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1、英语四级仔细阅读真题第一套与答案Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.When young women were found to make only 82 percent of what their male peers do just one year out of college, many were at a loss to explain it.All the traditional reasons put forward to interpret the pay gap-that women
2、 fall behind when they leave the workforce to raise kids, for example, or that they dont seek as many management roles-failed to justify this one. These young women didnt have kids yet. And because they were just one year removed from their undergraduate degrees, few of these women yet had the chanc
3、e to go after (much less decline) leadership roles.But there are other reasons why the pay gap remains so persistent. The first is that no matter how many women may be getting college degrees, the university experience is still an unequal one. The second is that our higher education system is not de
4、signed to focus on the economic consequences of our students years on campus.Now that women are the majority of college students and surpass men in both the number of undergraduate and advanced degrees awarded, one might think the college campus is a pretty equal place. It is not. Studies show that
5、while girls do better than boys in high school, they start to trail off during their college years. They enroll in different kinds of classes, tend to major in less rigorous (非常严格的) subjects, and generally head off with less ambitious plans.As a result, its not surprising that even the best educated
6、 young women enter the workplace with a slight disadvantage. Their college experience leaves them somewhat confused, still stumbling (栽倒) over the dilemmas their grandmothers generation sought to destroy. Are they supposed to be pretty or smart? Strong or sexy (性感的) All their lives, todays young wom
7、en have been pushed to embrace both perfection and passion-to pursue science and sports, math and theater-and do it all as well as they possibly can. No wonder they are not negotiating for higher salaries as soon as they get out of school. They are too exhausted, and too scared of failing.56. Tradit
8、ionally, it is believed that women earn less than men because _.A) they have failed to take as many rigorous coursesB) they do not feel as fit for management rolesC) they feel obliged to take care of their kids at homeD) they do not exhibit the needed leadership qualities57. What does the author say
9、 about Americas higher education system?A) It does not offer specific career counseling to women.B) It does not consider its economic impact on graduates.C) It does not take care of women students special needs.D) It does not encourage women to take rigorous subjects.58. What does the author say abo
10、ut todays college experience?A) It is different for male and female students.B) It is not the same as that of earlier generations.C) It is more exhausting than most women expect.D) It is not so satisfying to many American students.59. What does the author say about women students in college?A) They
11、have no idea how to bring out their best.B) They drop a course when they find it too rigorous.C) They are not as practical as men in choosing courses.D) They dont perform as well as they did in high school.60. How does the author explain the pay gap between men and women fresh from college?A) Women
12、are too worn out to be ambitious.B) Women are not ready to take management roles.C) Women are caught between career and family.D) Women are not good at negotiating salaries.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Heading leadership literature, youd sometimes think that every
13、one has the potential to be an effective leader.I dont believe that to be true. In fact, I see way fewer truly effective leaders than I see people stuck in positions of leadership who are sadly inpetent and seriously misguided about their own abilities.Part of the reason this happens is a lack of ho
14、nest self-assessment by those who aspire to (追求) leadership in the first place.Weve all met the type of individual who simply must take charge. Whether its a decision-making session, a basketball game, or a family outing, they cant help grabbing the lead dog position and clinging on to it for dear l
15、ife. They believe theyre natural born leaders.Truth is, theyre nothing of the sort. True leaders dont assume that its their divine (神圣的) right, to take charge every time two or more people get together. Quite the opposite. A great leader will assess each situation on its merits, and will only take c
16、harge when their position, the situation, and/or the needs of the moment demand it.Many business executives confuse leadership with action. They believe that constant motion somehow generates leadership as a byproduct. Faced with any situation that cant be solved by the sheer force of activity, they
17、 generate a dust cloud of impatience. Their one leadership tool is volume: if they think you arent working as hard as they think you should, their demands bee increasingly louder and harsher.True leaders understand the value of action, of course, but it isnt their only tool. In fact, it isnt even th
18、eir primary tool. Great leaders see more than everyone else: answers, solutions, patterns, problems, opportunities. They know its vitally important to do, but they also know that thinking, understanding, reflection and interpretation are equally important.If youre too concerned with outes to the ext
19、ent that you manipulate and intimidate others to achieve those outes, then you arent leading at all, youre dictating. A true leader is someone who develops his or her team so that they can and do hit their targets and achieve their goals.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。61. What does the author think of the leader
20、s he knows?A) Many of them are used to taking charge.B) Few of them are equal to their positions.C) Many of them fail to fully develop their potential.D) Few of them are familiar with leadership literature.62. Why are some people eager to grab leadership positions?A) They believe they have the natur
21、al gift to lead.B) They believe in what leadership literature says.C) They have proved petent in many situations.D) They derive great satisfaction from being leaders.63. What characterizes a great leader according to the author?A) Being able to take prompt action when chances present themselves.B) H
22、aving a whole-hearted dedication to their divine responsibilities.C) Having a full understanding of their own merits and weaknesses.D) Being able to assess the situation carefully before taking charge.64. How will many business executives respond when their mand fails to generate action?A) They reas
23、sess the situation at hand.B) They bee impatient and rude.C) They resort to any tool available.D) They blame their team members.65. What is the authors advice to leaders?A) Concentrate on one specific task at a time.B) Use different tools to achieve different, goals.C) Build up a strong team to achi
24、eve their goals.D) Show determination when faced with tough tasks.第三套PassageOneQuestions 56 to 60 arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Hospitals, hoping to curb medical error, have invested heavily to put puters, smartphones and other devices into the hands of medical staff for instant access to patient da
