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1、paN-onalnsoosQq-qndJOBSGENERATEDBYTHERWANDADEVE1.OPMENTSTUDY1PO1.ICYiOPERATIONSU-ooQJobCreationPotentialoftheOsCleanEnergyTransitionQ-e11soosQo-qnd泰ESMAP忠加丽MAMMCASESTUDYJOBSGENERATEDBYTHERWANDADEVE1.OPMENTPO1.ICYOPERATIONSIoh9ClzanK3o4*ar4soICJU1.JJtDauuiIIU1.DIIliaiUlICleanEnergyTransitionESMAP,THF
2、WORI口BANKfIBRDIDAABOUTESMAPTheEnergySectorManagementAssistanceProgram(ESMAP)isapartnershipbetweentheWorldBankandover20partnerstohelplow-andmiddle-incomecountriesreducepovertyandboostgrowththroughsus-tainableenergysolutis.ESMAP,sanalyticalandadvisoryservicesarefullyintegratedwithintheWorldBank,suntry
3、financingandpolicydialogueintheenergysector.ThroughtheWoridBank,ESMAPworkstoacceleratetheenergytransitionrequiredtoachieveSustainableDevelopmentGoal7(SDG7)zwhichensuresaccesstoaffordable,reliable,sustainable,andIthelpsshapeWoridBankstrategiesandprogramstoachievetheWorldBanksQimateChangeActionPlantar
4、gets.1.earnmoreat:https:/www.esmap.org.November2023InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433Telephone:;Internet:www.worldbank.orgThisworkisaproductoftheWorldBank,withcontributionsgivenbythestaffandcsultantslistedintheacknowledgments.Thefindings,int
5、erpretations,andndusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthiswork.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimp
6、lyanyjudgmentonthepartoftheWorldBankncerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.NothinghereinshallcstituteorbecsideredtobealimitationuponorwaiveroftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofTheWorldBank,allofwhicharespecificallyreserved.RightsandPermissionsThisworkisavailableun
7、dertheCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)http:/creativecommons.orglicensesby3.0igo.UndertheCreativeCommonsAttributionlicense,youarefreetocopy,distribute,transmit,andadaptthiswork,includingforcommercialpurposes,underthefollowingconditions:Attribution-Pleasecitetheworkasfollows:EnergyS
8、ectorManagementAssistanceProgram(ESMAP).2023.JobsGeneratedbytheRwandaDevelopmentPolicyOperations:JobCreationPotentialoftheCleanEnergyTransition.ESMAPCaseStudy.Washington,DC:TheWorldBank.1.icense:CreativeCommonsAttributionCCBY3.0IGOTranslations-Ifyoucreateatranslationofthiswork,pleaseaddthefollowingd
9、isclaimeralongwiththeattribution:ThistranslationwasnoteatedbyTheWorldBankandshouldnotbeconsideredanofficialWorldBanktranslation.TheWorldBankshallnotbeliableforanycontentorerrorinthistranslation.Adaptations-Ifyoucreateanadaptationofthiswork,pleaseaddthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththeattribution:Thisi
10、sanadaptationofanoriginalworkbyTheWorldBank.ViewsandopinionsexpressedintheadaptationarethesoleresponsibilityoftheauthororauthorsoftheadaptationandarenotendorsedbyTheWorldBank.Third-PartyContent-TheWorldBankdoesnotnecessarilyowneachcomponentofthecontentcontainedwithinthework.TheWorldBankthereforedoes
11、notwarrantthattheuseofanythirdparty-ownedindividualcomponentorpartcontainedintheworkwillnotinfringeontherightsofthosethirdparties.Theriskofdaimsresultingfromsuchinfringementrestssolelywithy.Ifyouwishtore-useacomponentofthework,itisyourresponsibilitytodeterminewhetherpermissionisneededforthatre-usean
12、dtoobtainpermissionfromthecopyrightowner.Examplesofcomponentscaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,tables,figures,orimages.AllqueriesonrightsandlicensesshouldbeaddressedtoWorldBankPublications,TheWorldBank,1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433,USA;e-mail:pubrightsworldbank.org.ProductionCreditsDesignerCirdeGraph
