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1、胡壮修语言学教程修订版第一局SS各章节堤纲策记Chapter1Invitationsto1.inguistics1 .Wysig1.anguage?1. 1.anguageisveryessentia1.tohumanbeings.2. In1.anguagetherearemanythingsweshou1.dknow.3. Forfurtherunderstanding.weneedtostudy1.anguagescientifica1.1.y.1.2 Wbatis1.anguage91.anguageisameans以munication.Itisasystemofarbitraryv
2、oca1.symbo1.susedforhumancommunication.1.3 Designfeaturesof1.anguageThefeaturesthatdefineourhuman1.anguagescanbecak)ddesignfeaturesMchcandistinguishhuman1.anguagefromanyanima1.systemofmmuication.1.3.1 ArbitrarinessArbrtfafinessreferstothefactthattheformsofIingutstfcsignsbearnonatura1.re1.ationshipto
3、theirmeanings.1.3.2 DuaStyDuafrtyreferstothepropertyofhavingtwoIeveisofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimary1.eve1.aremosedofe1.ementsofthesecondary1.eve1.andeachofthetwo1.eve1.shasitsownprincip1.eso1.organization1.3.3 CreativityCreativitymeansthat1.anguageisresourcefu1.becauseofitsdua1.ityanditsrecu
4、rsiveness.Recursivenessreferstotheru1.ewhichcanbeappsedrepeated1.yWImoUtanydefinite1.imit,Thorecursivenatureof1.anguageprovjesatheons:1. Idea1.iona1.1unction:toveyevinformation.tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer；2. Interpersona1.function:embodyinga1.1.useof1.anguagetoexpresssocia1.andpers
5、ona1.re1.ationships:3. Textua1.function：referringtothefactthat1.anguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretch01spokenandwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakea1.ivingpassagedeferentfromarandom1.istofsentences.AccordingtoHuZhuangin.1.anguagehasat(eastsevenfunctions:1.1.1 InformativeTheintocmativef
6、unctionmeans1.anguage喀theinstrumentofthoughtandPOOaCoftenusittocommunicatenewinformation.1.1.2 Interpersona1.functionTheinterpersona1.functionmeanspeop1.ecanuse1.anguagetoestab1.ishandmaintaintheirstatusnasociety.1.1.3 PerformativGThePerfOrmat1.Vefunctionof1.anguageisprimari1.ytochangethesocia1.stat
7、usofpersons,asGmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcrimina1.s,theb1.essmgofchi1.dren,thenamingofaShPata1.aunchingceremony,andtheCUrSngofene11es.1.1.4 EmotivefunctionTheemotivefunctionisoneofthemostpowerfu1.usesof1.anguagebecauseitissocrucia1.mchangingtheemotiona1.statusofanaud*ecefororagainstsomeoneOr
8、something.1.1.5 PhaticmmunionThephaticcommunionmeanspeop1.ea1.waysusesomesma1.1.,seeming1.ymeaning1.essexpressionssuchasGoodmommg.GodMessyou,Niceday,etc.,tomaintainaCOm1.(Xtabjere1.ationshipbetvook*itse1.f1.6 Whatis1.inguistics?1.inguisticsisthescientificstudyof1.anguage.Itstudiesnotjustone1.anguage
9、ofanyoneCommundy,butthe1.anguageofahumanbeings.1.7 Mainbranchesof1.inguistics1.7.1 PhoneticsPhoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,itinc1.udesthreemainareas:articu1.atoryphonetics,austicphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.1.7.2 PbonoiogyPhono1.ogystudiesthru1.esgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencing
10、ofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsy1.1.ab1.es.1.7.3 Mcxpho1.ogyMorpho1.ogySIUckJStheminima1.unitso1.meaning-morphemesandwordformationprocesses.1.7.4 SyntaxSyntaxreferstoIheru1.esgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoIormsentencesina1.anguage,orSWnpIyJhestudyo1theIormationofsentences1.7.5 SemanticsSemanticsexam