25、ta, drug information and case studies.But like many cures, this solution has e with an unintended side effect; doctors and nurses can be focused on the screen and not the patient, even during moments of critical care. A poll showed that half of medical technicians had admitted texting during a proce
26、dure.This phenomenon has set off an intensifying discussion at hospitals and medical schools about a problem perhaps best described as distracted doctoring. In response, some hospitals have begun limiting the use of electronic devices in critical settings, while schools have started reminding medica
27、l students to focus on patients instead of devices.You justify carrying devices around the hospital to do medical records, but you can surf the Internet or do Facebook, and sometimes Facebook is more tempting, said Dr. Peter Papadakos at the University of Rochester Medical Center.My gut feeling (本能的
28、感觉) is lives are in danger, said Dr. Papadakos. Were not educatingpeople about the problem, and its getting worse. A survey of 439 medical technicians found that 55 percent of technicians who monitor bypass machines acknowledged that they had talked on cellphones during heart surgery. Half said they
29、 had texted while in surgery. The study concluded, Such distractions have the potential to be disastrous. Medical professionals have always faced interruptions from cellphones, and multitasking is simply a fact of life for many medical jobs. What has changed, say doctors, especially younger ones, is
30、 that they face increasing pressure to interact with their devices.The pressure stems from a mantra(信条) of modem medicine that patient care must be data driven, and informed by the latest, instantly accessible information. By many accounts, the technology has helped reduce medical error by providing
31、 instant access to patient data or prescription details.Dr. Peter Carmel, president of the American Medical Association, said technology offers great potential in health care, but he added that doctors first priority should be with the patient.注意：此局部试题请在答题卡2上作答。56. Why do hospitals equip their staff
32、 with puters, smartphones and other devices?57. A) To reduce medical error.58. B) To cope with emergencies.59. C) To facilitate administration.60. D) To simplify medical procedures.57. What does the author refer to by distracted doctoring ?A) The disservice done by modem devices to doctors, nurses,
33、as well as patients.B) The tendency of medical institutions encouraging the use of modem devices.C) The problem of devices preventing doctors from focusing on their patients.D) The phenomenon of medical staff attending to personal affairs while working.58.What does Dr. Peter Papadakos worry about?A)
34、 Medical students are not adequately trained to use modem technology.B) Doctors interaction with their devices may endanger patients lives.C) octors are relying too heavily on modem electronic technology.D) Pressures on the medical profession may bee overwhelming.59. Why do doctors feel increasing p
35、ressure to use modem devices?A) Patients trust doctors who use modem technology.B) Use of modem devices adds to hospitals revenues.C) Data is given too much importance in patient care.D) Patients data has to be revised from time to time.60. What is Peter Carmels advice to doctors?A) They follow clos
36、ely the advances in medical science.B) They focus their attention on the patients condition.C) They observe hospital rules and regulations.D) They make the best use of modem devices.PassageTwoQuestions 61 to 65 arebasedonthefollowingpassage.I have closely watched my generation, known as The Millenni
37、als, for 29 years now. Joel Stein wrote an extensive piece on Millennials and he remains rather optimistic about our potential.I hesitate to share his optimism because of a paradox (矛盾的现象) we seem to exhibit, namely, that there are more avenues for us to entertain ourselves than ever before, yet we
38、are more bored than ever before.Entertainment has never been more varied. We have more cable channels, television shows, and movies than ever before. Internet providers allow instant viewing of almost any movie or television program ever created. Social drinking and partying are also widely availabl
39、e for Millennials. Every generation develops these habits at a certain age, but Millennials seem to be extending this phase of lifeas they postpone marriage.Some of this is undoubtedly due to The Great Recession. Millennials are having a difficult time finding jobs; only 47 percent of 16-to-24-year-
40、olds are employed, the smallest share since government started recording data in 1948.But do Millennials respond to these economic troubles by doing whatever it takes to make ends meet? Hardly. In fact, of the four generations Pew Research has data for, the Millennial generation does not cite work e
41、thic (勤奋工作) as distinctive of itself. Millennials want to save the world, but they sit and wait for that world-changing opportunity to be handed to them. Instead of working 2 -3 jobs, launching a business, or doing what it takes to succeed, they retreat. Millennials may be the first generation to ha
42、ve a lower standard of living than their parents, but with this response to adversity (逆境), perhaps deservingly so.Much ink has been spilled in management books discussing how to get the most out of these youths in the workplace. Largely, they e to the same conclusion; Millennials are entitled, over
43、-confident, and expect too much too quickly. We should not be surprised. Todays young adults were raised by parents who made sure to boost their self-esteem at every turn, telling them they could achieve whatever they set their minds to, and handing out prizes for the sixth place.61. What does the a
44、uthor of the passage think of Millennials?A) They show little interest in entertainment.B) They are not confident about their ability.C)They enjoy an easy life due to high technology.D)They may not have bright prospects for success.62. How do Millennials feel about their life?A) They can hardly do a
45、nything about it. C) It is not as good as their parents.B) There is little in it to get excited about. D) It is full of opportunities for success.63. In what way are Millennials different from previous generations according to Pew Research?A) They spend less time socializing. C) They do not value ha
46、rd work.B) They are indifferent to others. D) They are more independent.64. What should Millennials do according to the author?A) Remain optimistic in face of adversity. C) Make full use of new opportunities.B) Start a business as early as possible. D) Take action to change their situation.65. Why a
47、re Millennials over-confident about themselves?A) They have been spoiled by their parents. C) They are misguided by management books.B) They can always get whatever they expect. D) They think they are young and energetic.第二套Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.The questio
48、n of whether our government should promote science and technology or the liberal arts in higher education isnt an either/or proposition (命题) , although the current emphasis on preparing young Americans for STEM (science, technology, engineering, maths ) related fields can make it seem that way.The latest congressional report acknowledges the critical importance of technical training, but also asserts that the study of the humanities (人文学科) and social sciences must remain central ponents of Americas educational system at all levels.
