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1、美国名人人类学家玛格丽特米德MargaretMead,1901-1978:APublicFaceofAnthropologyplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:25repeatByJeriIynWatson2010-1-16VOICEONE:mSteveEmber.VOICETWO:MargaretMeadAndmShirleyGriffithwithPEOP1.EINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.Todaywetellaboutoneofthemostinfluentialsocialscientistsofthelastcentury-the
2、culturalanthropologistMargaretMead.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:PeoplearoundtheworldmournedthedeathofMargaretMeadinnineteenseventy-eight.Ayearlater,thepresidentoftheUnitedStates,JimmyCarter,honoredthesocialscientistwithAmericashighestawardforcivilians.AnotherhonorcamefromavillageinNewGuinea.Thepeoplethereplanted
3、acoconuttreeinhermemory.MargaretMeadwouldhavelikedthat.Asayoungwoman,shehadstudiedthelifeandtraditionsofthevillage.MizMeadreceivedsuchhonorsbecausesheaddedgreatlytopublicknowledgeofculturesandtraditionsindevelopingcountries.Manypeopleconsiderherthemostinfluentialsocialscienceresearcherofthetwentieth
4、century.Yetsomeexpertssaidherresearchwasnotscientific.Theysaidshedependedtoomuchonobservationandlocalstories.Theysaidshedidnotspendenoughtimeoncomparativestudies.Theybelievedherfameresultedasmuchfromhercolorfulpersonalityasfromherresearch.VOICETWO:MargaretMeadsharedherstrongopinionsaboutsocialissues
5、.Shedenouncedthespreadofnuclearweapons.Shespokeagainstracialinjustice.Shestronglysupportedwomensrights.Throughoutherlifesheenjoyedtakingrisks.MizMeadbeganherstudiesofculturesinanunusualwayforawomanofhertime.Shechosetoperformherresearchinthedevelopingworld.ShewenttoanislandvillageinthePacificOcean.Sh
6、ewentalone.Theyearwasnineteentwenty-five.AtthattimezyoungAmericanwomendidnottravelfarawayfromhomebythemselves.Theydidnotaskstrangerspersonalquestions.Theydidnotobservebirthsanddeathsunlesstheywereinvolvedinmedicalwork.MargaretMeaddidallthosethings.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:MargaretMeadwasborninnineteen-oh-one
7、inPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.Herfatherwasaprofessoroffinance.Hermotherwasasociologist.Fewwomenattendedcollegeinthosedays.However,MargaretMeadbeganherstudiesinnineteennineteenatDePauwUniversityinGreencastle,Indiana.Shesoondecidedthatlivinginasmalltowndidnotimproveonesmind.SoshemovedtoNewYorkCitytostud
8、yEnglishandpsychologyatBarnardCollege.Shegraduatedinnineteentwenty-three.VOICETWO:MargaretMeadin1928onacanoewithchildrenonManusisland,inwhatisnowpartofPapuaNewGuineaMargaretnextdecidedtostudyanthropologyatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Shewantedtoexaminetheactivitiesandtraditionsofdifferentsocieties.Sh
9、elaterearnedmastersanddoctoratedegrees.MizMeadstudiedwithtwofamousanthropologists:FranzBoasandRuthBenedict.MisterBoasbelievedthattheenvironmentpeoplegrowupin-notfamilygenes-causedmostculturaldifferencesamongpeople.Thisbeliefalsoinfluencedhisyoungstudent.MargaretMeadaskedtodoresearchinSamoainthePacif
10、icOcean.MisterBoaswasconcernedforhersafety.Buthelethergo.HetoldhertolearnabouthowyoungSamoanwomenwereraised.VOICEONE:Ingraduateschool,Margarethadmarried1.utherCressman,whowasstudyingtobeaclergyman.HewenttoEuropetocontinuehisstudies.ShewentalonetoSamoainnineteentwenty-five.SheworkedamongthepeopleofTa
11、uIsland.Thepeoplespokeadifficultlanguagethathadneverbeenwrittendown.1.uckily,shewasabletolearnlanguageseasily.MizMeadstudiedthelivesofSamoangirls.Shewasnotmucholderthanthegirlsshequestioned.Shesaidtheirlifewasfreeoftheangerandrebellionfoundamongyoungpeopleinothersocieties.ShealsosaidSamoangirlshadse
12、xualrelationswithanyonetheywanted.Shesaidtheirsocietydidnoturgethemtolovejustoneman.Andshesaidtheirsocietydidnotcondemnsexbeforemarriage.MargaretMeadsaidshereachedthesebeliefsafterninemonthsofobservationinSamoa.TheyhelpedmakeherbookComingofAgeinSamoaoneofthebest-sellingbooksofthetime.MizMeadwasjustt
