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1、中科院博士入学考试英语阅读技巧,1句子中的标点符号的作用,句号：用来分割句子。逗号：两个逗号之间或一个逗号之后，是一个补充说明成分，可以先不看。,句子中的标点符号的作用,冒号：冒号前后是从抽象到具体的过程，后面进一步具体说明前面的内容。She came to hate the endless chores that swallowed her time:washing dishes,making beds,scrubbing floors.冒号可以表示各种逻辑上的关系，如：I went to bed early:the long journey had tired me.(表示因果)Colum
2、bus discovered a string of islands:he did not discover the American Continent.(表示反意),句子中的标点符号的作用,分号：分号前后是并列关系。包括结构上并列和语义上并列两种。Sixty years ago Melville was almost forgotten;today he is regarded as one of Americans great authors.Professor Ye will have to cope with a very heavy workload;she has been in
3、vited to lecture at quite a number of universities in the U.S.One moment he was friendly,even warm;the next he was coldly indifferent.,句子中的标点符号的作用,破折号：两个破折号之间或一个破折号之后，是补充说明成分，可以先不看。Mary comes every weekon Tuesdaysto help with the laundry.(作用与括号相似)They gave him a new camera for Christmasand a film to
4、 go with it.(表示附加补充)He bought a house just outside the towna magnificent building.(解释前文)In future prose,two fields are certainly sure to find cultivationthe field of the essay and the field of the sketch.(相当于冒号的作用),句子中的标点符号的作用,引号：一种是引用别人观点，其作用要么是作为支持的观点，要么作为批判的对象；另一种是说反话，表示反语。,句子中的标点符号的作用,括号：括号内的内容起
5、补充说明或解释词义的作用。The day before one of my midterm history exams I still hadnt found time to read the first book on the reading list.(That,of course,is a very common disease at Harvard.)（附加，补充）,2长难句解析方法,1).长难句包括简单句和复合句，复合句的每一个句子的核心部分是主语和谓语，而每一个复合句的核心是主句。认识复合句首先要把握好从句间的关系，而表现这些关系要依靠连接词that,although,so tha
6、t,before等具有语法功能的词。常见的长难句种的基本语法结构：形式主语或宾语 强调结构 非限定性定语从句 同位语从句 倒装结构 虚拟语气If you were/had come here yesterday,you would have seen that famous professor.作者用虚拟语气一般表示建议、态度和观点。省略,2长难句解析方法,2).具体分为如下4步：第一步、确定句子有几个洋葱（一个完整的句子为一个洋葱，有时一个句号却有好几个完整的句子）。第二步、给句子剥皮。每构成一个独立的语法就构成一成皮。第三步、把每层皮翻译成中文第四步、把很多简单的中文句子组合成中文长句(三
7、四步为翻译步骤）,长难句解析方法,She，who is her mothers daughter，is a girl of beauty which is envied by Lily whose ugliness is so famous in New York where there are so many poors whohave a lot of children forbidden to go to school in which they can study how to live in the tedious world，which we all know.,3.常见关键词,以
8、下是部分具有导向作用的关键词，请予与特别关注：指示重点：The principal advantage/disadvantage/objectionThe problem/task/hypothesis/pointThe results indicate/show/proveThe crucial facts/effects/difficulties/outcomesNote thatDont overlookOf importance is,常见关键词,表示作者态度：my opinion is,I believe/think/suggest/support/agree/disagree/ar
9、guerfortunately,unfortunately,wisely,happily表示概括、总结：let me summarize,to sum up,to conclude,on the whole,in short,in conclusion,4.九大题型解题思路详解,1细节事实题：标志：题干中明确提到的时间、地点、人物等细节信息针对文章中的一句或几句发问题干和选项之间是因果关系 做题的关键在于：返回原文根据题干中的时间、地点、人物返回原文根据出题顺序返回原文（60的准度）根据题干中的重点词或其同义词返回原文（如名词、动词、形容词，70的准度）找原文中的难句定位，一般来说，难句都是出
10、题点。,细节事实题,迷惑人的手段：单词替换颠倒因果扩大范围常识判断(4)常见试题：Which of the following is true about?What occurred as told at the beginning of the passage?What can we learn about?According to the passage,Jon Venables and Robert Thompson,细节事实题,Relaxing isnt easy.I knowI have tried it.I can see,therefore,why Japans governme
11、nt should want corporations to have full-time“leisure advisers.”It seems an idea worth copying.A start should,perhaps,be made at the very top.Captain of industry often find it hardest of all to relax.Some buy a luxurious yacht,a beach house,or even an island,but seldom make use of these expensive le
12、isure facilities.“I dont have time for a holiday,“they insist.What they usually mean is that they could find the time,if pressed,but that they dont want to.More often than not the plain truth is that they dont know how to ease up.No one has ever told them how to do it.(1999.3),细节事实题,Top executives o
13、ften find it difficult to take time off because_.A.it would cause them financial problemsB.they need to protect their jobsC.they have never really learnt how to relaxD.they simply dont have the time,细节事实题,2.So what can a“leisure adviser”do for himor,increasingly,her?The basic task is to change attit
14、udes,and gradually to introduce him to various leisure activities.A good start is to persuade him that holidays are a“psychological investment”,and that it is perfectly feasible to combine business with pleasure.(1999.3),细节事实题,The main role of a leisure adviser is to_.A.teach an executive a new leis
15、ure activityB.give an executive a full medical check-upC.help an executive alter his approach to lifeD.organize a holiday for an executive,细节事实题,3.The new 100-page analysis reviews and synthesizes the findings of a host of published studies and field trials on rice production and associated pesticid
16、e-related health effects.IRRIs report indicates that both farmers and the rice-research community exaggerate the threat that rice pests pose-while largely ignoring the costs,both to health and the pocketbook,of pesticide application.,细节事实题,Rice farmers in the philippines_A.select which pesticide to
