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1、1.ordoftheFlies1.ordoftheFliesisanovelbyNobelPrize-winningauthorWilliamGolding.ItisaboutagroupofBritishschlboysstuckonadesertedislandwhotrytogovernthemselves,withdisastrousresults.Itsstancesonthealreadycontroversialsubjectsofhumannatureandindividualwelfareversusthecommongoodearneditposition68ontheAm
2、erican1.ibraryAssociation,slistofthe100mostfrequentlychallengedbooksof1990-1999.Publishedin1954,1.ordoftheFlieswasGoldingsfirstnovel,inresponsetoTheCoralIsland.BackgroundItisverysubtlyindicatedthatthebooktakesplaceinthemidstofanunspecifiednuclearwar,perhapsimplicitlyrelatingthesavageryofthechildrenc
3、haracterstothewarfareofadults.Someofthecharactersmaroonedareordinarystudents,whileothersarriveasamusicalchoirunderanestablishedleader.Mostwiththeexceptionofthechoirboys)appearnevertohaveencounteredeachotherbefore.Thebookportraystheirdescentintosavagery;lefttothemselvesinaparadisaicalcountry,farfromm
4、oderncivilization,thewell-educatedchildrenregresstoaprimitivestate.Atanallegoricallevel,thecentralthemeistheconflictingimpulsestowardcivilizationlivebyrules,peacefullyandinharmonyandtowardsthewilltopower.Differentsubjectsincludethetensionbetweengroupthinkandindividuality,betweenrationalandemotionalr
5、eactions,andbetweenmoralityandimmorality.HowtheseVout,andhowdifferentpeoplefeeltheinfluencesofthese,formsamajorsubtextof1.ordoftheFlies.PlotsummaryInthemidstofawartimeevacuation,aBritishplanecrashesonanisolatedisland.Theonlysurvivorsareallmalechildrenbelowage13.Twoboys,thefair-hairedRalphandanoverwe
6、ight,bespectacledboyreluctantlynicknamedPiggyfindaconchwhichRalphusesasahorntobringallthesurvivorstoonearea.Twodominantboysemergeduringthemeeting:Ralph,andJackMerridew,aredheadwhoistheleaderofachoirgroupthatwa$amongthesurvivors.Ralphisvotedchief,losingonlythevotesofJacksfellowchoirboys.Ralphassertst
7、wogoals:havefun,andworktowardrescuebymaintainingaconstantfiresignal.TheycreatethefirewithPiggysglasses,and,foratime,theboysworktogether.Jackorganizeshischoirgroupintothegroupshunters,whoareresponsibleforhuntingformeat.RaIphrJack,andablack-hairedboynamedSimonsoonbecomethesupremetrioamongthechildren.P
8、iggy,themostsensibleofthebunch,isquicklyoutcastbyhisfellowbigunstheolderboys)andbecomesanunwillingsourceofmirthfortheotherchildren.Simon,inadditiontosupervisingtheprojectofconstructingshelters,feelsaninstinctiveneedtoprotecttheyoungerboys.TheoriginalsemblanceoforderimposedbyRalphquicklydeterioratesa
9、sthemajorityoftheboysturnidle.Atonepoint.Jacksummonsallofhishunterstohuntdownawildpig,includingthosewhoweresupposedtobemaintainingthefire.Ashipapproaches,butpassesbybecausethesignalfirehasgoneout.Althoughthehuntingofthepigturnsouttobethehuntersfirstsuccessfulhunt,Ralphisinfuriatedthattheyhavemisseda
10、potentialrescue.Aroundthesametime,manyoftheyoungpeoplebegintobelievethattheislandisinhabitedbyamonster,referredtoasthebeast.Jackgainscontrolofthediscussionbyboldlypromisingtokillthebeast.1.ater,Ralphenvisagesrelinquishinghisposition,thoughPiggydiscourageshimfromdoingsowhilethetwoofthemandSimonyearnh
11、opefullyforsomeguidancefromtheadultworld.AfterSamandEricreportpossiblyseeingthebeastatopamountain,RalphandJackinvestigate;theyencounterthecorpseandtheopenparachuteofafighterpilotwhohaslandedontheislandandmistakeitasthebeastasleep.Jackassemblesthechildrenwiththeconchandconfirmsthebeastsexistencetothe
12、m.Themeetingresultsinaschism,splittingthechildrenintotwogroups.Ralphsgroupfocusesonpreservingthesignalfire.Jackbecomesthechiefofhisowntribe,whichfocusesonhuntingwhileexploitingtheiron-cladbeliefinthebeast.AsJackandthehuntershavealreadyslaintheirfirstpig,theyofferpromisesofmeat,fun,andprotectionfromt
13、hebeast.Jackstribegraduallybecomesmoreanimalistic,applyingfacepainttoliberatetheirinnersavageswhiletheyhunt.Thefacepaintbecomesamotifwhichrecursthroughoutthestory,withmoreandmoreintensitytowardtheend.Simon,apartofRalphstribe,whohadcrackedandwentofflookingforthebeastbyhimself,findstheheadofthehunters
14、deadpigonastick,leftasanofferingtothebeast.Simonenvisionsthepighead,swarmingwithscavengingflies,asthe1.ordoftheFliesandbelievesthatitistalkingtohim.SimonhearsthepigidentifyingitselfastherealBeastanddisclosingthetruthaboutitselfthattheboysthemselvescreatedthebeast,andthattherealbeastwasinsidethemall.
