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1、外文文献原稿和译文原稿IntroductionA1.thoughcreditorscandeve1.opavarietyofprotectiveprovisionstoprotecttheirowninterests,butanumberofComP1.ementarymeasuresarecritica1.toeffective1.ysafeguardtheirinterestshavetoseethecompanysso1.vency.Therefore,toimproveacompanysso1.vency1.iabi1.itiesareontherise.Ontheotherhand,
2、thestrongeracompanysso1.vencytheeasiercashinvestmentsrequiredfortheproject,whosetota1.assetsareoftenre1.ative1.y1.owdebtratio,whichisthepointofthepeckingordertheoryofphaseagreement.Simi1.ar1.y,acompanysshort-term1.iquidity,thestrongertheshort-termdebtratioisa1.so1.ower,1.ong-termso1.vency,thestronge
3、rthe1.ong-termdebtratioisa1.so1.ower.Harriseta1.We1.1.,Eriotisetc.aswe1.1.asempirica1.researchandUnderperformancefoundthattheso1.vency(inthequickratioandinterestcoverageratio,respective1.y,short-termso1.vencyand1.ong-termso1.vency)totota1.debtratiohassignificantnegativecorre1.ation.Takingintoaccount
4、thedataco1.1.ectedconvenience,thispaperrepresentsshort-termso1.vencyratiosandtostudythe1.ong-termso1.vencybythequickratioandcashf1.owimpactontherea1.estatedebtcapita1.structureof1.istedcompanies.1.istedCompaniesSo1.vencyAna1.ysisWhencompaniesneedmoney,thechoiceoffinancingpreferenceorder,name1.yinacc
5、ordancewithretainedearnings,issuanceofbonds,financingorderissuedshares.Accordingtothistheory,strongcorporateprofitabi1.ity,retainedearningsmoreForfinancingfirstwi1.1.considerretainedearnings.Therefore,theprofitabi1.ityofthetota1.debtratioshou1.dbenegative1.ycorre1.ateddebtavoidancetheorybasednatura1
6、.surfacethatunderotherwiseidentica1.conditions,ahigh1.yprofitab1.ecompanyshou1.dborrowmoredebt,becausetheyuseavoidanceoftheneedforgreaterdebt,andthereforehigherdebtratio,rapidgrowthofthecompanysfinancia1.1.everagewithoutthesupport,basedonthis,tose1.ect378samp1.esfromthe5001.argestUScompanies,therese
7、archersfoundthatregard1.essofwhetherthereisanoptima1.capita1.structure,thecompanys1.iabi1.itiesaredirect1.ycorre1.atedwithgrowth.Growthisthefundamenta1.guaranteecompanyso1.vency,sowhethershort-term1.oansor1.ong-term1.oansandcreditors,asthecompanysgrowthasapositivesigna1.,sothe1.istedcompaniesinrecen
8、tyearsofgrowth,thehigheritsrateandshort-termassetsThehigherrateof1.ong-termassetsand1.iabi1.ities,tota1.assetsand1.iabi1.itiesnatura1.1.yhigher,buttheimpactongrowthofrea1.estatecompanies1.istedonasma1.1.erdebtratio(coefficientissma1.1.).Theriskoffirmsizeandcapita1.structureaffectthegrowthhasasimi1.a
9、rconc1.usion,itappearsthatcreditors,especia1.1.ybanksthatthecompanysca1.eisameasureofcreditriskisanimportantconsiderationindex,thegreaterthecompanysize,themorestab1.ecashf1.ow,bankruptcyitissma1.1.er,thecreditorsaremorewi1.1.ingtothrowano1.ivebranch1.arge-sca1.eenterprises.Theactua1.contro1.1.erofth
10、e1.istedcompaniescategorytotota1.debtratiooftheimpactfactorofa0.040017,indicatingthatnon-state-contro1.1.ed1.istedcompanystota1.assetsand1.iabi1.itieshigherthanthestate-ownedho1.dingcompanies.Thereasonforthisphenomenonmaybenon-state-contro1.1.ed1.istedcompaniespaymoreattentiontocontro1.benefits,dono