17、use based on the type of insect they findB.collect natural predators of rice eating insectsC.overestimate the importance of pest-resistant cultivarsD.seem to be totally dependent on using pesticides without knowing whatever the cost.,细节事实题,4.The Solar Decathlon is under way,and teams of students fro
18、m 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington DC in an effort to promote this alternative energy source.This week judges in this Department of Energy(DOE)sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner.Unfortunately,for the pa
19、rticipants,it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies,and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since.However,the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned.(2004.3),细节事实题,What does the author say about the weather
20、?A.It is rare for Washington DC to have such long rainy days.B.It has been raining since Sept 26th for the most of the time.C.It is favorable to the manufacturers to promote solar equipment.D.It has helped see the disadvantages of solar energy.,细节事实题,5.Ironically,Barons latest book,“Alphabet to Emai
21、l:How Written English Evolved and Where Its Heading,”became a victim of sloppy proofreading.The books title is capitalized differently on the cover,spine and title page.“People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said.“And now they just say whatever.”(2004.3),细节事实题,What happened to Barons latest
22、book?A.It was poorly edited.B.It failed to come out.C.It was renamed“Whatever.”D.It caused her to lose her job.,细节事实题,6.Especially in the United States,but perhaps over much of the world,few people today travel by train.There are generations growing up which have never heard that siren call.This is
23、the moment of the homogenization of the world,when the diversities of societies are eroding,when a global civilzation is emerging.There are no exotic places left on Earth to dream about.And for this reason there remains an even greater and more poignant need today for a vehicle,a device,to get us so
24、mewhere else.Not all of us;only a fewto the deserts of the Moon,the ancient seacoasts of Mars,the forests of the sky.There is something comforting in the idea that one day a few representatives of our little terrestrial village might venture to the great galactic cities.,细节事实题,question:According to
25、the author,what would scientists feel like trying to achieve when a global civilization is emerging?Exploring the last exotic place on earth.Constructing supersonic aircraft.Visiting other planets in outer space.Establishing free exchange of thoughts among nations.,2例证题,标志：caseexampleillustrationdem
26、onstrationexemplifydemonstrateillustrate 做题的关键在于：是否能找到例子支持的论点，而不在于能否看懂例子 做题的步骤：首先返回原文定位该例子然后80向上、20向下搜索该例子支持的论点（不能贸然直接去分析例子然后自己主观推测结论）注意举例的目的是为了支持论点或观点，从例证周围找出最有可能的论点,在四个选项中寻找与找到的论点表达最一致、意思最接近的一个才是正确答案例证题错误选项的特征是：就事论事。（即把例证中的具体内容调出来供选）,例证题,(4)划清“事实”与“观点”之间的界限事实：指的是对具体事例的陈述，即“发生过什么”。如：Lovecraft has o
27、ften been compared to Edgar Allan Poe.Poe had to leave the University of Virginia because he couldnt pay his debts.观点：指的是作者的主观的想法，带有评判和议论的性质，一般透露出“赞同”或“不赞同”的口吻。“观点”常常以某些情态动词为标志，或者以带有感情色彩的形容词或副词为标志。如：Edgar Allan Poe is the greatest writer of horror stories in the world.Edgar Allan Poe should not have
28、 drunk so much.Lovecrafts stories are far more horrible than those of Edgar Allan Poe.,例证题,1.This week marks the 10th anniversary of the Alar apple scare,in which many American consumers were driven into a panic following the release of a report by an environmental organization claiming that apples
29、containing the chemical Alar posed a serious health threat to preschoolers.The report was disseminated through a PR(problem report)campaign and bypassed any legitimate form of scientific peer review.Introduced to the American public by CBS“60 Minutes,”the unsubstantiated claims in the report led som
30、e school districts to remove apples from their school lunch programs and unduly frightened conscientious parents trying to develop good eating habits for their children.,例证题,Question:In the Alar apple scare,many Americans were frightened because_scientists warned that apples were dangerous.many scho
31、ol children became ill after eating apples.it was reported that apples were harmful to health.apples were discovered to have too much pesticide.,例证题,2.The very fact that 60 percent of counties were given an“F”seems to be alarmist.This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending do
32、wnward for several decades.According to the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)statistics,ozone,the primary constituent of smog,has declined by approximately 30 percent since the 1970s.And recent gains indicate that the progress will likely continue,even without the wave of new regulations ALA is n
33、ow demanding.(2004.3),例证题,By citing figures from the EPA,the author seems to contend that _.A.the regulations about smog have proved effectiveB.new regulations are necessary to deal with smogC.smog problems have actually become less seriousD.the federal smog standard has been rather low,3词汇题,常见试题（Th
