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1、专题02阅读理解记叙文从命题形式上看，常见的有细节理解、词义猜测、主旨大意、推理判断、作者意图等题型。除了推论或词义辨识题，记叙文命题的顺序一般都会按照文章的脉络和故事发展的顺序层层推进，否则就会觉得别扭，逻辑不通。同时，记叙文需要事件的发展过程作支撑，一半以上的题目都会用来检测考生对故事的了解，因此，我们必须弄明白整件事情的发展脉络。而其余像主旨大意、作者意图之类的题目，则取决于文章的落句，集中考查对作者所发的感触的理解。综上所述，记叙文的应对策略即：不漏细节，奠定基础；把准寓意，方能成功。（2023年新高考I卷）WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexploret
2、hewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesinco
3、llege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria（细菌）？Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetf
4、orhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge（污泥）.First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.1.ittlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedt
5、heirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouselikefacilitythattreatedsewage（污
6、水）from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.ttEcologicaldesign,isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.tt1.ifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor/*hesays.uYouputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat,shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsy
7、stemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.24 .WhatcanweIeamaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Hewasfondoftraveling.B.Heenjoyedbeingalone.C.Hehadaninquiringmind.D.Hclongedtobeadoctor.25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?A.Tofeedtheanimals.B.Tbbuildanecosystem.C.Toprotecttheplants.D.Totesttheeco-machin
8、e.26.WhatistheauthorspurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A.ToreviewJohn,sresearchplans.B.TbshowanapplicationofJohnsidea.C.TocompareJohn,sdifferentjobs.D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn,sinvention.27.WhatisthebasisforJohn,swork?A.Naturecanrepairitself.B.Organismsneedwatertosurvive.C.1.ifeonEarthisdiverse.D.Mosttinycrea
9、turesliveingroups.【答案】24.C25.D26.B27.A【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了JohnTodd从小就很爱思考且好学，他建造了一个生态机器，利用自然可以自我修复的原理来净化污水。25 .细节理解题。根据第一段WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretiny
10、creatureslived.Whenhegotolder,JohnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanUPthemessespeopleweremaking.（当约翰托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱）”以及第二段“Aflerstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobserving
11、natureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria（细菌）?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?（在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？），可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。故选C。26 .细节理解题。根据第三段ARerafewweeks,JOhnaddedlheSkIdge.（几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进去）”以及倒数第三段“Hewasamazedattheresults
