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1、UCNEnhancingNature-basedSolutionsinMontenegroTheroleofecosystemsindisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptationTanjaPopovicki,VeronicaRuizandDaisyHessenbergerNATuf-useo$otuTOH$ttsuewSOClrr心INTHEWESTERNBA1.KANSSidaAboutIUCNIUCNisamembershipUnionuniquelycomposedofbothgovernmentandcivilsocietyorganis
2、ations.Itprovidespublic,privateandnon-governmentalorganisationswiththeknowledgeandtoolsthatenablehumanprogress,economicdevelopmentandnatureconservationtotakeplacetogether.Createdin1948,IUCNisnowtheworld,slargestandmostdiverseenvironmentalnetwork,harnessingtheknowledge,resourcesandreachofmorethan1,40
3、0Memberorganisationsandsome15,000experts.Itisaleadingproviderofconservationdata,assessmentsandanalysis.ItsbroadmembershipenablesIUCNtofilltheroleofincubatorandtrustedrepositoryofbestpractices,toolsandinternationalstandards.IUCNprovidesaneutralspaceinwhichdiversestakeholdersincludinggovernments,NGOs5
4、scientists,businesses,localcommunities,Indigenouspeoples*organisationsandotherscanworktogethertoforgeandimplementsolutionstoenvironmentalchallengesandachievesustainabledevelopment.Workingwithmanypartnersandsupporters,IUCNimplementsalargeanddiverseportfol100fconservationprojectsworldwide.Combiningthe
5、latestsciencewiththetraditionalknowledgeoflocalcommunities,theseprojectsworktoreversehabitatloss,restoreecosystemsandimprovepeople,swell-being.www.iucn.orciEnhancingNature-basedSolutionsinMontenegroTheroleofecosystemsindisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptationTanjaPopovicki,VeronicaRuizandDais
6、yHessenbergerThedesignationofgeographicalentitiesinthisbook,andthepresentationofthematerial,donotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofIUCNorotherparticipatingorganisationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,orarea,orofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontierso
7、rboundaries.TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationdonotnecessarilyreflectthoseofIUCNorotherparticipatingorganisations.IUCNispleasedtoacknowledgethesupportofitsFrameworkPartnerswhoprovidecorefunding:MinistryofForeignAffairs,Denmark;MinistryforForeignAffairs,Finland;GovernmentofFranceandtheFrenchDevelopme
8、ntAgency(AFD);MinistryofEnvironment,RepublicofKorea;MinistryoftheEnvironment,ClimateandSustainableDevelopment,GrandDuchyof1.uxembourg;theNorwegianAgencyforDevelopmentCooperation(Norad);theSwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgency(Sida);theSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation(SDC)andtheUnit
9、edStatesDepartmentofState.ThispublicationhasbeenmadepossibleinpartbyfundingfromtheSwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgency(Sida).Publishedby:Producedby:Copyright:IUCN,Gland,SwitzerlandIUCNRegionalOfficeforEasternEuropeandCentralAsia(ECARO)2023IUCN,InternationalUnionforConservationofNatureand
10、NaturalResourcesReproductionofthispublicationforeducationalorothernon-commercialpurposesisauthorisedwithoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromthecopyrightholderprovidedthesourceisfullyacknowledged.Reproductionofthispublicationforresaleorothercommercialpurposesisprohibitedwithoutpriorwrittenpermissionofthecop
