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1、名词和代词,名词,专有名词(Proper Nouns),普通名词(Common Nouns),个体名词,集体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词(Countable Nouns),名词考点分析,1 复数形式 2 名词所有格3 主谓一致,名词复数,情况,加法,例词,一般情况,以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词,以辅音y结尾的词,以o 结尾的词,以f或fe结尾的词,加-s,加-es,去y加-ies,多数加-s,把f/fe改成ves,brothers;schools,buses;watches;dishes,ladies;countries;,pianos
2、;zoos;photos,thieves;leaves;,boy?way?toy?,*1:stomach,stomachs,*2:以元音+y的名词，直接在词尾加-s.Eg:boys;toys;,但如果以 ch 结尾的名词发音为 k时，只加 s。stomach stomachs 读/s/,-How many does a cow have?-Four.AstomachesBstomach CstomachsDstomachies,*3:以o结尾的名词复数加-es口诀：“黑人”“英雄”爱吃“土豆”“西红柿”Negro,hero,tomato,patato,以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es，也可以加-
3、s：cargo-cargos/cargoes mosquito-mosquitos/mosquitoes mski:tu volcano-volacnos/volcanoes,The _ of the building are covered with lots of _.Aroofs;leaves Brooves;leafs Croof;leafDroofs;leafs,*4:以f/fe结尾只加-s的词：proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefs海湾屋顶悬崖上，首领农奴两相忘；谁说他们无信仰，证据写在手帕上。两种方法均可，如handkerch
4、ief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves hktif,不规则复数：,1.manmenEg:woman women;chairman-chairmen2.ooee Eg:foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese3.+en Eg:child-children;ox-oxen4.ouse ice Eg:mouse-mice;louse-lice（虱子）,单复数相同的情况：sheep;deer;means;fish;speciesspi:i:z n.生物 物种;Chinese;Japanese;Swiss(瑞士人);head(量词)以及由汉语音译表示度
5、量衡、货币等单位的名词。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu,When the farmer returned home he found three _ missing.Asheeps Bsheepes Csheep Dsheepies,以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a.maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。b.news 是不可数名词。c.the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945.d.以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，
6、杂志名，也可视为单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.,外来名词的复数形式：criterioncriteria 标准phenomenonphenomena 现象crisiscrises 危机mediummedia/mediums 媒体,同一名词表不同意义时的复数形式：1.works表示“工厂”时，单复数同形，但表“著作”时单数为work，复数为works。2.fish表示鱼的种类时复数形式为fishes，表示条数时复数形式为fish。3.people指“人们”时是集体名词，没有单数的概念，peoples的意思为“民族”。,
7、既有复数形式又有单数形式的集体名词class audience 观众army crew 机组人员group enemy team government 只有复数意义的表示“全体”的集体名词此类集体名词不能用具体的数字修饰，只能在其前面加“the”表示“全体.”the police 警察 the English 英国人the cattle 牛群,以上名词在变形后可以用具体的数字修饰a policeman 一名警察 three policemen“某国人”的表达法a Chinesetwo Chinese a Japanesetwo Japanesean Australiantwo Australi
8、ansa Germantwo Germansa Frenchmantwo Frenchmen,有一类名词，总是以复数形式出现，但不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能用a/an，a pair of 等修饰，只能用many,a great many,a lot of等修饰。arms 武器 damages 赔偿金goods 商品 greens 绿叶蔬菜spirits 情绪，心情 stairs 楼梯thanks 谢谢 wages 工资,Mr Smith has two _,both of whom are teachers in a school.Abrothers-in-lawBbrother-in-law
9、s Cbrothers-in-lawsDbrothers-in law,以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加 s。如：grown-ups。,The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it.A.bicycles shop B.bicycle shop C.bicycles shop D.bicycles shop,There are only twelve _ in the hospital.Awoman doctors Bwomen doctorsCwom
10、en doctor Dwoman doctor,man,woman,gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：a man worker men workers a woman teacher women teachers a gentleman official gentlemen officials,It took us quite a long time to get here.It was _ journey.A.three-hour B.a three hour C.a three-hour D.three hours,“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时，这
11、个名词一般保留单数形式。如：a ten-mile walk；a five-year plan但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。three-hour journey=three hours journey,国籍的单复数Some _ visited our school last Wednesday.AGermanBGermen CGermansDGermens,国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：1、单复数同形：Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要变形：English-Englishman3、加 s 或-es：German Germans详见下表。,国籍的单复数变化主要有以下三种
12、情况 一、单复数同形如：Chinese,Japanese,Swiss等。当它们与定冠词(the)连用时，表示复数或总称。1)The Chinese are different from Japanese.2)The Chinese are hard-working.也可与不定冠词连用，表示单数。如：3)I am a Chinese.4)He is a Japanese.二、单复数形式不同。如：English,French,Swedish,Spanish等。当它们与定冠词连用时，也表示总称。如：5)The English like to play football.6）The French be
13、long to the white race.,当这些词与不定冠词连用表示单数时，则需用其单数形式。如：an Englishman,a Frenchman,a Swede等。其中有些词有复数形式，如：Englishmen,Frenchmen等。有些词还有阴性变化。如：an English woman,a French woman.三、与普通名词变化相同。如：American,German,Italian等。这类词表示单数时在其前面加不定冠词，表示复数时在词尾加“s”。如：7)He is an American.8)They are Germans.需要注意的是，如果这些词前面没有加任何冠词，也