12、.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-11achinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspureWater.（他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，只剩卜纯净水）”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选D。27 .推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“0Vertheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-lik
13、efacilitythattreatedsewage（污水）from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.（这些年来，约翰承担了许多重大工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施，可以处理来自南伯灵顿1600户家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水）“可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰想法的应用。故选B。28 .推理判断题。根据最后一段YouputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandO
14、bSCrVCwhat*shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.（你把生物体放在新的关系中，观察会发生什么。然后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式）“可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。故选A。发应牝史招上1.关注细节记叙文中有大量的事件发展过程中的细节，包括记叙文的5W（what,who,when,where,why）要素。因此我们作答细节题的时候，就没有那么复杂，一般只需要由前到后，从上到下，一题题地做就可以了。29 注重联系在做题过程中，我们大都不能在文中找到与题干一字不差的词语或句子。这
15、时我们需要认真研究问题，抓住题干中的关键词语，然后到文中准确地找到与之相关的语句，或是疑似语句的位置，接着去左顾，或右盼，在前句或后句寻找线索。30 读懂表象如前所述，主旨大意题或推理判断、作者意图题等实际上是同一类型的问题，或者说是可用同种方法解答的题型。在解答此类题目的时候，不可被题干的表象所迷惑，要像剥洋葱一样，一层一层地剥；在四个可选项中，i个一个地去证实，去排除。31 挖掘意义每年的高考阅读题中，特别是记叙文的阅读题，都会出现一至两道词义猜测题。而这些词汇往往是你素昧平生的，或者和你有点头之交，在文中却另有新意的，总之，猜的是那些在高考词汇表要求之外的词汇。小小的一个词，一个短语，考
16、核的不是你的语法的熟练程度，也不是你的记忆力，而是你对文章通篇或者一个段落的整体把握和变通能力。(2024山东潍坊高三统考期末)Whenmostkidsgotothebeach,they,retoofocusedonmakingsandcastlesandsplashingaroundtonoticelitter,butseveralyearsago,for7-year-oldCashDaniels,noticingaplasticstrawsparkedalifelongpassionforsavingtheplanet.Cash,whoisnowknownastheconservation
17、kid，hasalwayslovednature.HegrewupfishingalongtheChattanoogaRiver,afterall!ButonceheIeamedthat80percentofalltrashfromlandandriversendsupintheocean,hecouldntsitback.Hestartedwithcleanupsalongtheriver,somethingthatquicklywentfromafamilyaffairtoacommunityeffortwithvolunteersandneighbors.In2019,Cash,toge
18、therwithaCanadianconservationist,ElIaGalaski-Rossen,startedanonprofitcalledtheCleanupKids.Despitelivingindifferentcountries,theymanagedtocreateeducationalvideosontheirYouTubechannel.ttWehopetobeareallybignonprofitthateliminatesplasticintheU.S.andCanadaJCashsaid.tWewanttoinformkidsandadultsinthelandl
19、ockedstatesonhowtheiractionsareconnectedtothewaterandtheocean/Cashsaid.CashwasselectedasoneofAmerica,stop10youthvolunteersof2021bythePrudentialSpiritofCommunityAwards.HealsoearnedthetitleofNationalHonoree,wherehereceiveda$5,0(X)granttogotoanonprofitofhischoice,andhebecamethefirstpersontowintheYouthC
20、onservationistAwardtwoyearsinarowfromtheTennesseeWildlifeFederation.“Iwanttotraveltheworld,teachothers,andhelpthemfeelconnectedtotheocean.Becauseifyouareconnectedtotheocean-ifyouloveitandwhatlivesinityou,llwanttoprotectit,“hesaid.44Thisismyfin,anditbecomesmorefunwitheverynewdiscovery.”24. Whichcanre