15、Simonalsolocatesthedeadparachutistwhohadbeenmistakenforthebeast,andisthesolememberofthegrouptorecognizethatitisacadaverinsteadofasleepingmonster.SimonattemptstoalertJackstribethatthebeastisnothingmorethanacadaver.WhiletryingtotellJackstribeofthisfact,SimoniscaughtinaringduringaprimaldanceandJackstri
16、bebeatshimtodeath,withRalph,Piggy,Sam,andEricintheringalso.Ralph,Piggy,Sam,andEriclatertrytoconvincethemselvesthattheydidnottakepartinthemurder.JackstribethenraidRalphscamptostealPiggysglasses.RalphstribejourneystoJackstribeatCastleRocktotrytogetbackPiggysglasses.Intheensuingconfrontation,Rogerdrops
17、arockonPiggykillinghimandtheconchisshattered.SamandEricarecapturedandtorturedintojoiningJackstribe.Ralphisforcedtoflee.Thefollowingmorning.JackleadshistribeonamanhuntforRalph.However,thefireandsmokeattractstheattentionofanearbywarship.Thenanaval。仟icerlandsontheislandnearwhereRalphislying,andhissudde
18、nappearancebringsthechildrensfightingtoanabrupthalt.Uponlearningoftheboysactivities,theofficerremarksthathewouldhaveexpectedbetterfromBritishboys,initiallybelievingthemonlytobeplayingagame.Inthefinalscene,althoughnowcertainthathewillberescuedafterall,Ralphcries.CharactersRalphWhenheandtheothersarriv
19、eontheisland,hequicklyestablisheshimselfasthechiefofthegroup,althoughnotbyanyharsh,overtorphysicalaction,butbybeingelected.RalphhasmanyleadershipskillsthatPiggydoesnotpossessandheknowswhentoandwhennottotalk(whichseparateshimfromPiggyagain).Ralphsuggeststhatafirebelit,hopingthatitwillincreasetheircha
20、nceofbeingsaved;however,towardstheendofthebookheforgetstheinitialreasonformaintainingthefire.Thisi$representativeofthedebilitatingeffectscorruptionhasevenonthebrightestmind.Ralphmayseemtomeanwell,butoftenhisobsessionwithbeingpopularovercomeshimandheresortstobullyingPiggytoregainhispower.Still,inthem
21、idstofalltheislandschaos,itshouldbenotedthatRalphhasatendencytobepoliteandlogicalinthetensestofmoments;forexample,whenthechildrenareobligedtoinvestigateCastleRock,Ralphtakestheleaddespitebeinghorriblyafraidofthebeast.WhenSimonexpresseshisdoubtsabouttheexistenceofsuchacreature,Ralphrespondspolitely,a
22、sifagreeingabouttheweather.Ralphembodiesgoodintentionsintheimplementationofreason,butultimatelyfailstoexecutetheseplanssoundly.RalphsrefusaltoresorttoviolencethroughoutthenoveliscounterpoisedbyJacksinherentloveofviolence.BeginningwithhisselfnominationtobeRalphshunter.Jackeventuallydegeneratesintothe
23、beastheisconsumedwithslaying.EventuallytowardstheendofthestoryJackoverpowersRalphsleadership,abandoningthetribeandformingoneofhisown.Hisdarklyirresistiblenature,alongwiththelureofmeat,immediatelyswaysthemajorityoftheislanddwellerstohistribe,amuchmoreviolentgroup.Jacksinsurrectionbeginsachainofevents
24、thatdrivestheislandfurtherintochaosinitiallyresultinginthefrenziedmobmurderingSimonduringaprimaldance,andthenculminatingwiththemurderofPiggybyRogerasthegroupattemptstohuntdownRalph.PiggyPiggVistheintellectualwithpooreyesight,aweightproblem,andasthma.Heisthemostphysicallyvulnerableofalltheboys,despit
25、ehisgreaterintelligence.Piggyrepresentstherationalworld.Byfrequentlyquotinghisaunt,healsoprovidestheonlyfemalevoice.PiggysintellectbenefitsthegrouponlythroughRalph;heactsasRalphsadvisor.Hecannotbetheleaderhimselfbecausehelacksleadershipqualitiesandhasnorapportwiththeotherboys.Piggyalsoreliestooheavi
26、lyonthepowerofsocialconvention.Hebelievesthatholdingtheconchgiveshimtherighttobeheard.Hebelievesthatupholdingsocialconventionsproducesresults.Asthebrainyrepresentativeofcivilization.Piggyassertsthat1.ife.isscientific.Everthepragmatist,Piggycomplains,Whatgoodreyourdoingtalkinglikethat?whenRalphbrings
