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1、英语修辞English Rhetorical Devices,Group One,明喻,Simile,A word or phrase that compares sth.to sth else,using the words like or as.(Words like as,as.as,seem,as if,as though,similar to and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.),如：Jim looks like his brother Billy.My car r
2、uns as fast as the train.,暗喻没有引导词，这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的最大区别。换句话说，有为明喻，没有为暗喻。如：He has a heart of stone.He has a heart like stone.,Metaphor,A word or phrase used to describe sb.or sth.else,in a way that is different from its use,in order to show that the two things have the same qualities and to make the descr
3、iption more powerful.,借喻重点不是相似是联想如:The room sat silent.全屋人安静地坐着。Lend me your ears,please.请听我说。,Metonymy,The pen is mightier than the sword.文章胜武力。,Finally she married money.她最终嫁给了有钱人。,A figure of speech in which a thing or concept is called not by its own name but rather by the name of something asso
4、ciated in meaning with that thing or concept.,比喻中，“喻体”一定要出现，否则比喻不能成立，“本体”和“喻词”不一定出现。,本体 喻词 喻体 subject indicator of reference resemblance Simile 像 似 犹如 仿佛 Metaphor 判断词或“成为”类肯定动词 Metonymy 乙代甲 不出现 Synecdoche 不出现,局部代整体；抽象代详细；原材料代成品 等,Synecdoche(提喻),Definition:It involves the substitution of the part for
5、 the whole,or the whole for the part.提喻是指用部分代表整体，或用整体代表部分的修辞方法。,1.the part for the wholeThe poor man has six mouths to feed in his family.(mouths=people)这可怜的人要养六口人。The farms were short of hands during the harvest season.（hands=labors）在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。He cant ride a wheel.他不会骑自行车。（Bicycle：“轮子”只是自行车的一个部件
6、，在此用来指代“自行车”。）,2.The whole for the partAustralia beat Canada at cricket.澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。Cotton suits you.（cotton=the closes made by cotton）The kettle is boiling.(kettle壶=the water in the kettle)Two beers,please.(beers=two glasses of beer),3.以具体代抽象,He earned his bread as a teacher.他以教书为生。Living（“面
7、包”指代抽象名词“生计”）The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face.他的脸上带着凶残和贪婪的神色Fierceness greediness用“狼”指代其“凶残的”本性，用“猪”指代其“贪婪的”本性。,4.以抽象代具体,All the wit and learning of the world were assembled there.The wise and learned scholars 所有聪明博学的人都聚集在那里。“聪颖”和“学问”都是抽象名词，在此指代“学者”。It was sickness and poverty toget
8、her that she came to visit.Patients poor people 他来探望的是病人和穷人。“疾病”和“贫穷”都是抽象名词，在此分别用来指代“病人”和“穷人”,Group two,Irony(反语),The use of words that say the opposite of what you really mean,often as a joke and with a tone of voice that shows this.,2.Effect(1)讽刺挖苦“could you wait a few days for the money?I havent
9、any small change about me.”“oh,you havent?well,of course I know that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.”(mark twain:one million pound bank-note)我过几天再付钱行吗-我身边没有零钱 啊!是吗?哦!当然啦!我知道像您这样的绅士身上 是只带大票子的 这段话的最后一句就是反语。实际的意思是说,像你这样的穷光蛋根本就没有什么大票子。,(2)幽默俏皮 有时使用反语其旨并非讽刺挖苦而只是使表达活泼俏皮 例如“generally speaking”sa
10、id Miss Murdstone,“I dont like boys.Hoe d ye do boy?”Under these encouraging circumstances,I replied that I was very well and that I hope she was the same,with such an indifferent grace that Miss Murdstone disposed of me in two words,“wants manner!”(Charles Dickens:David Copperfield)令人泄气的情形说成是令人鼓舞!是