11、ineshovmeaningtsencodedma1.anguage.1.7.6 PragmaticsPragmabcsistheStucJyofmeaningincontext.1.8 MacroSnguisticsMacfOfcnguisticsisthestudyof1.anguageina1.1.aspects,distinctfrommicrofcnguistcs.WhiChdea1.tsoieywittheforma1.aspectof1.anguagesystem.1.8.1 Psycho1.inguisticsPsycho1.inguisticsinvestigatesthei
12、nterre1.ationof1.anguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandin1.anguageacquisitionforexampte.1.8.2 Soao1.inguisiicsSodo1.ingusticsisatermwhichcoversavarietyofC卅Cmn(interestsin1.anguageandsociety,inc1.udingthe1.anguageandthesocia1.characteristicsofitsusers.1.8.3 Anthropotogica1.1.inguisticsA
13、nthropo1.ogica1.1.inguisticsstudiestherea1.iosh)between1.anguageandcu1.tureinacommunity.1.8.4 Computationa1.1.inguisticsCompu1.ationai1.inguisticsisaninterdiscip1.inaryIiadwhichcentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehuman1.anguage.1.9 Importantdistinctionsin1.inguistics1.9.1 Descriptivevs.p
14、rescriptiveTosaythatSguiSbCSsadescriptiveSGenCeistosaythatthe1.inguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtheru1.estowhichthemembersofa1.anguagecommunityactua1.1.yconformanddoes11oseektoimposeuponthemotherrutes.ornorms,ofrrctness.Prescriptive1.inguisticsaimstoIaydov/nru1.esfortherrectuseof1.anguageandsett1.ethe
15、disputesoverusageonceandfora.Forexamp1.e,DontsayX.isaprescriptivecommand;Peop1.edont$ayX,isadescriptivestatement.Thedistinction1.iesinprescribingbowthingsoughttobeanddescribnghowthingsare.Inthe18*century,a1.1.themainEuropean1.anguagesv/erestudiedpresxypriorityover(XaChfOniCstudy.Thereasonsthatun1.es
16、sIbOvariousstateofa1.anguagearesuccessfu1.1.ystudieditwou1.dbedifficu1.ttodescribethechangesthathavetakenp1.aceinitshistorica1.deve1.opment.1.9.3 1.agueParoIeSaussudistinguishedthe1.inguisticcompetenceofthspeakerandIbOactua1.phenomenaordataof1.inguisticsas1.angueandparo1.e.1.angueisre1.ativestabtean
17、dsystematic,parcetssubjecttopersona1.andsituationa1.nstramts;1.angueisnotspokenbyaninWidua1.Paroteisa1.waysaaturayoccurringevent.Whatanguistshou1.ddo,accordtngtoSaussure.istodrawru*csfromamassofconfusedfacts,i.e.todscovortheregu1.a111iGSgoverninga1.1.instancesofParoAandmakethemthsubjectof1.inguistic
18、s.1.9.4 CompetenceandperformanceAccordingtoChomsky,a1.anguageusersunder1.yingk1.egeaboutthesystemofru1.esisca1.1.edthekngisticcompetence,andtheactua1.USCof1.anguageinconetsituationsisca1.1.edperformance.Competenceenab1.esaspeakertoproduceandunderstandandindefinitenumberofsentencesandtorecogrizegramm
19、atica1.mistakesandambiguities.AspeakerscompetenceIsstab1.eMii1.ehisPed(XmanoeCSofteninf1.uencedbyosycho1.ogC3andsocia1.factorsSoaspeakersperformancedoesnotahvaysmatchhissupposedmpetence.Chomskybe1.ievesthat1.inguistsoughttostudycompetence,ratherthanperformance.Chomskyscompetence-perfo11nancedistinct
20、ionisnotexact1.ythesameas.thoughsmrto.SaussurcsIangveparo1.odistinction.1.angueisasocia1.productandasetofconventionsofacommunity,whi1.empte11cdeemedasapropertyofmindofeachindividua1.Saussure1.ooksa1.1.anguagemorefromasocio1.ogica1.orsoooigucPom1.ofvewthanChomskySanCethe1.atterdea1.swithhisissuesPsyc
21、bo1.ogcaiyorPSyChOfcngUiSbCaIM1.9.5 Eticvs.emicBeinge1.icmeansresearchersmakingfartmany,asWei1.asbehaviora1.1.yandinconsequentia1.,ditterentiations,jus!asoftenthecaseW(Ihponetcsvs.PhOnemiCSana1.ysesin1.inguisticsproper.Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvafcdatdasmeaningfu1.viafina1.resour