34、e phrase“”in the context means.The word“”is closest in meaning to_.As the context shows,a placebo is _.）标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组，要求辨别其意思 做题的关键在于：该单词本身并不重要，重要的是该单词的上下文 如果该单词认识，并不超出大纲，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案，其正确答案是根据上下文推测的一个更加深刻的含义 做题的方法：可以使用两种方法从上下文进行推理：,针对性解释,一 针对性解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解
35、释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。,针对性解释,1 根据定义猜测词义如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例如：anthropology is the scientific study of man.In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.定义句的谓语动词多为：be,mean,deal with,be considered,to be,ref
36、er to,be called,be known as,define,represent,signify,constitute等。,针对性解释,2.根据复述猜测词义虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。,针对性解释,同位语Semantics,the study of the meaning of words,is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等。Capacitan
37、ce,or the ability to store electric charge,is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or,similarly,that is to say,in other words,namely,or other,say i.e.等副词或短语出现。,针对性解释,定语从句Krabacber suffers from SAD,which is short for seasonal affective disorder,a syndrome charac
38、terized by severe seasonal mood swings.根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings,我们可以推断出SAD含义，即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。,针对性解释,根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索，例如：The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries
39、 are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”，这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。,二 内在逻辑关系,根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。,内在逻辑关系,1 根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。例如：Andrew is one of th
40、e most supercilious men I know.His brother,in contrast,is quite humble and modest.该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语in contrast，（相对照的，相对比的）可以提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest（谦卑又谦虚）是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contra
41、st 和while 引导的并列句等。,内在逻辑关系,A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的词义，“熟练的”。,内在逻辑关系,2 根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系，例如：Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loqu
42、acious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，just as，also等。,内在逻辑关系,3 根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落种，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。例如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of
43、others.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.此句为结果状语从句，根据从句的描书“许多示威者”，我们便可推知elbow的词意“挤，挤过”。,内在逻辑关系,4 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义在句子或段落种，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。例如：Although he often had the opportunity,Mr.Tritt wa
44、s never able to steal money from a customer.This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.作者为避免重复使用endanger一词，用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知其词义为“使.陷入危险，危及、危害”。,内在逻辑关系,Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard d
45、rinking as harmful.句中detrimental四个生词，但判断出harmful替代detrimental后，不难推断出其词义为“不利的，有害的”。,三 外部相关因素,外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：,外部相关因素,Husband：it“s really cold out tonight.Wife:Sure it is.My hands are practically numb.How about lighting the furnace?根据生活经验，天气寒冷时，手肯
46、定是“冻僵的，冻得麻木的”。The snake slithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为“爬行”。,四 构词法,在猜测词义过程中，除了使用上面提到的一些技巧，我们还可以依靠构词方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。,构词法,1 根据前缀猜测词义 例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there,semiconscious,for a few minutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义“半清醒的
47、，半昏迷的”。Im illiterate about such things.词根literate意为“有文化修养的，通晓的”，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指“一窍不通，不知道的”。,构词法,2 根据后缀猜测词义例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示“杀者，杀灭剂”，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为“杀虫剂”。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀let表示“小的”，词根drop指“滴，滴状物”。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出
48、droplet词义“小滴，微滴”。,构词法,3根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如：Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是“以强光照射，使突出”的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动-斗牛。,词汇题,Lipids,or fats,c
49、an be measured in laboratory.Models,or smaller representations of full-size objects,are placed in the wind tunnels.Our uncle was a nomad,and incurable wanderer who could never stay in one place.Superlight beams,called lasers,have many medical uses.,词汇题,C.标志3：破折号或破折号与that is连用 She says that while the
50、 Bush Administration rejected the Kyoto Protocolthe international agreement on climate changesupport for such initiatives is growing on Capitol Hill.D.标志4：冒号：或冒号加引号Pam placed the flowers on her grandfathers grave,then stepped back to read the simple epitaph on the headstone:“In loving memory of John