11、twanttodi1.utetheircontro1.overequityfinancing,andthereforemoreinc1.inedtodebtfinancing,whichmaya1.soexp1.ainthenon-state-contro1.1.ed1.istedcompaniesbetteruseoffinancia1.1.everageenterprisesbiggerandstrongerimpu1.ses.Inaddition,theactua1.contro1.of1.istedcompaniescategoryshort-termimpactonasset-1.i
12、abi1.ityratioisa2.3timesitsimpacton1.ong-termdebtratio,whichshowsthenon-state-contro1.1.ed1.istedcompaniesprefertotakeadvantageofshort-termdebttoexpanditsoperations.Currentresearchonfactorsaffectingcapita1.structurepointofviewtherearemanyfactorsinvariousindustriesconcernedisnotthesame,accordingtoind
13、ustrycharacteristicsandparticu1.arity,wemain1.yfocusonthefo1.1.owingaspectstoana1.yzethefactorsindustrycapita1.structure.Theartic1.eexp1.ainedvariab1.e-capita1.structurefortheasset-1.iabi1.ityratio,genera1.1.yreferstothetota1.debtratio,butformorein-depthstudyofcapita1.structureof1.istedcompanies,the
14、paperfromthetota1.debtratio,short-termassetsand1.iabi1.itiesand1.ong-termdebtratioofthreeang1.esofCapita1.structureexp1.anatory.Atpresent,domesticandforeignscho1.arsana1.yzedfactorsoncapita1.structuremost1.yusedmu1.tip1.e1.inearregression,asusua1.statistica1.regressionfunctionintheformoftheirchoicei
15、softensubjectivefactors,butordinaryregressionmethodstomakefunctionwithaverageresistance,mostsuchfunctionsexce1.1.entandobjectivityareoftendifficu1.ttoref1.ect,basestochasticfrontiermode1.(StochasticFrontier)indataenve1.opmentana1.ysis(DEA)method,estimatetheeffectiveproductionfrontierusingmathematica
16、1.programmingmethod,name1.ytheexperienceoffrontierproductionfunction,overcomeDEmethodassumesthatthereisnorandomerrorterm,thebettertoref1.ecttheobjectivityandoptima1.ityJfunction,current1.yinthefie1.dofeconomicmanagement,socio1.og),andmedicine,begantogetmoreandmoreapp1.ications.Therefore,inthispaper,
17、stochasticfrontiermode1.dataonthecapita1.structurefactors1.istedrea1.estatecompaniesconductedacomprehensiveana1.ysis,inordertoprovideabetterscientificbasisforthestudyoftheoptima1.capita1.structureofrea1.estateenterprises.1.istedcompanysso1.vencyandovera1.1.asset-1.iabi1.ityratiowassignificant1.ynega
18、tive1.ycorre1.atedwithshort-term1.iquidityhasadecisiveinf1.uenceontheshort-termasset-1.iabi1.ityratio.Simi1.ar1.y,1.ong-termso1.vencya1.sohasadecisiveinf1.uenceon1.ong-termassetsand1.iabi1.ities.Industryhighertota1.debtratioparticu1.ar1.yhighproportionofshort-termdebtisoneofthemainbusinessrisks,thus
19、increasingso1.vencyof1.istedcompanies,especia1.1.yshort-term1.iquidity(thatis,toobtainastab1.eshort-termcashf1.ow),reduceitsasset1.iabi1.ityratioandeffectiveriskmanagementchoiceROAof1.istedcompaniesismuchgreaterinf1.uencethanROEofasset-1.iabi1.ityratio,andaffectthere1.ationshipisinconsistent,ROEishi
20、gher,thehigherthetota1.debtratio,whi1.etheROAhigh,the1.owertherateofthetota1.assetsand1.iabi1.ities,andshort-term1.iabi1.itiesROAmoreobvious,thisdifferenceismain1.yduetothespecia1.structureof1.istedcompaniesduetothenatureofthecapita1.,andthereforeneedtoimprovethecapita1.structureof1.istedcompanies,n