14、没有单复数变化时，其词性为形容词，与作名词时含义稍有不同。试比较：9)He is English.（指他的国籍是英国。）10)He is an Englishman.（指他是英国公民。）11)They are American.（国籍是美国。）12)They are Americans.（指他们是美国公民。）,不可数名词的特点,(1)Tables are made of _.A.wood B.woodsC.woodenD.some woods(2)Father went to his doctor for _about his heart trouble.A.an adviceB.advice
15、C.advicesD.the advices,表“材料”没有复数形式；不能直接在前面加不定冠词；表示其数量不能直接在前面加数词，而要用a piece of之类的结构。,A,B,“雷打不动”的“十大金刚”:news,information,work(工作),advice,progress,weather,fun,luck,music,health,下面是典型的不可数名词，是应该熟记的！water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine,lightning,thunder,weather,darkness
16、,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,salt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt,garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage(baggage),clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,bread,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper,glass,wood,money,jewelry,air,smoke,steam,单数形式和复数形式的词义不同的名词英语中有些名词的复数形式的词义不同于单数形式，如：air
17、(空气)-airs(气派)arm(手臂)-arms(武器)ash(灰)-ashes(骨灰；废墟)cloth(织物)-clothes authority(权利)-authorities(当局)content(满足)-contents(目录)custom(习惯)-customs(海关；关税)damage(损害)-damages(赔偿金)force(力量)-forces(武装部队)glass(玻璃)-glasses(眼镜)good(利益)-goods(货物)green(绿色)-greens(青菜)letter(字母)-letters(文学),只能修饰可数名词复数的词：（two,six.),hundr
18、ed,thousand,million,both,several,many,few,a few,these,those,a(good/large/great)number ofnumbers of,the number of,numbers of,numerous,various,diverse,a series of,a wide range of,a collection of，many a 很多 只修饰不可数名词的词：much,little,a litter,a great deal of,a great amount of,a piece of既可修饰不可数又能修饰可数的词：all(o
19、f)，a lot of，some(of)，lots of，any(of)，plenty of，most(of)，half(of)，a wealth of，(a)part of，enough(of)，the rest of，other，one third of，such，no，a variety of,知识拓展名词主要用单数形式做定语，表示材料、类别、用途等：a silk handkerchief 一块丝绸手帕a car park 一个停车场a shoe factory 一家鞋厂,名词所有格,名词的所有格：表示所属关系，即表示某物是“谁的”。名词所有格常见的结构有两种：一、s 所有格 1）表示有
20、生命的人或动物的名词所有格，单数名词和不以 s 结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加“s”，以 s 结尾的复数名词在词尾只加“”。如：Kates cat 凯特的猫，Childrens Day 儿 童节，the girls books 女孩们的书,1 如果一样东西为几个人所共有，则只在最后一个名词上加“s”。如：Lucy and Lilys father is a teacher 露茜和莉莉的爸爸是名教师。2 如果所指事物不是两人共有，而是各自所有，则应在每一个名词后加“s”。如：Lucys and Marys mothers are teachers 露茜的妈妈和玛丽的妈妈都是医生。,对比翻译：Lucy
21、 and Lilys father is a teacherLucys and Marys mothers are teachers,2）用于表时间、距离、价格的名词后：tomorrows weather 明天的天气two days journey 两天的旅程ten minutes break=a ten-minute break 10分钟的休息3）用于表国家、城市的名词后：Americas policy 美国的政策the citys population 这个城市的人口(3)用来表示店铺、医院、学校、住宅及公共建筑时，名词所有格后常常不出现它所修饰的名词。at Dicks(home)在迪克家
22、at the barbers(shop)在理发店at the doctors(office)在医院,(4)用于度量衡及价值名词后：a miles distance 1英里的距离twenty dollars value 20 美元的价值(5)用于表天体的名词后：the moons rays 月光 the earths surface 地球表面,二、of 所有格 无生命事物名词的所属关系，一般常用“of 名词”来表示，即 of 所有格。如：a map of China 一幅中国地图，the legs of the table 桌子的腿of 所有格与 s 所有格有时可以互换，不过要注意它们物主的位置
23、不同。如：猫的名字是咪咪。The name of the cat is Mimi（of 结构，物主 the cat 在后）The cats name is Mimi（s 结构，物主 the cat 在前）,三.双重所有格双重所有格就是指同时既使用-s 所有格又使用 of 所有格。即“of名词所有格”。双重所有格有以下几个特征：,1）“of名词所有格”中的名词必须表示人，不能表示事物。因此，我们可以说：a play of Shakespeares（莎士比亚的一个戏剧），a friend of my wifes（我妻子的一个朋友），但却不能说a leg of a tables而且该名词必须是特指的
24、，不能是泛指的。a friend of the doctors（这位医生的一个朋友）a novel of the writers（那位作者的一部小说）而不能说a friend of a doctors或 a novel of a writers。,1This is（李雷的家庭）2Is that_（比尔家的一幅照片）？3Whats（汤姆妹妹的名字）？4This is_（莉莉和露茜的)room 5They are（格林夫人的儿子）6Its my（mother）bag,Lileis family.,a photo of Bills family?,the name of Toms sister,Li
25、ly and Lucys,Mrs.Greens son,mothers bag,7Are these the（twin）books 8March 8（三月八日）is（woman）Day 9Whats the girls name（同义句）Whats the the girl 10.一幅中国地图_ 桌子的一条腿_ Bill的堂兄 _ 我父亲的一位朋友_,twins,Womens,name,of,a map of China,a leg of the table,Bills cousin,a friend of my fathers,代 词,人称代词:物主代词:反身代词:相互代词:指示代词:疑问代
26、词:关系代词:连接代词:不定代词:,I,you,he,she,we,they,me,him,her.my,your,mine,yours,their,theirs,itsmyself,himself,ourselves,itselfeach other,one anotherthis,that,these,thosewho,whom,whose,what,whichwho,whom,whose,whichwho,whom,whose,whichall,both,one,some,few,either,any,other,another,many,none,人称代词,主格：I,you,she,h
27、e,they,we,宾格:me,you,her,him,them,us,1)宾格代替主格 a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。-I like English.-我喜欢英语。-Me too.-我也喜欢。-Have more wine?-再来点酒喝吗?-Not me.-我可不要了。,b.在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以,如：He is taller than I/me.但在下列句中有区别：,I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.I like Jack as much as she.=I