11、反语!但作者这样写!并非为了讽刺挖苦什么,(3)表亲昵之情 有时反话正说或正话反说表示人与人之间的关系的密切或亲昵.恋爱中的男女说对方“you are such a bad boy(girl)”绝非在指责对方,更不是讽刺挖苦对方,而只是在打情骂俏,证明两人关系相当亲昵.正如孙犁在.荷花淀/里所写的:几个女人有点失望!也有点伤心!各人在心里骂自己的狠心贼(the woman,a bit sad as well as disappointed,cursed in the mind their own merciless thief.),Innuendo(暗讽）,Definition:a mild
12、form of irony.hinting in a rather roundabout way at something disparaging or uncomplimentary to the person or subject mentioned.(英语修辞的一种，是一种温和的反语，用一种比较隐晦曲折的方式表达对所提及的某事某物的不一致和不赞赏）E.g.:he must take his readings in a bathroom.,Effect,Innuendo 汉语称为“暗讽”、“射影”，是用婉转的口气讲反话，使语言生动活泼，幽默风趣，或是旁敲侧击，含沙射影。,Sarcasm（讽
13、刺）,Definition:while innuendo is a mild form of irony,sarcasm is just the opposite.It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner.(英语修辞的一种，讽刺程度比irony强烈，它是一种以奚落嘲讽为目的，打击伤害客体感情的一种修辞）E.g.:laws are like cobwebs,which may catch small files,but let wasps break through.,Comparison,Irony,innuendo and sarcasm是三种修辞
14、格，三者有联系也有区别。联系：三者大多数情况下都是以讽刺为目的，只是在强度上有所差异。区别：sarcasm irony innuendo,Effect,It aims to disparage ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacks.(它是以一种奚落嘲讽为目的，打击伤害客体情感的一种修辞手法）,Sarcasm&Irony&Innuendo,三者在进行讽刺嘲弄时，程度有所不同,innuendo是用委婉曲折、含蓄暗示的方法说反话，以减少话语的刺激性，避免引起讽刺对象的不快。E.g.:after three days in Jap
15、an,the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible.(把习惯鞠躬说成是脊梁骨灵活，十分幽默有趣）,Sarcasm则直截了当，单刀直入，是辛辣的讽刺，尖刻的挖苦，故意伤害讽刺对象。E.g.:laws are like cobwebs,which may catch small files,but let wasps break through.（法律像蜘蛛网一样，能捉住小苍蝇，却让胡风，黄蜂钻进去。把法律比喻成蜘蛛网来讽刺当时法律的不公正）,Irony基于二者之间，而且irony并非全是讽刺，有时为了造成活泼的调子和幽默诙谐情趣。What
16、a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favored country!-they let the paupers go to sleep.（他们竟然让穷人去睡觉这是一个高尚的例证说明他那行善的国家的法律史多么的仁慈）,Group three,Antithesis（对照）:it is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis.揭出互相对立的现象，使他们相映相衬，以达到加强文
17、势的效果，它包括一体两面的对照和两体对照,A.一体两面的对照：就是把相反的观念同时叙述在一个事物上，由此形成矛盾，并在矛盾上透出事物的特殊本质。E.g.Many scientists have both these qualities,that is,they are both careful and careless.B.两体对照：就是互相对立的两个事物并列出来，使它们彼此映衬，这样，黑者愈黑，白者愈白，使人获得极鲜明，极深刻的映象。E.g.Harm set,harm get.害人反害己。,Contrast,A rhetorical strategy and method of organi
18、zation in which a writer identifies the differences between two people,places,ideas,or things.它将两个相反的事物或同一事物的正反两面并列在一起，使之相互衬托，形成鲜明对比，更加突出地表现事物的本质On the sentence level,one type of contrast is antithesis.In paragraphs and essays,contrast is generally considered an aspect of comparison.,One of the majo
19、r advantages of using comparison/contrast to explain ideas is that it can lend itself quite naturally to two easy-to-arrange and easy-to-follow patterns of organization.E.g.Cowards die many times before their death;the valiant never taste of death but once.懦夫在未死之前，就已经死过好多次；勇士一生只死一次。,ParallelismSimil
20、arity of structure in a pair or series of related words,phrases,or clauses.Also called parallel structure 这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.,Parallelism involves balancing the structural elements of a sentence.Parallelism and repetition together make a very formidable pair in force
