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1、一A backpack-carried digital nose that sniffs out simple e*plosive devices (lEDs) and other threats promises to ease checkpoint duty for troops stationed in hot spots around the world.Developed by Scent Detection Technologies (SDT), a small privately owned pany based in Heraliya, Israel, the militari
2、zed mininosetrademarked MN 2000-MILdetects and identifies EDs, rigged vehicles (伪装的车辆) and other hazards by the vapors or traces particles (微粒) left on skin, machinery and personal belongings.Soon to enter mass production, the MN2000-MIL is n ruggedized (强化的) version of the firms MiniNosc2000 design
3、ed for use by law enforcement and security personnel. It is a second-generation version of Ihc firms MN1000, which has been purchased by several Asian countries, including China, which introduced the system for the Beijing Olympics.Like its former products , the system is based on pany-patented High
4、-Frequency Quartz Crystal Microbalancc (HFQCM) technology that digitally imitates mammalian olfactory (嗅觉的) sense capable of learning to recognize new substance.It works like a supersensitive digital nose able to detect very low nanolcvcl (纳米级) amounts of any source substance, SDT Chief E*ecutive Of
5、ficer Bengal said. “We then teach it to identify substances by matching them with a library of threats weve programmed into the machine.The entire analysis process, Bengal said, takes 8 to 26 seconds, depending on substances.Unlike other trace detection systems on the market, which are based on radi
6、oactive-source Ion Mobility Spectrometry technology SDTs QCM-based system contains no radioactive parts.“Ion Mobility Spectrometry systems are essentially radioactive, Bengal said. You need special licensing to sell them and specially trained personnel to service them. But were using essentially gre
7、en technology. You dont need trained technicians to operate or even open our machines.In the two years since SDT began producing the MN2000 for the homeland security market, the system has demonstrated its ability to operate for months at a time without servicing or technical repairs. Bengal said th
8、e new military model will be much stronger, as it was designed to operate in dust, heavy fog and otherwise e*treme field conditions.Digital Nose Sniffs out IEDSIntroduction A backpack-carried digital nose is intended to 71 the burden ofcheckpoint duty for troops stationed in hot spots. It can detect
9、 or identify the e*plosive devices that 72 peoples lives. 73 A second-generation version has been put into practical 74 inseveral countries. The HFQCM technology can recognize new substances by 75 mammalianolfactory senses. These substances, which 76 the length of the entire analysis process, can be
10、 matched with 77 threats programmed into the machine. The QCM-based system 78 from other trace detection systems in that itcontains no radioactive parts. Technicians can operate or even open the machines 79 training.ConclusionThe new military model is more likely to 80 to severe field conditions二Amo
11、ng the natural creatures that can present a threat to people in rural areas of Me*ico, one of the most productive is the scorpion(蝎子). These relatives of spiders kill dozens of people each year and injure thousands more. However, scorpions have bee a part of the local culture and tradition. In the D
12、urango city main market, scorpions are in evidence at every turn. There are books, key chains and lamps decorated with dead scorpions. There are scorpion images on T-shirts and hats and there are even candies shaped like scorpions. The whole place seems to be filled with the crawling creature.In one
13、 corner of the market, Chelo Garcia even sells live scorpions. She says she has e*perienced two scorpion stings(蛰) in the recent years and that nothing happened. She says that if a person has no symptoms of poisoning with 30 minutes of the stinging, it is likely that nothing bad will result. She say
14、s some scorpions have little or no poison and so luck plays a big part.It is hard to e*plain why people e to Ms. Garcias store to buy live ones, but she does a good business. She often reaches down through the top of the glass cage to catch one of the scorpions to show her customers. She holds them
15、by the tail, where the barbed stinger(刺针) is located, so that she is safe from attack.In the crowded market, many people pass by Ms. Garcias store to look at the crawling creatures and to relate their own stories of encounters with the scorpions. One old woman says she nearly died when she was a gir
16、l of 18 years old and has been afraid of scorpions ever since. She said her tongue became numb and her throat began to swell shut, mon symptoms of the scorpion poison. She says she survived because God protected her.Every year in Me*ico about 200,000 people are stung by scorpions. The number of annu
