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1、考研英语辅导（基础班）,攻克考研英语长难句,在考研阅读、完型填空、翻译中难点（词汇、长句）重点：把握英语句子的特点 从而熟悉英语句子与汉语句子的差 别，对于翻译起着重要作用。方法：分清句子主干与枝叶 翻译中即为：拆分-重组,English Grammar,基 本 句 型,主+谓 Love will last.主+谓+宾 I love you.主+系+表 You are my sunshine.主+谓+宾+宾补 You make my heart soft.主+谓+双宾Show me the meaning of being lonely.把定语、同位语、插入语、状语去掉,主 语,充当主语的成分
2、：,1.名词、代词、数词2.名词化的形容词、分词3.动词不定式4.动名词5.句子（主语从句）,名词化的形容词作主语,06完形The homeless make up a growing percentage of Americas population.,不定式作主语,To love someone is nothing.To be loved by someone is something.To be loved by someone that you love is everything.,爱什么都不是;被爱才有一点意义;相爱才是一切,05翻译In dealing with a chall
3、enge on such a scale,it is no exaggeration to say,“United we stand,divided we fall”.,动名词作主语,08阅读Owning slaves was“like having a large bank account.”,不定式、动名词作主语的异同,相同点：1.it作形式主语，平衡句子结构2.主语和表语一致 To see is to believe.=Seeing is believing.眼见为实。,不同点：1.前者指具体某一动作；后者泛指或一般的抽象概念2.特殊句型：It is no use/good/help/n
4、eed/+动名词 It is no use/for us+不定式 There is no help for you to take this medicine.3.不定式可以和wh-连用，作主语 When and where to have the meeting hasnt been decided yet.,主 语 从 句,引导词,连接副词：when,where,why,how,连接代词：who,whom,what,which,whose,that,whether,if,主语从句例句（一）,The seas are being overfished.has been known for y
5、ears.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.Is he going there?depends on the weather.Whether he is going there or not depends on the weather.,When will the meeting be held?hasnt been decided.When the meeting will be held hasnt been decided.Where does he live?remains unknown.Wher
6、e he lives remains unknown.Why did he leave so early?is not clear.Why he left so early is not clear.How well does the fan work?matters a lot.How well the fan works matters a lot.,主语从句例句（二）,Who are they?is none of my business.Who they are is none of my business.Whom do you like?interests me a lot.Who
7、m you like interests me a lot.What is conveyed in the drawing?is most thought-provoking发人深省的.What is conveyed in the drawing is most thought-provoking.,Which one would she prefer?will make no difference.Which one she would prefer will make no difference.Whose jacket is it?makes no difference.Whose j
8、acket it is makes no difference.,it作形式主语,It is+过去分词+that从句It is+形容词+that从句It is+名词短语+that从句It+不及物动词+that从句其他结构,主 语 小 结,1.it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式、动名词或句子2.that引导主语从句位于句首，that不可省略,谓 语,时态 语态倒装强调情态动词语气,被 动 语 态,1.一般现在时 be+done2.过去时 was/were+done3.将来时 will be+done4.进行时 is/are being done5.完成时 have/has been don
9、e,全 部 倒 装,谓语位于主语前面 1.与be一起构成谓语的分词位于句首2.表语位于句首3.地点状语位于句首,部 分 倒 装,助动词位于主语前面引起部分倒装的否定词：never,hardly,little,few,rarely,scarcely,seldom,not only,in no way,by no means,in no case,no longer,倒 装 补 充,So/Neither/Nor+谓语/助动词/情态动词+主语He is a diligent student.So is she.He likes swimming.So does he.So/Neither/Nor+主
10、语+谓语/助动词/情态动词He is a diligent student.So he is.,强 调,强调的手段：语音手段、词汇手段、语法手段词汇手段：very,right,much only,even,at all语法手段：用do/does 强调谓语 It is/was+被强调的部分+that/who,强 调 句 型 例 句,He plants an apple tree with the help of his father in the garden on Sunday.It is _ that/who _.,虚 拟 语 气,虚拟语气的省略,should 应该 省略 翻译还原 if 如
11、果It is significant that we take immediate measures to improve the air quality.Were I to be the chancellor of our college,I would还原后：,祈 使 语 气,作用表示请求、希望、劝告、命令句式：Have a seat here.Lets work together to build a harmonious society.(写作常用),谓 语 小 结,时态语态被动语态倒装全部倒装、部分倒装强调It is/wasthat/who情态动词语气虚拟语气（非真实条件句if）,宾
12、 语,可以作宾语的成分1.动词不定式2.动名词3.名词、代词4.双宾语5.句子（宾语从句）,宾 语 从 句,引导词,that,whether,if连接副词：when,where,why,how连接代词：who,whom,what,which,whose,宾语从句例句（一）,Smoking will kill us.Scientists argued We didnt know for sure.The doubters insistedScientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we d
13、idnt know for sure.,Slavery was wrong.Many of the Founding Fathers knewMany of the Founding Fathers knew(that)slavery was wrong.They argueMore significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew(that)slavery was wrong（08阅读）,宾语从句例句（二）,How well can it control expression?The test of any dem
14、ocratic society lies not inDoes it give freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude?The test of any democratic society lies inThe test of any democratic society lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest poss
15、ible latitude.,宾 语 后 置,1.动词+介词宾语+宾语 bring A to B bring to B A2.动词+宾补+宾语 consider C impossible consider impossible C3.动词+it+宾补+宾语 make D clear make it clear D C:名词词组、wh-宾语从句 D:不定式、that宾语从句,宾 语 小 结,1.不定式、动名词2.宾语（后置）3.宾语从句4.it作形式宾语,补 语,可以作补语的成分1.名词2.不定式3.动名词4.分词5.形容词6.介词,动名词 VS 现在分词,补语：1.动名词具有名词性质，泛指。2