11、yrightholder.Recommendedcitation:Popovicki,T.,Ruiz,V.,&Hessenberger,D.(2023).EnhancingNature-basedSolutionsinMontenegro:Theroleofecosystemsindisasterriskreductionandclimatechangeadaptation.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN.Frontcoverphoto:1.akeSkadar,Montenegro.PhotobyBoudewijnBoer,Unsplash.1.ayoutby:IUCNECARO
12、TableofcontentsExecutivesummaryivAcknowledgementsviiiAcronymsix1. Purposeandmethodologyofthescopingstudy11.1 TheADAPTproject12. Introduction23. Montenegrocountrycontextandbasicdata43.1 Geography43.2 Socioeconomiccontext63.3 Gendercontext83.4 Environmentalcontext83.5 Forests103.6 Water113.7 Agricultu
13、ralland123.8 Climatechangecontext123.9 Disasterriskcontext143.9.1 Forestfires153.9.2 Floods163.9.3 Droughtsandheatwaves183.10 Natureprotection,ecosystemservicesandlanddegradation204. Stakeholderrolesandresponsibilities234.1 Stakeholderanalysis245. PolicyandstrategicframeworkforNbS265.1 Climatechange
14、265.2 Disasterriskreduction315.3 GenderequalityinclimateandDRRpolicies335.4 NbSinotherstrategicdocuments355.4.1 Biodiversityandnatureprotection355.4.2 Forestry365.4.3 Watermanagement366. ExperienceswithNbS387. Conclusionsandrecommendations397.1 RecommendationsforNbSmainstreamingandapplication40Annex
15、 I: Stakeholderresponsibilities43Annex II: ProjectscomplementarytoNbS50ExecutivesummaryMontenegroisadisaster-pronecountryparticularlyvulnerabletoclimatechange,thusaffectingmultiplesectors-agriculture,biodiversity,energy,forestry,publichealth,coastalareasandmaritimeresources,tourism,andwaterresources
16、.Thecombinationoftheriseinfrequencyandintensityofclimate-relatedhazardsandincreasingdevelopmentinthecountryraisestherisksofthesehazards,causingsubstantialeconomicandhealthimpacts.ThisuncertainandchangingsituationishinderingthefulfilmentofMontenegrotSenvironmental,economicanddevelopmentaltargets.Mont
17、enegrobearstheconstitutionaldesignationofanecologicalstate,withanenduringcommitmenttosustainabledevelopmentwiththepreservationofahealthyenvironmentandbiodiversity,preservationandimprovementofthequalityofwater,sea,air,soil,spaceandothernaturalresourcesforgenerationstocome.TheGovernmentofMontenegroado
18、ptedtheNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy(NSDS)MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism(2017).TheNationalStrateqYforStJStainabIeDeVelODmentOfMonteneqro.Podgorica,Montenegro:MinistryofSustainableDevelopmentandTourism.in2017.Itservesasastrategicdocumentpromotingsustainabledevelopmentpoliciesands
19、ettinglong-termguidelinesforsustainabledevelopmentinMontenegro.Evenwithitsstronglinkagestobothdisasterriskreduction(DRR)andclimatechange,thedocumentwasprimarilydevelopedwithinthecontextofthetransposition,implementationandenforcementoftheEuropeanUnion(EU)acquisianddoesnotindicatehowtheenvironment,lan
20、dscapesorecosystemsaretobepreservednordoesitprovidetangiblelinkstointernalandexternalfinancialsourcesforitsimplementation.Aplethoraofothersectoralpolicyandstrategicdocumentsexists,manyofwhichmightrepresentapotentialentrypointformainstreamingNature-basedSolutions(NbS)1suchasthosegoverningforests,coas
21、talorwatermanagement.However,NbShavestillnotbeenconsideredexplicitlyorrecognisedwithinMontenegrospolicyorstrategicframework.GenderequalityisnotwidelyrecognisedwithinmostsectoralpoliciesinMontenegro,andgenderequalityissuesshouldbemoresystematicallyincorporatedintotheclimateandDRRpoliciesofMontenegro.