21、placetheunderlinedwords“sitback“inparagraph2?B.1.oseheart.A.Fallasleep.D.1.endahand.C.Turnablindeye.25. WhatisthepurposeofstartingtheCleanupKids?A. Torecyclewasteplastics.B. Tomakeinstructivevideos.C. Tospreadmarineknowledge.D. Toappealforoceanprotection.26. WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesCashDanie
22、ls?A.Sympatheticanddevoted.B.Initiativeandtalented.C.Ambitiousandhumorous.D.Determinedandmodest.27. WhatdoesCashDanielsstoryimply?A. Passionfuelsdreams.B. Greatmindsthinkalike.C. Helpingothersisofgreatfun.D. Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.【答案】24.C25.D26.A27.A【导语】这是一篇记叙文，文章主要讲的是CaShDaniek热爱大自然，他从7岁开始就对保
23、护地球充满了热情，他先从清理河流沿岸开始，并将此发展成一项人们可以广泛参与的活动。他被评选为2021年美国十大青年志愿者之一。24 .词句猜测题C根据文章第二段划线词之前“HegrewupfishingalongtheChattanoogaRiver,afterall!Butoncehelearnedthat80percentofalltrashfromlandandriversendsupintheocean,heCOuIdnt（毕竟，他是在ChaUanOOga河边钓鱼长大的！但当他了解到80%来自陆地和河流的垃圾最终都进入了海洋后，他就不能再这么做了）”以及第三段开头“Hestartedw
24、ithcleanupsalongtheriver,somethingthatquicklywentfromafamilyaffairtoacommunityeffortwithvolunteersandneighbors他从清理河流开始，这件事很快就从家庭事务变成了志愿者和邻居的社区努力。）“可知当CashDaniels看到了解到80%来自陆地和河流的垃圾最终都进入了海洋以后，他开始对河流岸边的垃圾进行了清理，最终这件事成为了人们可以广泛参与的活动，由此可以推测CaShDanieIS对于最终都进入了海洋的垃圾没有置之不理，而是采取了积极的行动，所以划线词的意思与C项Tumablindeye（视
25、而不见）意思相近，故选C项。25 .细节理解题。根据文章第三段Wewanttoinformkidsandadultsinthelandlockedstatesonhowtheiractionsareconnectedtothewaterandtheocean,Cashsaid.（卡什说：“我们想让内陆各州的孩子和成年人了解他们的行为与水和海洋的关系。可知theCleanupKids的目的是让内陆各州的孩子和成年人了解他们的行为与水和海洋的关系，即呼吁人们保护海洋。故选D项。26 .推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Cash,whoisnowknownasthe“conservationkid”,ha
26、salwayslovednature.HegrewupfishingalongtheChattanoogaRiver,afterall!Butoncehelearned（hat80percentofalltrashfromlandandriversendsupintheocean,hecouldn,tsitback.（Cash现在被称为环保孩子”，他一直热爱大自然。毕竟，他是在ChaHanoOga河边钓鱼长大的！但当他了解到80%来自陆地和河流的垃圾最终进入海洋时，他不能坐视不管。）”可知Cash热爱大自然，关心环境，所以他是富有同情心的，根据文章最后一段“Iwanttotravelthewo
27、rld,teachothers,andhelpthemfeelconnectedtotheocean.Becauseifyouareconnectedtotheocean-ifyouloveitandwhatlivesinityoullwanttoprotectit,“hesaid.44Thisismyfun,anditbecomesmorefunwitheverynewdiscovery.”（“我想环游世界，教别人，帮助他们感受到与海洋的联系。因为如果你和海洋有联系如果你爱它和它的生物一你就会想要保护它他说。“这是我的乐趣，随着每一个新发现,它变得更加有趣。可知CaSh想要环游世界，教育别人
28、，帮助他们感受到与海洋的联系，所以他是有奉献精神的，故选A项。27 .推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Whenmostkidsgotothebeach,they,retoofocusedonmakingsandcastlesandsplashingaroundtonoticelitter,butseveralyearsago,for7-year-oldCashDaniels,noticingaplasticstrawsparkedalifelongpassionforsavingthePlanet.（当大多数孩子去海滩时，他们太专注于堆沙堡和溅水，而没有注意到垃圾，但几年前，对7岁的CaSh来说，
29、注意到一根塑料吸管激发了他毕生拯救地球的热情。）”以及文章最后一段Iwanttotraveltheworld,teachothers,andhelpthemfeelconnectedtotheocean.Becauseifyouareconnectedtotheocean-ifyouloveitandwhatlivesinityoullwanttoprotectitJhesaid.44Thisismyfin,anditbecomesmorefinwitheverynewdiscovery.”（“我想环游世界，教别人，帮助他们感受到与海洋的联系。因为如果你和海洋有联系如果你爱它和它的生物一你就会
30、想要保护它，”他说。“这是我的乐趣，随着每一个新发现，它变得更加有趣）”以及其他段落的内容可知一根塑料吸管激发了CaSh拯救地球的热情而这种热情进而转化成了他的梦想，所以CaSh的故事暗示了激情可以点燃梦想。故选A项。J/.ZJ-J刷模拟Passage(1)(2023浙江金华浙江省义乌中学校考模拟预测)1.ikemanyotherfive-year-olds,Jeanie1.owofHouston,Texas,woulduseastool（凳子）tohelpherreachthebathroomsink.However,theplasticstep-stoolshehadathomewasun