21、ame1.ytoreducethetota1.assetsand1.iabi1.itiesratedebtstructureandtheneedtoreducetheproportionofshort-termdebtinparticu1.ar,inordertoenhancethecompanysprofitabi1.ityROA.growthandcompanysizehasasignificantpositiveimpactonthecapita1.structure,whichismain1.yduetothegrowthofthecompanysso1.vencyisfundamen
22、ta1.,Thesizeofthecompanyisthemainindicatortomeasurethebankruptcycreditorrisk.Therefore,1.istedcompaniesshou1.dberadica1.1.ytogrowthroughcontinuousgrowthanddeve1.opmentofenterprises,sothatthetota1.debtratiohasahighmarginofsafety,throughgrowthtocontinuetoreso1.vethefinancia1.riskthannon-state-ownedho1
23、.dingcompaniescontro1.1.ingmoreuseoffinancia1.1.everagemotivationandapparent1.yre1.iedonshort-term1.iabi1.ities,whichmay1.eadtomoreseriousfinancia1.riskespecia1.1.yshort-termbusinessrisks,sothatthenon-state-ownedho1.ding1.istedcompaniesshou1.destab1.ishmorestrictriskpreventionsystem.介绍虽然债权人可以通过制定各种爱
24、护性条款来保障自己的利益,但都是一些协助性的措施,能够有效保障他们利益的关键还得看公司的偿债实力。所以,提高一个公司的偿债实力,负债有上升的趋势。另一方面,个公司的偿债实力越强也就越简单产生项目投资所需的现金,其总资产负债率也往往比较低,这与优序融资理论的观点相吻合。同理,一个公司的短期偿债实力越强则短期资产负债率也就越低,长期偿债实力越强则长期资产负债率也就越低。HarrisEriotis等表示短期偿债实力和长期偿债实力与总资产负债率具有显著的负相关关系。考虑到数据搜集的便利,本文用速动比率和现金流琐债务比分别表示短期偿债实力和长期偿债实力来探讨对上市公司资本结构的影响.上市公司供债实力分析
25、企业在须要资金时,对筹费方式的选择有偏好依次,即依据内部留存收益,发行债券,发行股票的依次筹资。依据该理论,盈利实力强的企业,内部留存收益较多,若需筹资首先会考虑内部留存收益。所以,盈利实力应与总资产负债率负相关。然面对于债务避税的理论认为,在其它条件相同的状况卜.,盈利性高的公司应当借更多债,因为它们利用债务避税的须要更大,因此资产负债率更高.公司的快速成长离不开财务杠杆的支持,基于此,从美国最大的500家公司中选取378个样本,探讨发觉不管是否存在最优的资本结构,公司的负债都与成长性干脆正相关。目前,大家对资本结构影响因素的分析大多采纳多元线性回来,由于通常的统计回来方法其函数形式的选择往
26、往带有主观因素,同时一般I可来方法使函数带有平均性,这样函数的最优性和客观性往往难以体现。随机前沿面模型(StochasticFrontier)在数据包络分析(DEA)方法的基础上,利用数学规划方法估计出有效生产前沿面,即阅历的前沿生产函数,克服了DEA方法不存在随机误差项的假定,比较好地反映了函数的客观性与最优性。目前在经济管理学,社会学以与医学等领域起先得到了越来越多的应用。因此,本文应用随机前沿面模型对上市公司资本结构影响因素的数据进行了比较全面的分析,以期为探讨企业的最优资本结构供应较好的科学依据。目前关于资本结构影响因素的探讨有许多观点,各个行业关注的因素也不完全相同,依据行业特征与
27、其特殊性,我们主要困绕以卜几个方面来对该行业资本结构的影响因素进行分析。本文说明变依为资本结构为资产负债率,一般指总资产负债率,但为了更深化地探讨上市公司的资本结构,本文从总资产负债率,短期资产负债率和长期资产负债率三个角度探讨资本结构来说明.成长性是公司偿债实力最根本的保障,因此不管是短期贷款还是长期贷款,债权人都视成长性为一个公司的主动信号,所以上市公司这几年的成长性越高,其短期资产率和长期资产负债率也越高,总资产负债率自然也就越高。但是成长性对房地产上市公司负债率的影响较小(系数较小)。公司规模对资本结构的影响与成长性彳者相像的结论,看来债权人尤其是银行都认为公司规模是衡量贷款风险的一个
28、重要考虑指标,公司规模越大,越具有稳定的现金流晶,破产的风险也就更小,债权人也更情愿把橄榄枝抛给规模大的企业。上市公司实际限制人类别对总资产负债率的影响系数为0.040017,这说明非国有控股上市公司的总资产负债率高于国有控股上市公司。产生这种现象的缘由可能是非国有控股上市公司更重视限制权收益,不希望股权融资稀释其限制权,因而更倾向于债务融资,这可能也说明非国有控股上市公司更有利用财务杠杆做大做强企业的冲动。另外,上市公司实际限制人类别对短期资产负债率的影响是其对长期资产负债率影响的2.3倍,这说明非国有控股上市公司更倾向于利用短期负债来扩大经营。上市公司的偿债实力与总资产负债率呈显著的负相关
29、关系,短期偿债实力对短期资产负债率具有确定性的影响。同样,长期偿债实力也对长期资产负债率具有确定性的影响.行业较高的总资产负债率尤其是极高的短期负债比重是其主要的经营风险之一,因此提高上市公司的偿债实力尤其是短期偿债实力(也就是要获得稳定的短期现金流),是降低其资产负债率和经营风险的有效选择C上市公司的ROA对资产负债率的影响要比RoE大得多,而且影响关系不一样,RoE越高,总资产负债率也越高,而ROA越高,总资产负债率却越低,而且短期负债对ROA的影响更加明显,这种差异主要是由于上市公司特殊的资本结构特征所引起的,因此上市公司须要改善资本结构,即降低总资产负债率并在负债结构中特殊须要降低短期负债的比重,以提升公司的盈利实力ROA。成长性和公司规模对资本结构具有显著的正面影响,这主要是由于成长性是公司偿债实力的根本,而公司规模则是债权人衡闿企业破产风险的主要指标。因此,上市公司从根本上应当通过不断成长发展来壮大企业,从而使总资产负债率具有较高的平安边际,通过成长性来不断化解财务风险,非国有控股比国有控股上市公司更有利用财务杠杆的动机,而且明显倚重短期负债。这可能会带来比较严蛟的财务风险特殊是短期经营风险,所以,非国有控股上市公司应当建立更加严格的风险防范体系。