《考研英语阅读技巧.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《考研英语阅读技巧.ppt(65页珍藏版)》请在课桌文档上搜索。
1、考研英语阅读技巧与策略-Reading is a guessing game,so enjoy it!,一、概述,一、概述1.1阅读的目的阅读理解部分的目的是测试学生通过阅读获取信息的能力,即要求准确,也要求有一定的速度。阅读一般应该达到下列目的:了解作者要表达的主要思想;了解文章的主要内容和次要内容,并能把他们区分开来;了解并记住文章中最重要的内容;了解文章结构以及事件发生的时间、空间顺序;了解作者的观点、意图、写作风格及其偏见等;用自己的阅历和知识对文章进行分析、评价,得出自己的体会;在读完一篇文章之后,想一想上述所列出的六项阅读目的,看看你能达到那几项目的。,概述,1.2阅读材料的选择题
2、材广泛,包括科技、社会、文化、人物传记、日常生活等方面,但是所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解。体裁多样,可以包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等,但从实际情况看,用做阅读理解的文章基本上以后两种体裁为主,即载有一定信息量的说明文和有作者观点的论说文。,概述,1.3阅读的能力与其他题型不同,阅读理解部分,考生面对的情况比较复杂。他除了必须理解出题人的命题意图外,还得去看一篇由另一位英美作者写的短文,去理解短文作者的写作意图和主题要点;去把握命题人理解该短文的角度,并在短文的理解上力求与命题人同步,才能确保选对答案。阅读理解部分主要测试下述能力:,概述,既能理解个别句子的意义,也能理解上下文的逻辑关系;既
3、能理解字面的意思,也能理解隐含的意思;既能理解事实和细节,也能理解所读材料的主旨和大意;能就文章的内容进行判断、推理和信息转换。细分起来,学会阅读意味着我们具备以下的能力:理解作者的思想和观点;看出文章的叙事或推论过程;看出并思考所读文章的细节,获得详细的信息;把已获得的信息保在大脑中以便随时使用;看出作者的主要意图和文章的基调;从有关资料中汲取有用的东西;对非重要情节或信息一带而过;根据阅读目的和材料的难易程度调整阅读速度和方法;根据作者的描述得出自己的结论;掌握词的多种含义的知识。,概述,阅读的误区阅读不是一个被动的过程,而是一个积极主动的过程,它需要大量的脑力活动,这就是说,一篇文章的意
4、义不在于材料的本身,而是我们与材料不断交流活动的结果。我们阅读普遍存在的一些问题:是否读的非常慢,非常仔细,不相信自己能全部理解所读的东西;阅读时你的嘴唇和舌头是否在动;在阅读时你的头是否随着所读文字的符号的位置而左右移动;是否经常回读,即,读过的东西又重新读一遍,甚至几遍;是否读什么样的体裁都是一样的速度;是否有很多单词不认识,或不知道它在此处的含义;是否经常把英语译成汉语;是否不会按照“意群”来阅读。,概述,理论根据:人们阅读时总是从左到右,从上一行到下一行,从词到词组到句子到段落,这一过程给人的感觉是人的眼睛总是在不停的移动。其实不然,科学家发现,阅读时人的眼睛不是持续的移动,而是跳跃式
5、移动,94%的时间眼睛是静止的,6%的时间在跳跃。两次跳跃的时间称为一次“注目”,约四分之一秒,每次注目看到的单词因人而异,儿童大约是半个单词,一般读者是一二个单词,较好的读者是二三个单词。在实际阅读中,人的眼睛以词群为单位跳跃,即相关的词往往在一次注目中看到。既然阅读时人的眼睛跳跃式移动,用铅笔或手指着书上每一行左右移动,一边阅读一边念出声、一边读一边字翻译都是没有用的。因为这些动作的速度与眼睛跳跃的速度不一致,再加上他们分散一些注意力,因而不仅影响阅读速度,也影响阅读理解的程度。,二、三大阅读方法阅读方法通常有快读、查读和细读,根据不同的目的,采用不同的方法。(1)快读/略读(skimmi
6、ng)。快读的目的是用浏览的方法了解文章的大意和主题思想,并对文章的结构有个总体的概念,快读时,应特别注意文章的开始段、结束段、文章中每段的段首句和结尾句以及篇章连接手段和行文中的信息词(signal word),因为它们往往是对文章内容的最精简概括,是左右文章大意的关键。略读不是略去某些词不读,而是指不可以逐字逐词阅读。要抓住关键词,阅读句群,把握整体意思。在一个句子里,最关键的莫过于主语、谓语、宾语了,其他的成分都是用来补充主、谓、宾的附加成分,让主、谓、宾看起来更加丰满。使用略读法时,要省去各种细节的知识,如数字、公式、时间、地点、人物年龄等。要注意故事的主要情节,抓住中心意思。,例如:
7、The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons:first,it seems likely that most people in modem Western societies are more familiar,at least in a positive manner,with journalistic interviewing than any other fo
8、rm of interviewing.,(2)查读/跳读(scanning)。查读是指以问题为线索,带着问题,以寻找某一特定的信息而进行的阅读。它是略读法的进一步发展,就是在读的时候,头脑中带着问题,采取跳跃、选择阅读的方法去寻找问题的具体答案。一旦找到了问题的具体答案,便立即停下来。,(3)细读/精读(Reading for full understanding/in depth)。找到文章的有关范围之后,即在此范围内逐句阅读,特别对关键词、句要仔细琢磨,以便对其有较深刻、较准确的理解和掌握。不仅要理解其字面意思,而且要通过推理、推断、弄清文章中“字里行间”的潜在意思。在细读时,对没有学过的
9、生词,可根据上下文或自己的背景知识等来推测其意义;对难以看懂的长句,可借助语法手段,对其加以分析,以达到透彻理解。,存在问题读不懂读不快做不对,正确理解词义man and wife夫妻officers and men官兵his man Friday佣人,仆人man-of-warBe a man!像个男子汉!(勇敢一些,坚强一些),I first took up walking as a means of escape.After a busy morning in my office,I found it refreshing to take a stroll at lunchtime,3.2
10、如何处理阅读中的生词利用构词法猜测生词的含义1)利用构词法中的词缀法(affixation)猜测生词的含义词根是一个单词的根本部分,代表词的基本意义,是英语词汇学习中认知并扩充新词、辨认词义的关键词。英语中的词缀不计其数。它们依附在词根上不仅扩大了词汇的意义,而且还赋予了词汇新的句法功能。前缀一般不改变原有的词性,只改变词义;而后缀通常要改变词性,但词义基本上和原来的词根意义一致。如interesting(adj)有趣的uninteresting(adj)没趣的;meaning(n)意义meaningful(adj)富有意义的meaningfully(adv)极富有意义地,等等。,Anothe