31、stableandmessedupthesmallbathroomsharedbyherwholefamily.Afterlearningofaninventioncontestheldbyherschoolthatyear,Jeanieresolvedtoenterthecontestbycreatingastoolthatwouldbeapermanentfixtureinthebathroom,andyetcouldbekeptoutofthewaywhennotinuse.Jeaniedecidedtomakeastoolattachedtothebathroomcabinetdoor
32、underthesink.Shecutaboardofwoodintotwopieces,eachabouttwofeetwideandonefootlong.Usingmetalhinges（钱链），Jeanieattachedonepieceofthewoodtothefrontofthecabinetdoor,andthesecondpiecetothefirst.Thefirstpiecewassetjusthighenoughsothatwhenitswungouthorizontallyfromthecabinetdoor,thesecondpiecewouldswingdownf
33、romthefirst,justtouchingtheground,andsoservingasasupportforthefirstpieceofthewood.Thiscreatedaconvenient,strongplatformforanypersontooshorttoreachthesink.Whennotinuse,thehingesallowedthetwopiecesofwoodtofoldbackuptightlyagainstthecabinet,wheretheywereheldinplacebymagnets（磁铁）.Jeaniecalledherinvention
34、4ttheKiddieStoo,.Jeanie,sKiddieStoolwonfirstplaceinherschooscontest.Twoyearslater,itwasawardedfirstprizeagainatHoustonsfirstannualInventionFair.Asaresult,JeaniewasinvitedtomakeanumberofpublicappearanceswithherKiddieStool,andwasfeaturedonlocalTVaswellasinnewspapers.ManypeoplefoundthestoryoftheKiddieS
35、toolinspiringbecauseitshowedthatwithapairofobservanteyes,anyonecanbeaninventor.24. Accordingtothepassage,whydidJeanie1.owinventtheKiddieStool?A. Manyotherfive-year-oldshadproblemsreachingthebathroomsink.B. Shedidnotthinkthatplasticstoolsweretallenoughforher.C. Thestoolinherbathroomwasnotfirmandoften
36、gotintheway.D. Shewasinvitedtoenteraninventioncontestheldbyherschool.25. WhichofhefollowingstatementsistrueabouthowtheKiddieStoolworks?A. Theplatformissupportedbytwometalhinges.B. Itswingsfromlefttorighttobeattachedtothecabinetdoor.C. Ituseshingesandmagnetstokeepthewoodenpiecesinplace.D. TheKiddieSt
37、oolwillswingoutonlywhenthecabinetdooropens.26. WhatarethecharacteristicsofJeanie,sKiddieStool?A.Permanentandfoldable.B.Fragileanddisposable.C.Conventionalandportable.D.Convenientandrecyclable.27. Whatmessagedoesthepassageconvey?A. Failureisthemotherofsuccess.B. Necessityisthemotherofinvention.C. Gen
38、iusis1%inspirationand99%perspiration.D. Inventionrequiresbothdisciplinesandwildimagination.【答案】24.C25.C26.A27.B【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了5岁的珍妮发明了一款帮助小孩子能够得着洗手盆的踏脚凳的故事。24 .细节理解题。根据第一段中的However,theplasticstep-stoolshehadathomewasunstableandmessedup（hesmallbathroomsharedbyherwholefamily.（然而，她家里的塑料脚髡不稳定，把全家共用
39、的小浴室搞砸了）”可知，珍妮想要发明踏脚凳的原因是，塑料凳子不稳定，还经常碍事。故选C。25 .细节理解题。根据第二段中的Whennotinuse,thehingesallowedthetwopiecesofwoodtofoldbackuptightlyagainstthecabinet,wheretheywereheldinplacebymagnets（磁铁）.（不使用时，较链可以使两块木头紧紧地靠在橱柜上折叠起来，并用磁铁将它们固定在适当的位置。）“可知，珍妮发明的踏脚凳使用了钱链和磁铁固定。故选C。26 .推理判断题。根据第一段中的Jeanieresolvedtoenterthecont
