinavarietyofoi1.andgastraps.Grainstones=Akindof1.imestonecomprisedofgrainswithcementca1.1.edspar.Sa1.tintrusioninthesubsurfacecreatesthediapirsan
35、dwindowsfromadeeperstratigraphichorizontoprovidemigrationrouteswithinthepost-sa1.tsections,withyoungersedimentsprovidingthec1.assicsourcerockreservoirandtrapsdemandedforacommercia1.prospecttoexist.Structura1.trapsareassociatedwiththesa1.tdiapirsandro1.1.overstructurescreatedbyfau1.ting.Inaddition,fu
36、rtherstratigraphictrapsareformedcoincidingwiththeedgesandpinchoutsofthesefie1.dstypica1.1.ywithinsandstoneeithera1.ongthef1.anksortheupdipedgesofthereservoirbody.1.imestoneinthepostsa1.tsystemwasdepositedundernorma1.marineconditionsresu1.tingfromtheopeningoftheSouthAt1.anticOceanduringthecretaceousp
37、eriod.Thesedepositscanbec1.eanandwe1.1.sortedtoprovideidea1.reservoirrocks.Note:Depositsofsimi1.arageandenvironmentsarea1.sofoundindeepwaterontheWestAfricansideoftheSouthAt1.anticOcean,forexamp1.e,theCabinda1.imestones,offshoreAngo1.a.AbovetheBrazi1.ianpostsa1.tcarbonates1.ietheyoungerunitscomprised
38、ofa1.ternating1.ayersofsandstonereservoirsandc1.aystonebyseawardand1.andwardmigrationsofde1.taic,debritezandturbiditedepositsthatwi1.1.bediscussedinmoredetai1.inthischapter.Majorseawardmigrations(regressions)oftheshore1.inede1.iveredconsiderab1.esandtothebasinintheformofaseriesofde1.tasattheshe1.fed
39、ges.Sandistransportedintothedeepwaters1.opeandbasinareasasavarietyofchanne1.izedandsheet-1.iketurbiditesequences.Atothertimes,rapid1.andwardmigrationoftheshore1.ine(transgressions)resu1.tsinmorewidespreaddepositionoffinegrainedmudstoneandc1.ayoverbroadareasoftheshe1.fanddeepwateraswaterdepthsrapid1.yincrease.The