11、r walk in the cold night air was,I discovered,an exhilarating way to unwind.Wind-unwind,例如:When he reached the place with his army,he found animpassableriver in front of him,2)利用构词法中的合成法(compounding)猜测生词的含义。合成法一般是由两个意义不同的词组合在一起,但各自基本上仍保留原有的词汇意义,并在合成新词的基础上再生相应的词义。有合成名词、形容词、动词和副词等。例如:Child laborers in
12、 Dickens novels wereill-treatedandunderfed,3)利用构词法中的转化法(conversion)猜测生词的含义。英语中一词多义是常见的现象,而且词性的转化使用也常见于不同形式的文章内容中。通常有名词和动词的相互转化,形容词转化为名词或动词。转化过程中词形不变,词义偶有变化。例如:I cant imagine a moveIve really been enjoying the job,利用上下文线索猜测生词的含义阅读是无限的。阅读内容的千变万化使得我们不可能完全依靠词典来逐个认知生词的含义。因此,在无法以构词法知识来猜测生词时,还可以根据不同文章的上下文关
13、系来猜测不断遇到的生词。,1)利用上下文线索的同义(近义,synonymy)关系和对比关系(comparison)例如:Their friends laughed at them,and the sisters feltwretched,very unhappyOne of them even cried and sobbedChildren often try toemulateor copy the behavior that they see on television,2)利用上下文线索的反义关系(antonymy)和对立关系(contradiction)作者有时会使用on the o
14、ther hand,however,although,unlike,yet和but等转折语,提醒读者注意他要使用一个与生词具有相反意义地词语。例如:In the northern regions the winters are generally cold andhumid,and the summers hot and dryChimpanzees in the wild use simple objects as tools,but in laboratory situations they can use moresophisticateditems.,Doctors believe t
15、hat smoking cigarettes isdetrimentalto your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.Some people like to walk quickly home after work,but I prefer tostrollhome and look at the store windows along the way.Althoughthe doctorusually performed the operation perfectlythe nurse knew he had slippedwhen
16、she saw the patients blood pressure suddenly rise,3)利用上下文线索的词、短语和句子重述(rephrasing and restatement)例如:Onlyarchaeologistscan find out a lot about our early historyPsychology,the study of mans mind,depends on careful observation of people behavior or actions under certain conditionsSkimbefore you readTh
17、is means looking over a passage quickly before you begin to read it more carefully,Although he often had the opportunity,Mr.Tritt never stole money from a customer.This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want tojeopardizehis future.The woman found herself in a difficult si
18、tuationIn fact herplightwas so serious that she decided to get helpThe powerful poison wasimperceptiblewhen mixed in liquid;that is,it could not be tasted,seen,or smelled,4)利用上下文线索中的举例或例证(example and illustration)例如:The consequences ofepochalevents such as wars and great scientific discoveries are n
19、ot confined to a small geographical area.There was a kind ofdetachmentabout the old mans behaviorIt appeared as if he didnt care what you were saying to himas if what you were saying were of no interest to him,5)利用上下文线索中的相关知识信息和已有的知识经验(information and experience)例如:My parents went out and got a new
20、TVThat afternoon anantennawas put on the roofIf you go southwest in China,youll find the beautiful sights ofEverest,the highest mountain in the worldAn apple falls down instead of up because ofgravity.It was the first time Nancy had been in a big cityShe felt a littleapprehensiveas she walked out on