28、like Jack and she likes him,too.,(2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：,在并列主语中，“I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三 一（人称）。宾格me也一样。,You,she and I will be in charge of the case.,Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.,(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。,we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人,she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。,The“Titanic”was the largest,wasnt she?,物主代词,形容词性物主代词:my,yo
29、ur,his,her,its,our,your,their,名词性物主代词:mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs,He is(my,mine)teacher.Her brother is almost as old as(mine,my).Ill do my work and you(yours,your,yours).A friend of(mine,my,I)is going to Berlin.This is no fault of(yours,your).,反身代词,1）列表 Iyouyou she he myself yourself yoursel
30、vesherself himselfwe they itoneourselvesthemselves itselfoneself,）固定短语,enjoy oneself,feel oneself(be oneself),by oneself make oneself at home,make oneself understood,I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。The thing itself is not important.,指示代词:this,that,these,those,such,same,this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that(t
31、hose)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。,This is my desk and that is yours.In those days they could not go to school.These days we are very busy.,this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。,I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.,He hurt his leg yesterday.Thats why he didnt come.,为
32、了避免重复，常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。,The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.,不定代词,both，either，neither。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。,all，any，none。以上词使用范围为三者以上。,_ of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都很聪明。There are flowers on _ sides of the street.(两岸)There are fl
33、owers on _ side of the street.(岸的两边)路边长满了野花。_ the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。I dont like _ of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。I like _ of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。,Either,both,either,All,any,none,2.some&any,一般用法：some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。,He has some Chinese paintings.,I dont know any of the students.,特殊用法：,any用于肯
34、定句表示“任何”的意思。Any child can do that.（定语）You may take any of them.（宾语）,some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。Smith went to some place in England.（定语）,在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。Would you like some bananas?（邀请）Mum,could you give me some money?(请求),3.each&every,each（各个），指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every（每个），指三个
35、或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。,Every student in our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上“所有的人”)Each student in our class has a dictionary.（定语，强调各个个体）Each of them has been there.（主语）The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.（宾语）We each got a ticket.（同位语）,4.one,that,it,those,the one,the ones指代,1)I can
36、t find my hat.I think I must buy _.2)The hat you bought is bigger than _I bought.3)I cant find my hat.I don t know where I put _.4)The popular in Chinese is much larger than _ in Japan.5)The ears of a rabbit are longer than _ of a fox.,one,the one,it,that,those,5.one/another/the other/others/other,o
37、ne the other只有两个some the others 有三个以上one another，anothersome others，othersothers=other people/thingsthe others=the rest剩余的全部,1)泛指另一个用another。2)一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。3)一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one(another)，第三个可用the other，a third。4)一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the others。5)泛指别的人或物时，用others当在一定范围内，除去一部分后，剩
38、余部分但不是全部时，也用others。,I dont like this one,can you show me _?You should think of _.Im busy now,ask me about it some _ time.Some like basketball,_ prefer football.I want to drink _ glass of milkFive students in our class are boys,_ are girls.She has two bags,one is white,_ is black.There are _ ways of
39、solving this problem.,one/another/the other/others/other,another,others,other,others,another,the others,the other,other,6.all,both,every 与not连用，表示部分否定,All birds could not fly.=Not all birds could flyNo bird could fly.=None of the birds could fly.Both of us are not teachers.,7.anyone/any one,anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。,a)none 后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。b)none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语,谓语动词只能是单数。None of you could lift it.你们中没有人可举起它。-Did any one call me up just now?-No one.,8no one 和none,