17、al deaths was nearly 300, till 2015, but a public health campaign and the widespread availability of anti-poison has cut the number of deaths to less than 100 a year. The state of Durango alone accounts for ten percent of all the scorpion stings in Me*ico each year.While the scorpion may be regarded
18、 as disgusting and horrible by many people, it has also bee a bit of a local mascot(桔祥物) in Durango. People there seem proud of the fact that their city is known as the “scorpion capital.Scorpions: Part of Local Culture in Me*icoIntroduction While (71) by scorpions, people in rural areas of Me*ico v
19、iew them as a part of the local culture and tradition.Themain market of scorpions Scorpions can be seen almost (72) , ranging from books to T-shirts and hats. (73) scorpions are sold in Garcias store, who has been stung by scorpions twice in recent years. Garcia often shows scorpions to her customer
20、s by holding their tails, because the barbed stinger is (74) in the scorpions tail.The situation of scorpions stings (75) are that if a person feels nothing wrong within 30 minutes of the stinging, he/she will survive. Symptoms of the scorpion poison include a numb tongue and a (76) throat. With muc
21、h attention to public health, people now have easy (77) to anti-poison, so the number of deaths has decreased a lot.Peoples(78) towards scorpions Though (79) as disgusting and horrible, the scorpion has bee a bit of a local mascot in Durango. People there take (80) in the fact that their city is kno
22、wn as the “scorpion capital.三Social signatureSo what did the detailed data that we collected reveal? This question is best answered in terms of a characteristic that we decided to call the “social signature of an individual, and in particular by looking at how this “social signature changed over tim
23、e. Imagine one of our participants during the first si*-month observation window call some people very frequently, and others only occasionally, where the people called are likely to include relatives, close friends, and more distant acquaintances. If we now put the people called by our participant,
24、 with the person most frequently called in first position, the second-most frequently called person in second position, and so on, then we can build a profile (简况) of how the participant allocated calls between all of their different socialrelationships. This profile is in fact what we call the “soc
25、ial signature, and it reflects what fraction (局部) of calls a given participant placed to the person they call most, the fraction of calls the participant placed to the person they call second-most, right down to the least frequently called person. So what was the “social signature able to tell us? F
26、irst, let me describe a general property that applied to the “social signatures of all participants. The number of people that participants called frequently, with whom they had a strong relationship, was paratively small. We may have five close friends and 20 acquaintances, but we are very unlikely
27、 to have 20 close friends and five acquaintances. If we look at the “social signature in greater detail, we find that there were differences between different participants, so that one individual may have had three close friends and another seven. That is in fact why we chose the term “signature. Pe
28、rhaps most interestingly, if we looked at the “social signature of a given participant over the three consecutive si*-month observation windows, we found that it remained quite stable. It is worth taking a moment to reflect why this should be surprising. The social world of our participants was unde
29、rgoing a significant transition, with changes in both close and less close friendships. By the end of our study, the identity of some of the close friends of the participants had changed, and so these relationships were now with entirely different individuals, but the fraction of the calls participa
30、nts placed to a counterpart almost didnt change.How can we understand the persistence of an individuals “social signature? The key is that the pattern of our social relationships is shaped by a number of critical constraints (限制). Time: The first very general and quite inescapable constraint is that
31、 we only have a limited amount of time to maintain social relationships. Emotional Capital: The second constraint reflects the fact that a strong social relationship requires considerable emotional investment, and our stock of emotional capital is limited. Cognitive Limitations: The third constraint
32、 is biological in nature, and reflects the fact that they also limit the social relationships. Can the new social technologies that are accessible significantly change the three factors that we believe shape the patterns of our social interactions? Based on the behavior that we observed for our part