21、to the street,with so many strange faces staring at her.,First impressions are often lasting ones.Indeed,if you play your cards right,you can enjoy the benefits of what sociologists call the halo effect.This means that if youre viewed positively within the critical first few minutes,the person youve
22、 met will likely assume everything you do is positive.,3.3阅读中的句法手段在阅读理解中,有关意群方面存在的问题可以归纳如下:1)当出现复合句时,特别是定语从句和宾语从句,若定语从句关系词或宾语从句连接词that被省略,考生常常会打乱意群,读起来不得要领。,例如:The crafts people buy include things to decorate their homes,clothes for their children and gifts for their friends,holidays,weddings or spe
23、cial occasionspeople buy是定语从句,限制the crafts,如果将The crafts people看作一个意群,则后面的buy include things便没法理解了。,He must capture the horseHe knew better man than he had tried此例第二句中的knew后省略了that,better m an than he属于一个意群,是这个宾语从句的主语,若把he knew better放在一起读,下文就读不通了。,2)非谓语动词-ing形式与-ed形式引起的麻烦。例如:Assembly will have limi
24、ted self-governing powers,British say it could be as long as 30 years before the North might be in charge of its own affairs这里will have不与 limited一起构成将来完成时,will have后应稍有停顿,limited用作形容词,作前置定语,修饰self-governing powers,它们构成一个意群,是“有限的自治权”的意思。,For those who prefer reading the evening newspaper offers the r
25、eader the possibility of reading the news others see and hear on TV本句中,reading出现两次,第一个reading是名词化的动名词,不能直接带宾语,后面应有停顿,the evening newspaper不是 reading的宾语,它属于下一个意群,是句子的主语;第二个reading是动词的-ing形式,the news是它的宾语。,3)分不清句中词的搭配关系。例如:A few bloodhounds and threats cleared the village of all theIndian inhabitants此
26、句中的of不表示所有关系,因此不与village构成一个意群,它与cleared搭配,clearedof是“从清除”的意思。,The petition asked that during June,July,and August the working hours be changed from 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch to 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunchbe changed以下部分的意群容易搞错,考生正在这里兜圈子,他们的视线停留在be changed from 8 to 5,于是看不懂下文了。应该说fro
27、m与句中的第二个to搭配,from后的8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch是一个意群。第二个to后面7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch是另一个意群。这样读意思就理解了:要求作息时间从原来的上午8点至下午5点,中间留一个小时吃午餐改为上午7点至下午3点30分,中间留半个小时吃午餐。,4分不清and所连接的成分在层次上的差别。例如:Among the factors responsible for the higher crop yields per acre are the widespread use of machinery
28、 for power,the development of better fertilizers,the breeding of better varieties,particularly semidwarf wheat and rice and hybrid sorghum(高粱)and corn,and the more efficient use of irrigation 例句中连用了四个and,第四个and连接的部分是第一层次,在particularlycorn这部分中,第二个and连接的是第二层次,第一个与第三个and连接的是第三层次,semidwarf wheat and ric
29、e与hybrid sorghum and corn应视作两小项,不可分为四项,semidwarf既修饰wheat也修饰rice;hybrid同时修饰sorghum与corn。,5分不清thisthesethatthose等是指示代词还是限定词。作指示代词可以代替名词单独使用,而作限定词时,它们修饰名词,不能单独使用。例如:If his savings,pension,and social security are substantial,he can engage in charitable or religious activitiesBut the self-reliant America
30、n finds these poor substitutes for those social and business activities which once occupied his time and energiesthese是指示代词,代替上文中的 charitable or religious activities而充当 finds的宾语,poor substitutes是宾语的补语,意思是说:发现慈善、宗教活动不能取代原来从事的社交、商业活动。若把 these看作限定词,则these poor substitutes成了一个意群,语意大相径庭。,6英语句子中那些从逻辑上讲应该接