22、Theinstitutionalresponsibilitiesfordifferentaspectsofclimatechange,disasterriskreductionandbiodiversityaredividedamongvariousministries,nationalplatformsandlocalgovernments(especiallyinregardtoDRR),andtherearenumerousstakeholderswithvaryinginterestsandcompetenciesintheapplicationandoperationofNbS.Th
23、efollowingsetofrecommendationsaredefined-forpolicyandpracticethatcanbeadoptedtosupportthemainstreamingoftheNbSapproachintopolicies,andtofacilitatethefurtherapplicationofNbSmeasuresandprojectsinMontenegro.1. InterSeCtOralCoOPeratiOnandexchaneisakevPrereaUiSitefortheSUCCeSSfUlapplicationOfNbS.Ecosyste
24、msarecomplexsystemsandtheirconservation,protectionandsustainablemanagementneedtobeaddressedwithacross-sectoralvision.NbS-relatedmattersshouldgobeyondthemandateofasingleentitygiventhattheirimplementationmightaffectmultiplesectors.Hence,NbSneedstobeintegratedintoappropriatesectoralandcross-sectoralpla
25、ns,programmesandpolicies,alongwithmeasuresforclimatechangeadaptation(CCA),disasterrisksreduction,conservationandsustainableuseofnatureandresources,underpinnedbystrongcoordinationamongtherelevantinstitutionsandgovernmentalbodies./EnhancethemainstreamingofNbSandspecificNbSapproachesintosectorallaws,pl
26、ans,policiesandstrategiesandensurestronglinkagesbetweenDRRandCCA;/Strengtheninstitutionalcapacities(technicalandpersonnel)forestablishingsolidcoordinationandcollaborationacrosssectorswhilealsoimprovinginter-institutionalcoordination.2. GOVemanCearranementsShOUldb。basedOnStakehOldereraementanddialoau
27、eStakeholderswhoaredirectlyandindirectlyaffectedbyNbSshouldbeidentifiedandinvolvedinallstagesofanNbSproject,i.e.,fromdesigntoimplementation.Ontheotherhand,allexistinginformationconcerningtheNbSproject,policyand/orotherneedsshouldbecompiledandenteredintotheNbSdesign,soitcanconsciouslyaddressthetarget
28、edsocietalchallenge(三).Itiscriticaltofostersectoralcooperationandcross-sectoralcoordinationandtoensurecommunicationamonggovernmentstakeholders,thusensuringbettercommunicationwiththebroadergroupofstakeholders./ Enhancedialogueandtheexchangeofdataandinformationonpolicygoalsandobjectivesamongsectorsand
29、/orinstitutionspertainingtoNbS(climatechange,environment,energy,agriculture,forestry,DRR);/ PromoteNbSamongwidergroupsofstakeholderstoensuretheirunderstandingandcommitmentsforbuildingresilienceandresolvingsocietalchallengesthroughapplicationoftheNbSapproach.3. EnIPhaDiSethemanvbenefitsPrOVidedbvNbSW
30、hiIeadvacaticfortheirimplementation.PromotingandadvocatingformoreeffectiveutilisationofthepotentialofferedthroughtheapplicationofNbSapproachesshouldconsidertheiroverarchinggoaltoaddressglobalsocietalchallenges,andthepotentialtosubstantiallycontributetomultipleglobalframeworksandtargets.Theirabilityt
31、oprovidemultiplebenefitswhileaddressingDRRandCCAshouldbeemphasised./IncreaseawarenessofNbSanditsunlockedpotentialbystressingthecontributiontheseprojectscanhavetowardsachievingmultipletargets/goals,whilealsoservingasareportingmechanism;/Promotethedevelopmentofscientificstudies,analyses,surveys,andpro
32、jectsonNbSthroughtheirconnectionstothethreeP川ars:science,policyandpractice.4. EnabletanibleIinkStointernalandexternalresources(financial,material,institutional)forimplnmentatioaOfPOIiCieSandStrateqieSrelatedtoDRR.Reducingthevulnerabilitiesineachsectorispossibleviatargetedpolicyinterventions,developi
33、ngandenforcingrobustenvironmentalorclimatelegislation,andencouragingtheinvolvementofcivilsocietyandthegeneralpublicinworkingtomitigatetheeffectsofclimatechangeandDRR.Inordertoachievethis,cost-effectivestrategiesforclimateadaptationandriskreductionandmanagementoughttobeintegratedintodevelopmentplanni
34、ngandpublicinvestment./Improvecapacitiesindisasterriskmanagementandresponsethroughtraining,sincethereisexperiencebutnotechnicalknowledge,e.g.,onunderstandingdisastersandtheirimpacts;/EnsurethatcoordinationandknowledgeofspecificrolesandresponsibilitieswithinDRRissubstantiallyimproved.5. DeSianinatail
35、oredPOHCieS-SPatialandtemporalscales.Whiletherearepolicymeasuresalreadyinplacetodealwithclimatechangeanddisasterriskreduction,mostareinadequatetothescaleofthefuturethreat.Whendesigningthistypeofmeasure,itisimportanttoconsiderthespatialandtimescaleandtorecognisethecomplexityofboththelandscapesandfutu