13、wenty-sevenyearsoldwhenherbookwaspublishedinnineteentwenty-eight.ManyAmericanreaderswereshockedbyherobservationsaboutthesexualfreedomenjoyedbyyoungSamoanwomen.VOICETWO:Severalsocialscientistslaterdisputedherfindings.AustraliananthropologistDerekFreemanwroteabookwhichcriticizedherwork.Thebookwaspubli
14、shedinnineteeneighty-three,fiveyearsafterherdeath.HewrotethatMizMeadmadeherobservationsfromjustafewtalkswithtwofriendlyyoungwomen.Hewrotethattheywantedtotellinterestingstoriestoaforeignvisitor.Buttheirstorieswerenotnecessarilytrue.MisterFreemansaidSamoansocietyvaluedayoungwomanwhohadnothadsexualrela
15、tions.HesaidTauIslandmenrefusedtomarrywomenwhohadhadsex.However;manypublishedreportsaboutthedebateraisedquestionsaboutMisterFreemanscriticism.Afteryearsofdiscussion,manyanthropologistsconcludedthatthetruthwouldprobablyneverbeknown.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:AfterninemonthsamongtheSamoans,MargaretMeadreturnedto
16、theUnitedStates.ShemetastudentfromNewZealand,ReoFortune,onthelongtriphome.Hermarriageto1.utherCressmanended.ShemarriedMisterFortune,alsoananthropologist,innineteentwenty-eight.TheywenttoNewGuineatoworktogether.Itwouldbethefirstofseventripsthatshewouldmaketotheareainthenextforty-sevenyears.VOICETWO:T
17、hetwostudiedthepeopleofseveralareasofNewGuinea.Shepublishedanotherinfluentialbook,SexandTemperamentinThreePrimitiveSocieties,innineteenthirty-five.ItwasastudyofthelivesofthreeNewGuineatribesfrominfancytoadulthood.MizMeadwrotethatmanyso-calledmaleandfemalecharacteristicsarenotbasedonsexdifferences.In
18、steadtheyreflecttheculturaltraditionsofdifferentsocieties.ShewrotethatwomenhavethemajorroleinonegroupinNewGuineawithoutcausinganyspecialproblems.ThisbookbecameimportantforthewomensrightsmovementintheUnitedStates.VOICEONE:NotlongaftertheirNewGuineatripended,MargaretMeadsmarriagetoReoFortunealsoended.
19、Innineteenthirty-six,shemarriedforthethirdtime.HernewhusbandwasGregoryBateson,aBritishbiologist.MisterBatesonandMizMeaddecidedtoworktogetherontheislandofBaliinIndonesia.ThepeopleofBaliproudlysharedtheirrichcultureandtraditions.MizMeadobservedandrecordedtheiractivities.MisterBatesontookphotographs.Th
20、eBatesonshadadaughter.Buttheirmarriageendedinnineteenfifty.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Astimewenton,MargaretMeadsfamecontinuedtogrow.Herbookssoldverywell.Shealsowroteforpopularmagazines.Sheappearedonradioandtelevisionprogramsinthenineteensixtiesandseventies.Shespokebeforemanygroups.Americanslovedtohearaboutherw
21、orkandthepeopleshestudied.Afterhertrips,MargaretMeadalwaysreturnedtotheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryinNewYorkCity.Sheworkedthereformorethanfiftyyears.ShealsotaughtatseveraluniversitiesinNewYork.Shestudiedtheproblemsofchild-rearing,personalityandcultureindifferentsocieties.MargaretMeadwasalsoconcern
22、edaboutissuesliketheenvironment.OnApriltwenty-second,nineteenseventy,environmentalactivistsorganizedthefirsteverEarthDay.MargaretMeadspokeaboutthedangersofscienceandtechnology.MARGARETMEAD:Nosocietyhaseveryetbeenabletohandlethetemptationsoftechnologytomastery,towaste,toexuberance,toexplorationandexp
23、loitation.Wehavetolearntocherishthisearthandcherishitassomethingthatsfragile,thatsonlyone,itsallwehave.Wehavetouseourscientificknowledgetocorrectthedangersthathavecomefromscienceandtechnology.VOICEONE:OtherscientistspaidMargaretMeadahighhonorwhenshewasseventy-fouryearsold.Theyelectedherpresidentofth
24、eAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.Afewyearslater,shedevelopedcancer.Butshecontinuedtotravel,speakandstudyalmosttotheendofherlife.Onefriendsaid:MargaretMeadwasnotgoingtoletalittlethinglikedeathstopher.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyJerilynWatson.ItwasproducedbyJuneSimms.mShirleyGriffith.VOICEONE:AndmSteveEmber.YoucanlearnaboutotherfamousAmericansonourWebsite,.JoinusagainnextweekforPEOP1.EINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.
