《国际贸易内容.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《国际贸易内容.ppt（25页珍藏版）》请在课桌文档上搜索。
1、Chapter 1 A brief introduction to international trade,International trade,also called world trade,foreign trade or overseas trade,is the fair and deliberate exchange ofgoods and/or services across national boundaries.,Definition(P1),Section One Reasons for international trade(从事国际贸易的动机),1 Resource A
2、cquisition(寻求资源)2 Benefits Acquisition(追求利润)3 Diversification(多种经营)4 Expand sales（扩大销售）5.International balance of payments(国际收支平衡),Resource Acquisition(寻求资源)Resource distribution around the world is uneven.No nation has all the economic resources it needs.Countries that do not have these resources w
3、ithin their own boundaries must buy them other countries.,Natural resources:mineral,water,weather,soil,forest,etc.Social resources:labor force,skills technology,equipments,What are resources?,2.Benefits Acquisition(追求利润),A country can benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and buy
4、ing those goods that other countries can make at a lower cost.,Theory of Comparative advantage 比较优势理论 Or:Comparative cost theory 比较成本理论（by Adam Smith,David Ricardo,John Stuart and other economists in the 19th century）,Question:Do you think every country can produce the same type of product at the sa
5、me cost?,Fact:Some countries has no absolute advantage in producing any product.Question:Can these countries make profits by doing business with those who has absolute advantage?,Americans have an absolute advantage in producing both cars and computers.Using three units of PR(productive resource)to
6、produce 1,000 computers in the United States requires sacrificing the production of 150 cars.Using three units of PR to produce 1,000 computers in Brazil requires sacrificing only 100 cars.Conclusion:Brazilians have a comparative advantage in producing computers.,Conclusion for point 2(P3)As long as
7、 there is minor differences in the efficiency of producing a commodity,even the poor countries have a comparative advantage in producing it.Therefore,the country can specialize in the particular products and to mass-produce.,3.Diversification 多样经营4.Sales Expansion 扩大销售 Sales are limited by 1)the num
8、ber of consumer 2)the capacity of purchase of consumer,5.International balance of payments 国际收支平衡(P4)BOP-balance of payment BOP account 收支平衡账户 BOP sheet 收支平衡表,Balance of paymentThe international balance of payment is the difference between money coming into a country and money going out of the count
9、ry.A favorable balance of payment(国际收支顺 差)means more money is flowing into a country.An unfavorable balance of payment（国际收支逆差）means more money is flowing out of a country.,Other reasons 1)Satisfying a large domestic demand 满足国内大量需求 2)Preference for innovation and style 对创新和款式的追求 3)For political reas
10、ons 政治原因,Problems,Culture Differences文化差异,Monetary Conversion货币兑换,Trade Barriers贸易壁垒,Section Two Problems Concerning International Trade,1.Cultural differences 文化差异问题 In international trade,business people must pay close attention to different local customs and Business norms(商业准则).,2.Money Conversi
11、on 货币兑换问题(fluctuation in exchange rate)French francs(法郎)US dollars(美元)British pounds(英镑)Deutsche Mark(马克)Japanese yen(日元)Danish krone(克朗)Euro(欧元),3.Trade Barriers（贸易壁垒）Is there a completely free trading system in any country?,Trade policies come in many forms-tariffs or subsidies,quantitative restri
12、ction or encouragements on imported or exported goods,services and assets.,Trade Barriers（贸易壁垒）,1）Tariff barriers 关税壁垒2）Non-tariff Barriers-NTBs 非关税壁垒,Reasons for trade barriers P6,1)Tariff barriers 关税壁垒 Tariffs or import tariffs(进口关税)are taxes levied on goods or services being imported into the cou
13、ntry.These tariffs can be of two types:1)Protective Tariff 保护关税 2)Revenue Tariff 财政关税,1.按商品移动的方向 1）Export 2)Import,Section Three Forms of International Trade(国际贸易形式),2.按商品的形态 1)Tangible(visible)trade Merchandise Exports and Imports(商品进出口)2)Intangible(invisible)trade service,knowledge and skills,invi
14、sible assets,such as patent,trade mark,copyright etc.,Section Three Forms of International Trade(国际贸易形式)1 Merchandise Exports and Imports(商品进出口)1)Exporting(商品出口)(1)Direct exporting(直接出口)(2)Indirect exporting(间接出口)2)Importing(商品进口)2 Service Exports and Imports(劳务进出口)1)Travel,Tourism,and Transportatio
15、n(旅游业、交通运输业)2)Performance of Activities Abroad(国外商务活动)3)Use of Assets From Abroad(国外资产的运用),Chapter 1 A brief introduction to international trade,3 Licensing(许可证贸易)4 Trading Companies(贸易公司)5 Joint Ventures(合资企业)6 Investment 1)Direct Investments(直接投资)2)Portfolio Investments(间接投资)7 Visible and Invisibl
16、e Trade（有形贸易和无形贸易）,Chapter 1 A brief introduction to international trade,Section Four Cross-border E-Commerce（跨境电商）,1Definition of Cross-border e-commerce（跨境电商的定义）2.Pattern of Trade(贸易模式)Buy-Ship-Pay参考模型3.Features of Cross-border E-commerce(跨境电子商务的特征)1)Global Forum全球性2)Intangibility无形性3)Anonymity 匿名性4)Real-time即时性5)Paperlessness无纸化,