21、ful writing of any kind.,and making our statement more clear and effective.E.g.No one can be perfectly free till all are free;no one can be perfectly moral till all ate moral;no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.,Comparison,The same aspects:1,to forceful the statement and effective2,the
22、structure are similar,The differences:1.contrast 不像antithesis 那样要求结构相同或相似E.g.：1)united,there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.Divided,there is little we can do 2)let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of laboring those problems which divide us.,不难看出，例子1 不仅语义相反而
23、且结构相似，比较工整、对称、是antithesis,而例子2 尽管语义相反，但结构不同，并不对称，是contrast2.antithesis 一般是两个结构之间的对照，而parallelism 是两个或两个以上的结构的平行。,Group four,Synesthesia 是源于希腊语由syn(together)+asthesia(sensation)组成,意思是perceiving together,汉语可称之为“移觉”或“通感”。即用这种感觉去描写那种感觉；通感即听、触、嗅、味五种感官相同。,Definition,Two kinds:1)A Dictionary of Literary Te
24、rm:“the mixing of sensation;the concurrent appeal to more than one sense;the response through several senses to the stimulation of me.”通感是感觉的混合，是同时发生的让人感觉到得各种感觉，是人在受到一种刺激时产生的多种感觉上的反应 E.g.what a noisy scarf it is!由视觉移至听觉 这条围巾太艳丽了！,2).The Random House College Dictionary：“A sensation produced in one mo
25、dality when a stimulus is applied to another modality，as when the hearing of a certain sound induces the visualization of a certain color.”某个感觉通道是产生的感觉，由于受到刺激而转移到另一个感觉通道，譬如听到某种声音会引起看到某种颜色的感觉例如：As I entered her room，I was hit by the heavy perfume and noisy colors.(我一走进她的房间，浓郁的香气和刺眼的色彩就朝我袭来。)本属于触觉的hea
26、vy和听觉的noisy，被分别用来形容嗅觉的perfume和视觉的colors，前后一共使四种感觉相通、相融，意境浓郁，让人有美的感受。,移觉描写：将一种感官的感觉移到另一种感官上。1）单项移觉：视觉-听觉E.g.what a noisy scarf it is！这条围巾太艳丽了！2）多项移觉：一种感觉通过其他多种感觉来表达。E.g.soft music like a perfume and sweet light.(触觉-听觉-嗅觉-视觉）柔和的音乐宛如芳香甜美的光,Effect,Synesthesia 是语言艺术化一种常用手段。Synesthesia 的运用可增加语言的情趣，增强描述的形象
27、性，创造出奇妙的境界，给人以深刻的启示和美的享受。,Transferred Epithet,Definition:A Dictionary of Literary Term的定义是这样的：“Also known as transferred epithet.A figure of speech in which the epithet is transferred from the appropriate noun to modify another which it does not really belong.”简言之，就是把本不属于乙的修饰语硬从他所属的甲那儿移给乙。,Two kinds
28、,1)移人于物.例如：Sometimes they threw(him)bits of food，and got scant thanks；sometimes a mischievous pebble，and a shower of stones and abuses.(有时候，人们朝他扔去零碎食物，却很少听到任何感谢；有时，人们恶作剧似地扔去块石子，得到的回报却是暴风骤雨般的石头和谩骂)mischievous本来是用于形容人的“恶作剧的、淘气的”，在此句中硬来修饰pebble，实际上修饰的是扔石子的人，让人不禁感到生动、形象。,2)“移物于人”.His stories achieved no
29、thing but cheap laughs.(他的故事仅仅赚得了一点儿廉价的笑声。)在此句中，用于修饰抽象事物的形容词cheap被移用来修饰具体的事物laugh(laugh 本来是一种具体情感，不能用cheap or expensive来形容)，强有力地讽刺了他的故事的庸俗和低级。,Synesthesia&transferred epithet,相同之处：1）在表现形式上，两者均表现为词语的移用，即适用于甲对象的词语移用到乙对象上。例如：a sour look(通感)酸溜溜的一瞥 分析：把本属于味觉的sour 移植到视觉上的look，让人感同身受。2）在表现方法上，两者均基于心理的感受，来激
30、发读者的丰富联想。例如：What a noisy scarf it is!(通感)好艳丽的一条围巾!分析：noisy本为听觉上的用词，形容声音吵闹的词儿，在此由于视觉上看到，从而引起了心理上与视觉相沟通，使之既有所闻又有所见，达到有声有色。,不同之处1)根本区别：移就：由一种感官所感觉的事物移到另一种不能用感官感觉的事物。通感：一种感官感觉的事物移为另一种感官感觉的事物，换言之，通感必须是两种感觉相互沟通。E.g.A sweet kiss(通感）a sweet letter(移就）味觉 触觉 味觉 不能用感官感知,2）结构形式上的区别：（1）移就：有转移形容词+中心词组成。例如：the sle