31、续的成分被分隔时,如果不能确定被分割的成分,也就不能正确读懂意群。例如:The prisoners are overcrowded,with many cells intended for one man occupied by three这句中的关键是要注意with短语中的分隔,即with所带的宾语m any cells与宾补occupied之间被充当后置定语的过去分词短语intended for one man隔开,其意群的划分应该是with many cellsintended for one manoccupied by three,整个句子的意思是:监狱现在过度拥挤,许多原来关一个人
32、的单身牢房现在关三个人。,3.4阅读中的篇章手段语篇标识词句子与句子之间,以及上语义与下语义之间,往往存在一些规律性的标识词。常用来连接细节或是强调内容,并可完成段落的转换,暗示读者下文要讲的内容,标志出作者要提出一个新的思想或者观点,或者是作者要对所论述的观点举例说明,或者要详细论述同一观点。例如:,A表示递进关系:also,besides,further,furthermore,even,too,moreoverin addition,in particular,even more important等。B表示时间和顺序:before,now,next,first,finally,at f
33、irst,at last,then,until,soon,later,after,eventually,in the past,afterwards,meanwhile,in the meantime等。C表示空间顺序:beside,between,beyond,from(to),outside,next to,opposite to等。D表示下文要引出例子:such as,i.e.,for example,for instance,in fact,to illustrate,as an illustration等。E表示因果关系:because,thus,so,so that,as a re
34、sult,therefore,consequently,for this(that)reason,hence,accordingly等。F表示比较或对比(下文要开始转折):(un)like,similarly,likewise,in the same way,in spite of,despite,on the contrary,by comparison,in contrast,but,however,although,on the other hand,yet,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely,otherwise等。G表示结论和概括意义:to conc
35、lude,to sum up,in sum,in conclusion,in short,in brief,on the whole,all in all等。在文中遇到此类词汇一定要做标记,考点也常常在这些地方出现。,文章组织结构无论文章是什么内容,亦或是怎样的长度,在结构上是非常相似的。段落通常由一个主题句引出,接着是一系列说明主题句的细节,最后是结尾句。同样,文章是由篇首段、主体段和结论段三部分组成。引言段揭示主题,正文部分对主题分点阐述,结论段对全文归纳总结。考生在拿过一篇文章时,首先要注意选文的首段,一般这部分引出文中要讨论的核心问题,从而起到统领全文的作用。一般情况下,篇首段由引语句
36、和中心思想句两部分组成。,前者目的是引起读者的兴趣,同时使读者对文章要讨论的问题在心理上有所准备。后者向读者交待该文的主题或写作目的。总之,篇首段的作用就是使读者顺利地进入正文。文章内容主干一般从不同的侧面对文章的主题展开讨论。各段阐述的内容必须与主题一致。结尾段概括全文的内容,往往使用不同的话重新阐述中心思想,从而与篇首段相呼应。同时,使读者对全文有一个完整、清晰的认识。,例如:As the sun went down,the scene from the bridge was beautiful.It had been a perfect day.Up and down on either
37、 side of NY the bright blue water lay gently rippling,while to the south it merged into the great bay and disappeared toward the sea.The vast cities spread away on both sides.Beyond rolled the hilly country until it was lost in the mists of the sky.All up and down the harbor the shipping,piers,and b
38、uildings were still gaily decorated.On the housetops of both Brooklyn and NY were multitudes of people.主题句就是第一句。其他的句子只是细节,都是解释、说明第一句的。,四、答题策略考试意义上的阅读理解不同于一般获取信息的阅读,它是一种定向理解,即要求考生在阅读短文后回答命题人设计的理解题,与考题无关的内容则可以不理解,理解正确率及能力强弱通过答题正确率鉴定。这样,阅读理解应试技巧当包括两个方面的内容:把握命题人的命题意图,了解他出题时处理短文的深度和角度,站在命题人角度去分析阅读理解题题型,并
39、掌握不同题型的特点及答题要求。阅读理解题型大致可以归纳为以下四类:词汇题、细节题、主旨题和推理题。,4.1词汇题词汇是语言的建筑材料,这类试题主要测试考生利用上下文猜测生词的词义或确定常用词汇在特定语言环境中确切含义的能力。出题对象一般为文中的关键词语,如生词、多义词、复杂句式等。如果考核的词汇没有超出大纲,则其常见意义必然不是正确答案,正确答案应该是根据上下文推测处的一个深刻涵义或生僻涵义;若为超纲词或为大多数人不认识的单词,则其字面意思或常见意思就是正确答案。怎样推测不认识的单词:以该词为中心,向上向下搜索同词性的单词,并将其代入替换看意思是否通顺。,这类问题的设计目的不是考查考生的词汇量
40、,而是从特定的角度测试考生的阅读理解能力和上下文推定词义处理生词的能力,所以解答这类试题同样要紧扣短文,特别是问及的是我们所认识的单词时,不能凭我们对该词的已有知识匆然选题,而要根据上下文来确定该词在本短文中的特殊含义。词汇语义题的问题干扰项一般有以下几种类型:1)与上下文并不相吻的我们所熟悉的定义;2)与上下文似乎相吻的错误定义;3)出现在上下文中的与本词词性相同的词;,Social supportcushionsstress in a number of ways.First,friends,relatives,and co-workers may let us know that the