13、ics,Inc.CoverImageOliverKnight/WorldBankPhotosIp.x,p.10,p.28,p.36SarahFarhaVWoHdBank,p.4AzMeIody1.ee/WorldBank,p.14OliverKnight/WorldBankAllimagesremainthesolepropertyoftheirsourceandmaynotbeusedforanypurposewithoutwrittenpermissionfromthesource.ContentsAcknowledgmentsvAboutthisReportviAcronymsviiKe
14、yFindingsviii1. Introduction12. SummaryofRelevantEnergySectorInterventions53. ObjectivesandOverallMethodology114. Results155. Discussion296. Conclusion37References43Appendix A. SupportingTables46Appendix B. Exploring日ectricityasaConstraintforEnterprisesEngagedinAccommodationandFoodServicesActivities
15、531.istofTablesandFigures1.istofTablesTable 1. OverviewofKeyInformantInterviews12Table 2. EvolutionofElectricityTariffs,1994-202018Table 3. Key1.aborForceIndicators,2017and202019Table 4. OccupationsofEmployedPopulationbyAreaz2017and202020Table 5. EmployedPopulationbyBranchofEconomicActivity,2020Vers
16、us201721Table 6. GrossDomesticProductbySector(inRF,BillionsatConstant2017Prices)23Table 7. DistributionandChangeofEstablishmentsbyInstitutionalSector(Numberand%)24Table 8. ChangeintheNumberofPrivateEstablishmentsandBusiness-OrientedMixedEstablishmentsbyEnomicActivity,2014-2026TableA.lPriorActionsUnd
17、ertheSeriesoftheThreeDevelopmentPolicyOperationsandRelatedResultsIndicators46TableA.2EvolutionoftheElectricityTariffRegime,1994-202050TableA.3DisaggregationofEmployedPopulationbyBranchOfEnomicActivity,2020Versus2017521.istofFiguresFigure 1. TheoryofChangefortheDPOSeries7Figure 2. EvolutionofInstalle
18、dCapacity(MW)15Figure 3. EvolutionofElectricityAccess(%ofPopulation)16Figure 4. EvolutionofAnnualNumberandDurationofOutagesBetween2017and202117Figure 5. SelectedBiggestObstaclezzforRwandanEnterprises30Figure 6. ectricityRelatedChallenges,2006,2011,and201931Figure 7. RankingofFactorsbytheExtentofThei
19、rImpactonFormalBusinesses32Figure 8. ImpactofElectricityAvailabilityonFormalEnterprises(%)32Figure 9. JobCreationPatternsinthePrivateSector,2006z2011zand201934Figure 10. RevisedTheoryofChangefortheDPOSeries(toAcuntforEmploymentImpacts)40CONTENTSAcknowledgmentsThisworkwasmadepossiblebytheEnergySector
20、ManagementAssistanceProgram(ESMAP)withfinancialsupportfromtheRoyalMinistryofForeignAffairsofDenmark.ESMAPisapartnershipbetweentheWorldBankand19donorstohelplow-andmiddle-incomecountriesreducepovertyandboostgrowththroughsustainableenergysolutions.ThereportwaspreparedbyateamcoordinatedbyZuzanaDobrotkov
21、a(SeniorEnergySpecialist)andcomprisingofSheoliPargal(1.eadEnergyEconomist),AnnaAghababyan(SeniorOperationsOfficer)andAndersPedersen(SeniorEnergySpecialist).TheworkwasinitiatedundertheguidanceofRohitKhanna(PracticeManager,ESMAP)andcompletedunderGabrielaElizondoAzuela(PracticeManager,ESMAP)zwithoveral
22、lstrategicdirectionprovidedbyDemetriosPapathanasiou(GlobalDirector,EnergyandExtractivesGlobalPractice).AteamfromtheconsultingcompanyMathematica,consistingofFarazUsmanizDuncanChaplinzPatriciaCostazSarah1.eserzandSaraBrykzcollectedbackgroundmaterialandconductedupstreamresearchforthiscasestudy.Theteama
23、cknowledgestheimportantinputs,insightsandassistancereceivedfromYadvigaSemikolenova(PracticeManager),JoernHuenteler(SeniorEnergySpecialist),NorahKipwola(SeniorEnergySpecialist),andArunSingh(EnergySpecialist)andWorldBankconsultantsStephaniePinningtonzNicolasFichauxandKavitaRai.Editor:FayreMakeig.About
24、thisReportThisreportpresentsthefindingsandCondusionsofacasestudyundertakenunderaprogramofanalyticalworkthatinvestigatestheimpactsoftheglobaltransitiontocleanenergyonthequantityandqualityofjobsinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries.Undertheprogram,entitledEstimatingtheJobCreationPotentialoftheCleanEnergyTra