16、.现在分词表示动作正在发生。定语：1.动名词作定语表示作用与用途。I think some sleeping pills may help you.2.现在分词与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系。Let sleeping dogs lie.别招惹麻烦。(相当于定语从句 which are sleeping),表 语,常见的系动词：(特征/状态)be,seem,appear,look,feel,smell,sound,taste,turn out(状态变化)become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run(状态保持)stay,continue,keep,remain,表
17、语 小 结,表语从句,同位语从句,常用的可以接同位语从句的名词：advice,assumption,certainty,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,possibility,problem,promise,question,request,saying,suggestion,theory,thought,truth,wish,word(消息),同位语小结,1.同位语的作用解释、说明2.同位语从句that，whether（常用）how，when，why if，which,英语汉语句子对比,English:bu
18、ilt on the SV structure Theme(S)+Rheme(V)Chinese:built on meaning Topic+Comment,Syntax of English&Chinese,English:architectural structure(营造学手法)“撇开了时间顺序而着重于空间搭架先搭起主语和主要动词两巨栋，然后运用各种关系词把有关的材料组成各种关系词集结向这两巨栋前后挂钩”（林同济：1980）Chinese:chronicle structure(编年史手法)“偏重动词着眼，运用大量的动词结集，根据时间顺序一一予以安排，甚至尽量省略关系词以达到动词集中、
19、动词突出的效果”（林同济：1980）,Clauses in English&Chinese,2.Adverbial clause of reason eg.As he was not sure what to do,he rang me for help.因为他不知所措，就打电话向我求助。We had to stay for one more day,for the flight was cancelled.因为航班取消了，我们不得不多呆一天。,Clauses in English&Chinese,1.Adverbial clause of time eg.15 years have gone
20、 by since we last met each other.自从我们上次见面之后，已经过了15年时间。He just came back from Hainan yesterday,where he enjoyed a relaxing holiday after the completion of his task that he had been engaged for quite some time with the company.他花了相当长时间完成公司的任务，结束之后，他去海南度过非常轻松的假期，昨天才回来。,Clauses in English&Chinese,3.Adve
21、rbial clause of condition eg.Well go mountain climbing if it does not rain tomorrow.如果明天不下雨，我们就去爬山。As long as we respect each other,we can coexist in peace.只要我们互相尊重，就能和平共处。,Clauses in English&Chinese,2.Adverbial clause of reason eg.As he was not sure what to do,he rang me for help.因为他不知所措，就打电话向我求助。W
22、e had to stay for one more day,for the flight was cancelled.因为航班取消了，我们不得不多呆一天。,Clauses in English&Chinese,4.Adverbial clause of purpose eg.Lets work harder so that we may accomplish our task ahead of time.让我们更加努力工作，以便能够提前完成任务。We got up and set out very early in order that we would be there on time.为
23、了准时到达，我们很早就起床出发了。,Left or Right?Attributive,English:head in the middle modifiers to both sides 修饰词+中心词+修饰词Chinese:head at the end modifiers to the left 修饰词+中心词,Left or Right?Attributive,姑娘北京姑娘漂亮的北京姑娘年轻漂亮的北京姑娘身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘正看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘正面带笑容看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘,Left or Right?Att
24、ributive,girlsBeijing girlspretty Beijing girlsyoung and pretty Beijing girlstwo young and pretty Beijing girlstwo young and pretty Beijing girls with slender figuretwo young and pretty Beijing girls with slender figure who are looking at ustwo young and pretty Beijing girls with slender figure who
25、are looking at us,smiling,This is the maltThat lay in the house that Jack built.This is the ratThat ate the maltThat lay in the house that Jack built.This is the catThat killed the ratThat ate the maltThat lay in the house that Jack built.,Practice,1.The American economic system is organized around
26、a basically private-enterprise,marketoriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.,2.Thus,in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers,coupled with
27、the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.,3.If,on the other hand,producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost,this will tend to increase
28、the supply offered by seller-producers,which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.,4.In the American economy,the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights,including the right to determine the price
29、 of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.,5.At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient,allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.And they also identify preferred customers for pro
30、motional campaigns.,6.Numerous other commercial enterprises,from theaters to magazine publishers,from gas and electric utilities to milk processors,bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.,7.Exceptional children are different in some significant way from ot
31、hers of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential,their education must be adapted to those differences.,9.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price,thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.,10.Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.,