40、estbycreatingastoolthatwouldbeapermanentfixtureinthebathroom,andyetcouldbekeptoutofthewaywhennotinuse.（珍妮决定参力口竞赛，她制作了种凳子，这种凳子将是浴室里的永久固定装置，但不用时可以挡住）”和第二段中的“Thiscreatedaconvenient,strongplatformforanypersontooshorttoreachthesink.Whennotinuse,thehingesallowedthetwopiecesofwoodtofoldbackuptightlyagainst
41、thecabinet,wheretheywereheldinplacebymagnets（磁铁）.（这为任何太矮而无法够得水槽的人创造了一个方便、坚固的平台。不使用时，钱链可以让两块木头紧紧地靠在橱柜上折叠起来，并用磁铁固定）“可知，珍妮发明的脚踏凳具有永久和可折叠的特性。故选A。27 .推理判断题。根据第一段中的1.ikemanyotherfive-year-olds,Jeanie1.owofHouston,Texas,woulduseastool（凳子）tohelpherreachthebathroomsink.However,theplasticstep-stoolshehadathom
42、ewasunstableandmessedupthesmallbathroomsharedbyherwholefamily.Afterlearningofaninventioncontestheldbyherschoolthatyear,Jeanieresolvedtoenterthecontestbycreatingastoolthatwouldbeapermanentfixtureinthebathroom,andyetcouldbekeptoutofthewaywhennotinuse.（像许多其他五岁的孩子一样，德克萨斯州休斯顿的珍妮洛会用凳子帮她够浴室的水槽。然而，她家里的塑料脚凳不
43、稳定，把全家共用的小浴室搞砸了。在得知学校当年举办的一场发明竞赛后，珍妮决定参加竞赛，她制作了一种髡子，这种髡子将是浴室里的永久固定装置，但不用时可以挡住户可知，通过珍妮的故事我们可以知道，发明来源于我们的需求。故选B。Passage(2)（2023山东统考一模）Tylerhadbrokenhisarminabicycleaccident.AcarknockedTylerdownwhenitcameoutofasidestreetwithoutstopping.Theaccidenthappenedbecausetherewasnostopsignatthecornerandthecardid
44、ntstop.SoTylerdecidedtotrytogetthecitytoputupastopsign.First,Tylerwroteapetition（请愿书）tohaveastopsignputupwithhisparents*help.Then,Tylerandhisparentsaskedtheirneighbors,friends,teachers,classmates.almosteveryonetheyknewtosignthepetition.Soon,therewerehundredsofnamesonthepetition.Tyleralsogotsomeinfor
45、mationaboutotheraccidentsatthesamecornerwherehehadhadhisownaccident.Ifhecouldshowthecitythatitwasadangerouscomer,theymightputupastopsignthere.Hehopedthatthisinformationandhispetitionwouldwork.Whenthepetitionwasready,Tylerandhisparentswenttoameetingofthecitycouncil（政务委员会）.Theybroughtalongthepetitiona
46、ndtheotherinformation.Afteralongwait,Tylergotachancetotellwhathadhappenedtohim.Hetoldthestoryofthebicycleaccidentandexplainedhisidea.Iftherewereastopsignatthecomerwheretheaccidenthappened,otherkidswouldbesafer.Afterthat,Tylerreadthepetitionoutloud.Then,hehandeditand（heotherinformationtothecouncil.Th
47、ecitycouncilagreedtoconsidertherequestandmakeadecisionbeforetheirnextmeeting.Thenextmonth,Tylerandhisparentsattendedanothermeetingofthecitycouncil.Theheadofthecitycouncilannouncedthatthecityhaddecidedtoagreetothepetition!TherewouldbeastopsignatthecomerwhereTylerhadhisaccident.Nowotherkidswouldbesafe
48、rwhentheyrodetheirbikes.24. WhydidTylerhavethebicycleaccidentatthecomer?A.Tylerroderathertoofast.B.Therewasnostopsign.C.Thecarrantheredlight.D.Thestreetwascrowded.25. WhatwasthefirstthingTylerdidtohaveastopsignputupatthecorner?A. Hefoundoutaboutotheraccidents.B. Heexplainedhisideatohisneighbors.C. Hewroteapetitionforthestopsign.D. Heattendedameetingofthecitycouncil.26. Whendidthecitycouncilagreetothepetition?A.AssoonasTylerhandedit.C.Afteraboutasix-monthwait.B.AfterTyler,sparentshandeditagain.D.NearlyamonthafterTylerhandedit.27. Howwouldtheotherkidsprobablyfee