25、nsition/7theWorldBanksEnergySectorManagementAssistanceProgram(ESMAP)undertookmultiplestreamsofanalysis: Areviewoftheliteratureandcommonlyusedmethodologiesofinvestigation ModelingofeconomywidejobimpactsofpoliciessupportingthecleanenergytransitioninselectedcountriesinSub-SaharanAfrica Casestudiesofthe
26、effectsonemploymentofselectedWorldBankcleanenergyprojects Deepdivesintotheimpactonjobsofclosureofcoal-firedpowerplants;ofproductiveusesofelectricityassociatedwithminigridsinNigeria;andoftheRusumoFallsHydropowerProject.Buildingontheabove-mentionedsteamsofanalysis,theprogramhasalsoproducedahigh-levelr
27、eportsummarizingitsfindingsandconclusionsJobsfora1.ivablePlanet:JobCreationPotentialoftheCleanEnergyTransitionz,andadiscussionpapertosupportprojectdesignTrackingJobsinProjectsFocusedonCleanEnergyandProductiveUsesofElectricityzzzprovidingstrategiesfortrackingandenhancingjobcreationthatcanbeusedinthec
28、leanenergyprojects.Thereportsdevelopedunderthisprogramtogetheraimtosupportlow-andmiddle-incomecountriesinreapinggreatersocioeconomicbenefitsfromtheenergytransitionbysupportingtheminincreasingthenumberandqualityoflocaljobsgeneratedwhileimplementingcleanenergyprojects.Realizingthebenefitsofthejobscrea
29、tedbycleanenergyinterventionswilldependoneffectiveplanningandpreparationintheearlystagesofprojectsandsustainedsupportduringtheirimplementation.Thereportstargetmultipleaudiences,frompolicymakerstodevelopmentpractitionersandacademics.Theyalsoaimtofamiliarizeenergyspecialistswiththeeffectsofenergyproje
30、ctsonjobsandgivethemtlsthatenablethemtotakeaccountofand,wherepossible,maximizethesocioeconomicbenefitsofthecleanenergytransition.Thereportscanbefoundathttps:/www.esmap.org/publications.AboutthisreportAcronymsDPODevelopmentPolicyOperationEDPRS-IISecondEconomicDevelopmentandPovertyReductionECEstablish
31、mentCensusEUC1.EnergyUtilityCorporation1.imitedGDPgrossdomesticproductGoRGovernmentofRwanda1.FS1.aborForceSurveyMWmegawattREGRwandaEnergyGroupWBESWorldBankEnterpriseSurveyAllcurrencyisinUnitedStatesdollars(US$,USD),unlessotherwiseindicated.KeyFindingsTheWorldBanksupportedtheGovernmentofRwandaininsti
32、tutionalizingleast-costprinciplesforpower-sectorexpansionthroughaseriesofthreeconsecutiveannualDevelopmentPolicyOperations(DPOs)between2017/18and2019/20.TheobjectivewastoenablefiscallysustainableexpansionofelectricityservicesinRwandawhileimprovingoperationalefficiency,affordability,andaccountability
33、.ThecasestudyfoundthatwhiletherewassomeassociationbetweenelectricityreformsandjobcreationinRwanda,thelinkwasnotstraightforward,andtheimpactonformalemploymentwaslimited.Otherfactorsandconstraints,aswellasthetimerequiredforinfrastructureimprovementstotranslateintoemploymentoutcomes,mayhaveplayedsignif
34、icantrolesinshapingthelabormarket.Keyfindingsfromthecasestudywere:JobCreationandElectricityReforms: Approximately600,000jobswerecreatedinRwandabetween2017and2020. Whiletherewassomecorrelationbetweenthepowerreformsandjobcreation,evidenceofadirectlinkismixed. Over75%ofthenewjobswereintheagriculturesec
35、tor,whichhaslowelectricityconsumption. Employmentinmanufacturingincreased,butitsshareintotalemploymentdecreased,suggestinglimitedemploymentimpactfrompower-sectorreforms. Otherfactors,suchasaccesstofinance,mayhavebeenkeyinhibitorsofemploymentexpansion. Improvedelectricityqualityandaccessmayhavebooste
36、dlaborproductivityratherthanincreasingthenumberofjobs.1.imitationsoftheStudy: Theanalysisreliedonavailabledataandsimplepre-postcomparisons,whichmaynotcaptureallfactorsinfluencingemploymentoutcomes. Itspossiblethatsufficienttimehadnotyetelapsedforelectricityinfrastructureimprovementstofullyimpactempl