22、cetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunityratherthanviaappea1.totheInvestigatorsIngenstyorGtUitiona1.oneFo1.1.owingthosuffixformationsof(phonIeticsvs(phon)enics.thesetermsworeintroducedintothsocia1.sciencesbyKennethPike(1967)todenotethedistinctibetweenthemateria1.andfunctiona1.studyof1.anguage:pho11ehon
23、earticu1.atort$c1.osetoanother,butwithoutthevoca1.tractbeingnarrowedtosuchanextentthataturtjfentairstreamtsproduced.InEng1.ishthisc1.assofsoundsinc1.udes1.4. 1.atera1.(appromant):ASPeoehsoundwhichisproducedbyPaniatyb1.ockingtheairstreamfromthe1.ungs,usua1.ybythetongue,but1.ettingitescapeatoneorboths
24、desofthebJodage.Jistheon1.y1.atera1.inEng1.ish.Otherconsonanta1.articu1.ationsinc1.udetri1.1.,taporf1.ap,andaffricate.2.4.4 P1.acesofarticu1.ation1. Bi1.abia1.:Aspeechsoundwichismadwiththetwo1.ips.2. 1.abiodenta1.:AspeechsoundwhichtsmadeWrththe1.over1.ipandtheupperfrontteeth.3. Denta1.AspeechSoUndwh
25、ichsmadebythetonguetip(XWadoandtheupperfrontteeth.4. A1.vedar:AspeechsoundwhichismadeWdhthetonguegorb1.adeandtheavco*arrdge5. Posta1.veo1.ar:AspeechsoundMichismadewiththtonguetipandthbackofthea1.veo1.arridge.6. Retroftex:Aspeechsound也hicismadeWrththetonguetiporb1.adecur1.edbacksothattheundersideofth
26、etonguetip(Xb1.adeformsastricturewththebackofthea1.veo1.arridgeorthehardpa1.ate.7. Pa1.ata1.:Aspeechsoundwhichismadewiththefrontofthetongueandthehardpa1.ate.8. Ve1.ar:AspeechsoundwhichismadeWrththebackotthetongueandthesoftpa1.ate.9. Uvu1.arAspeechsoundwhichismadewiththebackoftheIOngIJeandtheuvu1.a,t
27、heshortprojectionotta1.:AspeechsoundwhichismadewiththetwoPoeCeSofvoca1.foidspushedIowarcfeeachother.2.4.5 ThensonantsofEng1.ishReceivedPronunciation(RP):ThetypeofBritishStandardEng1.ishpronunciationwhichhasbeenregarJedastheprestigevarietyandvcshowsnoregona1.variation.Ithasoftenbeenpopu1.ar1.yreferre
28、dtoas“BBCEng1.ishorPX(OrdEng1.ishbecauseitiswide1.yusedinthprivatesectoroftheeducationsystemandspokenbymostnewsreadersoftheBBCnetwork.AchartofEng1.ishconsonantsMannerofarticu1.ationP1.aceofarticu1.ationBi1.abia1.1.abiodenta1.Denta1.A1.veo1.arPost-a1.veo1.arPa1.ata1.VetarGtotta1.StopNasa1.FricativeAp
29、proximan1.1.atera1.AffricateInmanycasestherearetwoSOUndSthaisharethesamepiaccandmannerofarticu1.ation.Thesepairsofnso11arrtsardistinguishedbyvocing.theOneappearingonthe1.eftisvoice1.essandtheoneontherightisvoiced.Therefore,theconsonantsofEng1.ishcanbedescredinthefoovngway：pvoice1.essbe1.abia1.stop(b
30、)voicedbi1.abia1.stop(svokxiessa1.veo1.arfricatrvezvoiceda1.veo1.arfricative(mbi1.aba1.nasa1.()aveMarnasa1.(I)afvcoiarakxa1.U)pa1.ata1.approwmant(hg1.otta1.f11ca1.ive(aZeoSrapoximant2.5 VoWe1.S2.5.1 Thecriteriaofvowe1.description1. Thepartofthetonguethatisraised-front,ce1.er,orback.2. Theextenttowht
31、hetonguerisesinthedirectionofthepa1.ate.Norma1.1.y,threeor1.ourdegreesarerecognized：high,mid(oftendividedintoM1.highandmid1.ow)and1.ow.3. Thekindofopeningmadeatthe1.ips-variousdegreesof1.iproundingorspreading.4. Thepositionoirari1.ydetined,fixedandUnChangmg,intendingtoprovideaframeofreferenceIorthed
32、escriptionoftheactua1.vowe1.sofexisting1.anguages.By11venbo11.thee(ghtprimarycardina1.vowe1.sarenumberedfromoneIoeightasfo1.1.ows：CV1,CV2(1，CV3(1.CVq),CV5(.CV6(,CV7).CV8).Asetofsecondarycardina1.VOWeiSisobtainedbyreversingtheHproundingforagiveposition:CV9-CV16.IamsorryIcannottypeoutmanyofthese.Ifyouwanttoknow,youmaynsu1.tthetextbookp.47.253VOwe1.g1.idesPuro(monophthong)VoWeISv