36、reuncertainties,particularlyinachangingworld.Theproposedpolicies,basedonNbS,havetobedesignedwithalong-termsustainablevision,andalignedwithcross-sectoral,nationalandotherpolicy/regulatoryframeworks./Systematiseandimproveexistingprocesses,procedures,timelinesandmethodologiesthatlaythefoundationsforthe
37、properdesignandimplementationofNbS;Establishcross-borderpartnershipsonthegenerationanduseofclimatechangedataandtheirintegrationintodevelopmentandotherplans.AcknowledgementsWewouldliketoexpressoursinceregratitudetotheADAPTprojectmanagementteamfortheirsupportandguidanceduringthepreparationofthisstudy:
38、 MrBorisErg,Director,IUCNRegionalOfficeforEasternEuropeandCentralAsia(ECARO), MsMihaelaDragan1.ebovics,NbSSeniorProjectOfficer,IUCNECARO, MsMilicaRadanovic,NbSOfficer,IUCNECARO, MsVesnaBjedov1CommunicationOfficer,IUCNECARO.Also,ourgratitudegoestorepresentativesoftheMinistryofEcology,SpatialPlanninga
39、ndUrbanismofMontenegroforprovidingvaluablecommentsandresourcesinenablingustocollectthenecessarydataonNature-basedSolutionsinMontenegro,andtothusenrichthestudywithrelevantexamples.AuthorsAcronymsBURBiennialupdatereportCBDConventiononBiologicalDiversityCCAClimatechangeadaptationCSOCivilsocietyorganisa
40、tionDRRDisasterriskreductionEEAEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyEPAEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEUEuropeanUnionFAOFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsGCFGreenClimateFundGDPGrossdomesticproductGHGGreenhousegasesGIZDeutscheGesellschaftfurInternationaleZusammenarbeitGVAGrossvalueaddedIPPCIntegrated
41、pollutionprotectionandcontrolIUCNInternationalUnionforConservationofNatureMRVMeasurement,reportingandverificationNbSNature-basedSolutionsNDCNationallyDeterminedContributionNSDSNationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategyRCCRegionalCooperationCouncilSidaSwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgencySDGSu
42、stainableDevelopmentGoalTNCThirdNationalCommunicationunderUNFCCCUNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeUNDPUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeUNECEUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope1. PurposeandmethodologyofthescopingstudyTheoverallpurposeofthisscopingstudy(hereinafter:Study)istopr
43、ovidethestate-of-theartoftheMontenegrinnationalcontextwithregardstotheapplicationofNature-basedSolutions(NbS)approachesforclimatechangeadaptation(CCA)anddisasterriskreduction(DRR).ThemainobjectivesofthisStudyareto:1)analysethenationalinstitutional,policyandlegalcontextsthatenableNbSapplication,2)pre
44、sentanoverviewofnaturalhazardsanddisastersinMontenegroandthecorrelatedrisks,3)elaborateontheaddedbenefitofdeployingNbSinthegivencontext,4)identifyknowledge,institutionalandcapacitygapsandbarriersforapplyingNbS,and5)providerecommendationsandentrypointsformainstreamingNbSintonationalDRRandclimatechang
45、epoliciesandstrategies.TheStudyreliesontheavailableandaccessibledataandinformationextractedfromexistingdocumentationsonpolicies,programmesandstrategies-fromlocaltoglobalcontexts.Thiscompilationiscomplementedbypastandongoinginitiatives,projectsandactivitiesinMontenegroonNature-basedSolutionsforDRRand
46、CCAtocreateacomprehensiverepositoryofbestpracticesandlessonslearnedthatsupporttherecommendationsandidentificationofentrypointsforpotentialNbSscalabilityandreplicability.1.1 TheADAPTprojectTheADAPT:NatUre-basedSoIUtionSforresilientSOCietieSintheWeStemBalkanSprojectaimstoincreaseecosystemandcommunityr
47、esiliencetoclimatechangeandenvironmentaldegradationintheWesternBalkans.ThisregionalumbrellainitiativeworkswithsixWesternBalkaneconomies,regionalandlocalpartners.ADAPTcontributestoreducingenvironmentaldegradationandincreasingclimateresiliencethroughNature-basedSolutions,whileensuringsocialandgendereq
48、ualityintheWesternBalkanregion.Toensurelong-termandbalancedoutcomes,theprojectrestsonthreemajorpillars:/KnowledgeenhancementandawarenessraisingonNature-basedSolutionsfordisastersandclimateresilienceacrossmultiplestakeholders-fromdecision-makersandnaturalresourcemanagerstolocalcommunities-withaspecificfocusongender;/Mainstreamingclimate-compliantandequitableNbSintoadaptationanddisasterreductionpolicyrelatedpolicyinstruments;and/NbSimplementationandscale-upforDRR.2. Intr