33、icipants, at this point I would tend to answer no.Title: Social signatureThe concept of the “social signature The “social signature is a profile which is built according to how (71) _ participants call people with different social relationships and it reflects the fraction of calls a given participa
34、nt places to the person they call. Features of the “social signatureThere are variations between different participants.*Participants call a paratively (72) _ number of people with whom they have a strong relationship.*A large number of people are called less frequently, where the relationship is we
35、ak.*We are likely to have more (73) _ than close friends.It remains quite stable.*It is (74) _ to spend time reflecting why this should be surprising.*(75) _ the fact that the relationships change, the fraction of the calls participants place to a counterpart remains largely (76) _.The persistence o
36、f an individuals “social signatureThe key to (77) _ the persistence of an individuals “social signature is that the pattern of our social relationships is shaped by some critical constraints. *Time: We only have a limited amount of time to maintain social relationships. *Emotional Capital: Considera
37、ble (78) _ investment is required, and our stock is limited.*Cognitive (79) _: They also limit the social relationships. ConclusionThe new social technologies that we have (80) _ to are unlikely to change the three factors that may shape the patterns of our socialinteractions.四Roommates ConflictsIde
38、ntical(一样的) twins Katie and Sarah Monahan arrived at Pennsylvanias Gettysburg College last year determined to strike out on independent paths. Although the 18-year-old sisters had requested rooms in different dorms, the housing office placed them on the eighth floor of the same building, across the
39、hall from each other. While Katie got along well with her roommate, Sarah was miserable. She and her roommate silently warred over matters ranging from when the lights should be turned off to how the furniture should be arranged. Finally, they divided the room in two and gave up on oral munication,
40、municating primarily through short notes.During this time, Sarah kept running across the hall to seek fort from Katie. Before long, the two wanted to live together again. Sarahs roommate eventually agreed to move out. “From the first night we lived together again, we felt so fortable, says Sarah. “W
41、e felt like we were back home.Sarahs ability to solve her dilemma by rooming with her identical twin is unusual, but the conflict she faced is not. Despite e*tensive efforts by many schools to make good roommate matches, unsatisfactory outes are mon.Differences in preferred life styles and personali
42、ties contribute to the conflict. One roommate is always cold, while the other never wants to turn up the furnace, even though the thermometer says its minus five outside. One person likes quiet, while the other person spends two hours a day practicing the trumpet, or turns up his sound system to the
43、 point where the whole room vibrates.Most roommate conflicts spring from such small, annoying differences rather than from grand disputes over abstract philosophical principles. However, if not dealt with carefully, they will eventually tear roommates apart. Roommate conflicts do harm to students ps
44、ychological health and cause depression. Worse still, depression in college roommates is often passed from one person to another. In e*treme cases, roommate conflict can lead to serious violence, as it did at Harvard last spring: One student killed her roommate before mitting suicide. Many schools h
45、ave started conflict resolution programs to calm tensions that otherwise can build up like a volcano preparing to e*plode, ultimately resulting in physical violence. Some colleges have resorted to “roommate contracts that all new students have to sign after attending a seminar on roommate relations.
46、 The contracts cover terms like acceptable hours for study and sleep, a policy for use of each others possessions, etc.Other schools have attended to the problem by using puterized matching, a process that nevertheless remains more of a guessing game than a science. Students are put into different d
47、orms based on their responses to housing form questions about smoking tolerance, preferred hours of study and sleep, and self-described tendencies toward tidiness or disorder. However, parents sometimes weaken the process by taking the forms and filling in false and wishful data about their children
48、 habits, especially on the smoking questions. The matching process is also plicated by a philosophical debate among housing managers concerning the flavor of university life: “Do you put together people who are similar or different, so they can learn about each other? A cartoon sums up the way many students feel the process works: Surrounded by a mass of papers, a housing worker picks up two selection forms and e*claims, “Likes chess,