27、upthehighlychargedissueofSimonsdeathattheirhands.Piggytriestokeeplifescientificdespitetheincident,searchingforaformulatoexplainthedeath.HeassertsthattheassaultonSimonwasjustifiablebecauseSimonaskedforitbyinexplicablycrawlingoutoftheforestintothering.Piggyissointentonpreservingsomeremnantofcivilizati
28、onontheislandthatheassumesimprobablyenoughthatJacksraidershaveattackedRalphsgroupsothattheycangettheconchwhenofcoursetheyhavecomeforfire.Evenuptothemomentofhisdeath,Piggysperspectivedoesnotshiftinresponsetotherealityoftheirsituation.Hecantthinkasothersthinkorvaluewhattheyvalue.Becausehiseminentlinte
29、llectualapproachtolifeismodeledontheattitudesandrulesoftheauthoritativeadultworld,hethinkseveryoneshouldsharehisvaluesandattitudesasamatterofcourse.SpeakingofthedeathsofSimonandtheIittlunwiththebirthmark,heasksWhatsgrownupsgointothink?asifheisnotsomuchmourningtheboysdeathsasheismourningthelossofvalu
30、es,ethics,discipline,anddecorumthatcausedthosedeaths.TheConchWhenfirstblown,itcallsthechildrentoanassembly,whereRalphiselectedleader.Theyalsoagreethatonlytheboyholdingtheconchmayspeakatmeetingstoforestallargumentsandchaos,andthatitshouldbepassedaroundtothosewhowishtovoicetheiropinion.Theconchsymboli
31、zesdemocracyand,likeRalph,civilityandorderwithinthegroup.However,itissmashedintopieces(bythesamerockwhichisusedtokillPiggyatalaterpointinthestory).Therefore,theconchsdestructionsignalstheendoforderandtheonsetofchaos.Originallytheconchisportrayedasabeingveryvibrantandcolorful,butasthenovelprogresses,
32、itscolorsbegintofade,theSamewaysocietybeginstofadeontheisland.JackMerridewJackepitomizestheworstaspectsofhumannaturewhennotrepressedortemperedbysociety.1.ikeRalph,Jackisanaturalleader.However;unlikeRalph,Jackappealstomoreprimaldesiresinthechildrenandreliesonhisstatusasleaderofthechoirboyspresumablyo
33、rdainedbytheadults)tojustifyhisauthority.Althoughhiswayofbehavingisneitherdisruptivenorviolentatthebeginningofthebook,hedoesatthattimeexpressanunquenchabledesiretohuntandkillapigandspendshoursinsolitudetraversingtheisland.ThisinsatiabledesireiskindledafterthefirsttimeJackispresentedwithkillingapgand
34、cannotbecauseoftheenormityoftheknifedescendingandcuttingintolivingflesh;becauseoftheunbearablebld.Afterthishesitation,forwhichheismostashamed.Jacksbloodlustgrowsmoreandmoreirrational,tothepointwhereheabandonsthefire(andcausestheboystomissapotentialrescue)simplyinordertohunt.DuringJacksmetamorphosish
35、ealsobeginstopainthisfaceandbodywithclayandearth,maskinghishumanityfromtheboarsandinspiringterribleaweamongsttheboys.DuringthistimehealsostartstobeknownassimplyTheChiefamongsttheotherboys.Fatefully,JackstransitionintoademigodputshimonacollisioncoursewithRalphselectedauthority.AsJackleavesandtakesthe
36、majorityoftheboyswithhim,luredbythepromisesofmeat,play,andfreedom,thereisacleardividinglinebetweenthetwo.Jackrepresentstheirrationalnatureoftheboys,withRalphrepresentingrationality.UnderJacksrulethebasenessofhumannatureisunleashedandheinitiatesaperiodofinter-tribalviolence,torturingthetwinsuntilthey
37、submittohisauthority,andinitiatingthemurdersofSimonandPiggy.ThetaleendswithJackleadingmanyoftheboysinafrenziedattempttokillRalph.Atthistime,thelastremainingvestigesofcivilizationaregone,andRalphsdemiseisonlypreventedbytheabruptandunexpectedarrivalofanavalofficer.RogerRoger,atfirst,isasimplebigunwhos
38、havingfunduringhisstayontheisland.AlongwithMaurice,heattacksagroupofsmallchildrenanddestroystheirsandcastle.Mauricefeelsguiltforkickingsandintoachildseye,whileRogerthrowsstonesatthefleeingchildren.ButthebookstatesthatRogerclearlythrewthestonestomiss,andfeltthepresenceofcivilizationandsocietypreventi