31、epless bed(辗转难眠的床)nervous hours(紧张的时刻)。而以上这些例子虽然表面上中心语为 bed，hours，但是实际上中心词为深层次里隐含的形容词所指代的“人”，只有人在床上辗转难眠才会使床“难眠”；时间本无任何感情色彩，正因为某个时刻对于某个人具有特殊的意义，此人才会觉得时间“紧张”，实质上就是人在此时很紧张。,（2）通感：结构形式要比移就复杂，但是其结构形式与意义相符合，相一致，即中心词为名词本身。例如：heavy silence(凝重的寂静)。heavy 指的是触觉上的“沉重”，silence指听觉上的“无声”，其中心词就为silence本身，heavy 只不过是
32、从另外一种感觉上强调silence，给人一种力量。,Pun,To pun is to play on words,or rather to play with the form and meaning of words,for a witty or humorous effect.双关是英语修辞的一种常见形式：巧妙地利用同音异义或同形异义词现象使一个词语具有两种不同的含义，不字节表露，显得含蓄委婉，而又十分幽默。,Group five,There are many words in the English language which look or sound alike,but have
33、different senses,or connotations:E.g.Arms(parts of the body)(weapons)There are also words which have more than one basic meaning,or have developed figurative meanings:E.g.Power(authority,force)(energy,as in electric power)Based on the above two types of similarities in words,there are two broad clas
34、ses of puns.,Antanaclasis&Paronomasia,Antanaclasis（语意双关）:this device involves words or word phrases having the same sound and form,but with two or more distinct meanings.Such words are called homonyms(同音同形异义词）,I finally figured out how government works.The Senate gets the bill from the House,the Pre
35、sident gets the bill from the Senate and we get the bill for everything.句中前面的两个bill均指提案，第三个bill指账单；由该词的双重意义构成双关，进行揭露讽刺：他们官场无事生非，我们承担一切费用。,Paronomasia（语音双关),In this form of punning,words having the same sound,or almost the same sound,but differing in form and meaning are used.These words are called h
36、omophones(同音异形异义词）.E.g.There was a man in the restaurant.-you are not eating your fish,the waitress said to him.-long time no sea.The man replied.,这是一个广为流传的双关语小故事。See 和 sea 同音，顾客回答听起来像longtime no see.但实际上表达的是鱼已经离开大海很久了，不新鲜了。巧妙地回答了服务员的提问,Personification,A trope or figure of speech(generally considere
37、d a type of metaphor)in which an inanimate object or abstraction is given human qualities or abilities.,The night,like some great loving mother,gently lays her hand at our fevered head,and turns our little tear-stained face to hers,and smiles,and,though she does not speak,we know that she would say
38、and lay our hot,flushed cheek against her bosom and the pain is gone.夜像一个慈祥伟大的母亲，轻轻地把她的手放在我们的额头上，把我们沾满泪水的小脸扭向她的面孔，微笑着，虽然她不说话，但我们知道她会说些什么。她把我们烧得发烫的面颊靠在她的胸上，疼痛也就消失了。,Hyperbole,A way of speaking or writing that makes sth sound better,more exciting,dangerous,etc.than it really is.,For she is beautiful-h
39、er beauty made the bright world dim,and everything beside seemed like the fleeting image of shade.因为她太漂亮了-她的美使光灿的世界黯然失色，是他身边的一切如同过眼云烟。,Euphemism,An indirect word or phrase that people often use to refer to sth embarrassing or unpleasant,sometimes to make it seem more acceptable than it usually is.,在
40、现实生活中，有一些事物或行为不宜过于直率地表达出来，于是用一种不明说的，能使人感到愉快的或含糊的说法，代替具有令人不悦的含义或不够尊敬的表达方法。Pick a daisy 方便Sanitary engineer 清洁工Meat technologist 屠夫,death,To pass away（离开）To depart（离开）To go to sleep（长眠）To go to heaven（上西天）To be no more（不在了）To join the majority（加入了大多数）To go to glory expire（去了光荣的国度）Corpse（垮了）Kick the bucket（蹬腿）Breathe ones last（停止了呼吸）,