37、oyment. ThestudydidnotdistinguishhowtheDPOseriesaffectedemployment:byimprovingelectricityservices,reducingfiscaltransfers,orprovidingadditionalresourcestotheGoR. Establishment-andenterprise-leveldatasetsusedfocusedonformalfirms,potentiallymissinginformaljobexpansions.EmploymentnotanObjectiveofDPO:Jo
38、bcreationandlabor-marketimprovementswerenotprimaryobjectivesoftheDPOseries,butthestudyoffersinsightintohowchangesinelectricityaccessandqualitymayaffectlaboroutcomesovertime.Insummary,whiletherewassomeassociationbetweenelectricityreformsandjobcreationinRwanda,thelinkwasnotstraightforward,andtheimpact
39、onformalemploymentwaslimited.Otherfactorsandconstraints,aswellasthetimerequiredforinfrastructureimprovementstotranslateintoemploymentoutcomes,mayhaveplayedsignificantrolesinshapingthelabormarket.ONEINTRODUCTIONThiscasestudyseekstoassessthedegreetowhichemploymenttrendsinRwandawereimpactedbypowersecto
40、rreformssupportedbyaseriesofthreeconsecutiveWorldBankDevelopmentPolicyOperations(DPOs)叩ProVedbetween2017/18and2019/20.Itdoessobydrawingoninformationfromadministrativeandsecondarydataalongwithinterviewstohighlightthelinkbetweenobservedsector-specificemploymentchangesovertimeandDPO-Supportedactivities
41、.Rwandawitnessedsubstantialpovertyreductionduetosustainedeconomicgrowthatthebeginningofthetwenty-firstcentury.Between2010/11and201617ztheeconomygrewatjustunder8percentannually,andtheshareofthepopulationlivingbelowthenationalpovertylinedeclinedfrom45.8to38.2percent(WorldBank2020c).Despitethisstrongec
42、onomicperformance,grossdomesticproduct(GDP)percapita,whichstoodat$745in2016(WorldBank2020a)zremainedbelowtheaverageforSub-SaharanAfrica,makingRwandaoneoftheworldspoorestcountries,withsignificantinfrastructuregaps.Expandingthepowersectorandimprovingitsperformance,inparticular,wereseenascriticalforsus
43、tainingeconomicgrowthandtransformingRwandaseconomyasittransitionsfromsubsistenceagriculturetomoreenergy-intensiveindustrialandserviceactivities7(WorldBank2017).AseriesofpowersectorreformscarriedoutbytheGovernmentofRwanda(GoR)from2013onwardgreatlyincreasedtheefficiencyofthesector,whichsawincreasedpri
44、vateinvestment.Forexample,thelatestroundofreformsimplementedaspartoftheSecondEconomicDevelopmentandPovertyReductionStrategy(EDPRS-II)beginningin2014separatedelectricityandwaterutilities.Forenergy,itestablishedtheRwandaEnergyGroup(REG)withtwosubsidiaries-theEnergyUtilityCorporation1.imited(EUC1.)andt
45、heEnergyDevelopmentCorporation1.imited(EDC1.)-toenablebettergovernance,allowforclearfinancialaccountabilitybetweenrevenue-generatingservicefunctionsandnon-revenue-generatinginfrastructuredevelopment,andstreamlineoperationsintheenergysector(WorldBank2017).EUC1.wasdesignedtofocusonimprovingelectricity
46、servicesinalreadyelectrifiedareas,whileEDC1.focusedonexpandingelectricityaccesstonewareas(REG2022).Further,theGoRtookstepstoensurethatREGanditsaffiliateswouldconductfinancialreportinginlinewithInternationalFinancialReportingStandardstoenhancefinancialtransparencyandREGzsabilitytoattractprivateandcom
47、mercialfinance,bothasanofftakerofprivatelyfinancedindependentpowerproducersandasaborrowerfromcommercialbanks(WorldBank2017).Thesuccessoftheseeffortswasevidentinincreasedgenerationcapacity,whichmorethandoubledbetween2010and2017.Thiswasfinancedtoagreatextentbytheprivatesector,near-universalelectrifica
48、tionofthecountryshospitalandhealthcenters,andafivefoldincreaseinRwandanselectricityaccess,whichincreasedfrom6percentin2008tonearly30percentin2016(WorldBank2017).Yetzthehighcostofelectricityservicesremainedasignificantconstraint.TheGoR,sdecisiontoprioritizetheexpansionofdomesticelectricitygeneration(overcheaperelectricityimportsfromnearbycountriessuchasEthiopia,Kenya