39、nghimfromharmingthechildren.1.ater,oncehefeelsthatallaspectsofconventionalsocietyaregone,heisleftalonetohisanimalurges.HekillsPiggywithastonethatwasnolongeraimedtomiss,andbecomestheexecutionerandtorturerofJackstribe.Herepresentsmanspure,animalself,thatisonlyrestrainedbytherulesofsociety,andcouldbein
40、terpretedastheentirethemeofthebookembodiedinoneperson.SimonSimonisacharacterwhorepresentspeaceandtranquilityandpositivity,withsomereferencestoJesusChrist.Heisveryin-tunewiththeisland,andoftenexperiencesextraordinarysensationswhenlisteningtoitssounds.Helovesthenatureoftheisland.Heisverypositiveaboutt
41、hefuture.Healsohasanextremeaversiontothepigshead,the1.ordoftheFlies,whichderidesandtauntsSimoninahallucination.Afterthisexperience,Simonemergesfromtheforesttotelltheothersthatthebeastthatfellfromtheskyisactuallyadeceasedparachutistcaughtonthemountain,onlytobebrutallykilledbyJackspeople,whoironically
42、mistakehimforthebeastandkillhimintheirdanceinwhichtheyrippedandtoreatthebeast(Simon).Thefinalwordsthatthe1.ordoftheFlieshadsaidtoSimonvaguelypredictedthathisdeathwasabouttooccurinthismanner.Simonsdeathrepresentsthelossoftruthandcommonsense.NavalOfficerArrivingmomentsbeforeRalphsseeminglyimpendingdea
43、th,theNavalOfficerissurprisedanddisappointedtolearnthattheboyssocietyhascollapsedintochaos,statingthathewouldhaveexpectedabettershowfromtheBritishchildren.Thearrivaloftheofficertriggersaninterestingphenomenon；Ralphs,andtoalargerextent.Jacksauthorityiscompletelydissolvedbytheofficersarrival.Upontheof
44、ficeraskingwhoisincharge,thestruggleofthebookisrenderedinstantlyobsolete:Whosbosshere?Iam,saidRalphloudly.Jack,whowaspreviouslycharacterizedasapowerfulleaderi$reducedto:nAlittleboywhoworetheremainsofanextraordinaryblackcaponhisredhairandwhocarriedtheremainsofapairofspectaclesathiswaist.Inthelastsent
45、ence,heislookingatacruiserinthedistance.ItismeanttobehuntinghimasJackhuntsRalph,showingthattheinnerevilisquitepresentinadultsaswell.TheBeastTheBeastisfirstmentionedbyaIittlunandthenotionisimmediatelydismissedbyRalph.TheBeastisthoughttobewithinthewateranddescribedbytheIittlunsassuch.Soonaftertherumou
46、rsoftheBeastbegintoflourish,thecorpseofafighterpilot,ejectedfromhisaircraft,fallstotheisland.Hisparachutebecomesentangledinthejunglefoliageinsuchawaythatsporadicgustsofwindcausethechutetobillowandthebodytomoveasifstillalive.SamandEricdiscovertheparachutistinthedarkandbelievethatitisthebeast.Ralph,Ja
47、ckandRogersearchfortheBeastandencounteritonthemountainaswell.TherealityoftheBeastisnowfirmlyestablishedintheboysminds.Simondiscoverstheparachutistandrealizesthatitisreallyonlythecorpseofaman.JackstribefeedstheBeastwiththesowsheadonastick.ThisactsymbolizesJackswillingnesstosuccumbtothetemptationofani
48、malism.SimonisthefirstchildontheislandtorealizethattheBeastiscreatedbytheboysimagination.Simonsrealizationofthisshowsthatheisnaturallygoodatheart.Onhiswaytotelltheothershisdiscovery,heisbeatentodeathduringtheotherboystribalpigdance.The1.ordoftheFliesNamesakeofthenovel,the1.ordoftheFliesisliterallyap
49、igsheadthathasbeencutoffbyJack,putonasticksharpenedatbothends,stuckintheground,andofferedtothebeast.Createdoutoffear,the1.ordoftheFliesusedtobeamothersowwho,thoughatonetimeclean,loving,andinnocent,hasnowbecomeamanicalysmiling,bleedinglastimageofhorror.AndneartotheendofthebookwhileRalphisbeinghunteddowninonemomentofblindangerhestrikesthistwicecausingittocrackandfallonthefloorwitha