41、y value us.Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties.Second,other people often provide us withinformational support.They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them.Third,we typically find social companionship su
42、pportive.Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting(转移注意力)us from our worries and troubles.Finally,other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid,material resources,and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping
43、 us resolve and cope with our problems.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word“cushions”?A)Adds up to.B)Does away with.C)Lessens the effect of.D)Lays the foundation for.,4.2细节题在测试中,有些题目是根据文章中的事实和细节而设计的,目的在于考察考生对组成文章的主体部分的理解程度。这类问题包括询问人(who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、文中的数据(data)、事情发
44、生的原因和结果(cause and effect)等。,本类题型的干扰项有以下几种类型:1)与短文细节部分相吻,部分相悖;2)是短文细节,但不是要点或主要论据;3)是短文细节,但不符合题干要求,题干 指向的应在短文其他位置;4)与常识相吻但短文未提及;5)明显与短文细节不符或短文未提及。,这类理解题主要采取定位的方法解答,即根据题干关键词,先确定本题的对应细节问题,应首先找到它的考查点,然后根据它的命题规律答题。题干+答案在意义上通常等于原文中某一部分的内容,也就是说用不同的表达方式使题干+答案与原文等值。所用的方法大致有释义、使用同义词、反义词或词组、利用词汇的同现、复现、上、下义词以及句式
45、和语态的转换等等。,例如:Instead,for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor,governments should price water to reflect its actual value.This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply costs.According to the author,the water price should _.A)correspond to its real valueB)be reduc
46、ed to the minimumC)stimulate domestic demandD)take into account the occurrences of droughts,4.3主旨题这类理解题问及短文主题、标题、作者写作目的、短文的学科分类及读者对象等,要求考生在阅读短文后通过概括,找出短文各要点间的内在联系和共性,从而归纳出短文的主题。主题的确定可通过寻找主题句的方法实现,主题句大多出现在段首、第一段的段尾或短文第1、2句后由转折词(but,however等)引导的句子中。,但相当一部分阅读短文的主题句并不出现,这时更有效的方法是从以下两个方面进行概括:1)本文论述的对象是什么
47、(包括何人、何事、何物、何种观点等);2)本文论述该对象的什么方面(干什么、怎么样等)。主题归纳类试题的干扰项有以下几种类型:1)覆盖面太大、太笼统,大大超出了短文论述的范围;2)覆盖面偏窄,在内容上只涉及短文的某一部分或若干要点;3)仅为短文的某一要点甚至某一细节;4)与短文内容“擦边”,但偏离文章主题。,例如:Americans are proud of their variety and individuality,yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform,whether it is the uniform of a
48、 lift operator or the uniform of a five-star general.Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?Among the arguments for uniforms,one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian clothes.People have become conditioned to expect higher quality from a
49、man who wears a uniform.The television repairman who wears a uniform is likely to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes.Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform.What easier way is there for a nurse,a policeman,a hairdresser,or a waiter to lose professio
50、nal identity than to step out of uniform?,Uniforms also have many practical good points.They are often more comfortable and more lasting than civilian clothes.Primary among the argument against uniforms is their lack of variety and the loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them.T