《托福作文写作范文详解eas.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《托福作文写作范文详解eas.docx（7页珍藏版）》请在课桌文档上搜索。
1、托福作文写作范文详解ReadingCarvedstoneballsareacurioustypeofartifactfoundatanumberoflocationsinScotland.TheydatefromthelateNeolithicperiod,around4,000yearsago.Theyareroundinshape;theywerecarvedfromseveraltypesofstone;mostareabout70mmindiameter;andmanyareornamentedtosomedegree.Archaeologistsdonotagreeaboutthei
2、rpurposeandmeaning,butthereareseveraltheories.Onetheoryisthatthecarvedstoneballswereweaponsusedinhuntingorfighting.Someofthestoneballshavebeenfoundwithholesinthemzandmanyhavegroovesonthesurface.Itispossiblethatacordwasstrungthroughtheholesorlaidinthegroovesaroundtheball.Holdingthestoneballsattheendo
3、fthecordwouldhaveallowedapersontoswingitaroundorthrowit.Asecondtheoryisthatthecarvedstoneballswereusedaspartofaprimitivesystemofweightsandmeasures.Thefactthattheyaresonearlyuniforminsize-at70mmindiameter-suggeststhattheballswereinterchangeableandrepresentedsomestandardunitofmeasure.Theycouldhavebeen
4、usedasstandardweightstomeasurequantitiesofgrainorotherfoodroranythingthatneededtobemeasuredbyweightonabalanceorscaleforthepurposeoftrade.Athirdtheoryisthatthecarvedstoneballsservedasocialpurposeasopposedtoapracticalorutilitarianone.Thisviewissupportedbythefactthatmanystoneballshaveelaboratedesigns.T
5、heelaboratecarvingsuggeststhatthestonesmayhavemarkedtheimportantsocialstatusoftheirowners.Listening:Nowlistentopartofalectureonthetopicyoujustreadabout.(Femaleprofessor)Noneofthethreetheoriespresentedinthereadingpassageareveryconvincing.Firstzthestoneballsashuntingweapons,commonNeolithicweaponssucha
6、sarrowheadsandhandaxesgenerallyshowsignsofwear,soweshouldexpectthatifthestoneballshadbeenusedasweaponsforhuntingoffighting,theyztoozwouldshowsignsofthatuse.Manyofthestoneballswouldbecrackedorhavepiecesbrokenoff.However,thesurfacesoftheballsaregenerallywellpreserved,showinglittleornowearordamage.Seco
7、nd,thecarvedstoneballsmayberemarkablyuniforminsize,buttheirmassesvarytooconsiderablytohavebeenusedasuniformweights.Thisisbecausethestoneballsweremadewithdifferenttypesofstoneincludingsandstone,greenstoneandquartzite.Eachtypeofstonehasadifferentdensity.SometypesofstoneareheavierthanOthersjustasahandf
8、uloffeathersweightlessthanahandfulofrocks.Twoballsofthesamesizearedifferentweightsdependingonthetypeofstonetheyaremadeof.Therefore,theballscouldnothavebeenusedasaprimitiveweighingsystem.Third,itsunlikelythatthemainpurposeoftheballswasassomekindofsocialmarker.Acoupleoffactsareinconsistentwiththistheo
9、ry.Foronething,whilesomeoftheballsarecarvedwithintricatepatterns,manyothershavemarkingsthatareextremelysimple,toosimpletomaketheballslooklikestatussymbols.Furthermore,weknowthatinNeolithicBritain,whensomeonedied,particularlyahigh-rankingperson,theywereusuallyburiedwiththeirpossessions.However,noneof
10、thecarvedstoneballshavebeenactuallyfoundintombsorgraves.Thatmakesitunlikelythattheballswerepersonalpossessionsthatmarkedapersonsstatuswithinthecommunity.SummarizethepointsmadeintheIecturezbeingsuretoexplainhowtheychallengedthespecifictheoriespresentedinthereadingpassage.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassage1. Th
11、ereareseveraltheoriesaboutthepurposeandmeaningofcarvedstoneballs.2. First,thecarvedstoneballswereweaponsusedinhuntingorfighting.3. Second,theywereusedaspartofaprimitivesystemofweightsandmeasures.4. Third,theyservedasocialpurposeasopposedtoapracticalorutilitarianone.Lecture1. Noneofthetheoriespresent
12、edinthereadingpassageareveryconvincing.2. Thesurfacesoftheballsareverywellpreserved,showingnosignofwearordamage.However,commonNeolithicweaponsgenerallyshowsignsofwear.3. Theballsmaybeuniforminsize,butconsiderablydifferentinweight.Sotheycannotbeusedtoweighthings.4. Manycarvingaretoosimpletomakethemlo
13、oklikestatussymbols.Also,noneofthestoneswerefoundingraves,wherepeoplewithhighsocialstatuskepttheirpersonalpossessions.二、范文逐段赏析Paragraph1Theauthorinthereadingpassageexploresthreemajorfunctionsofthecarvedstoneballs.However,inthelecture,theprofessorrespectivelycontradictsallhisassertionsbyusingthreespe
14、cificpointsassupports.此段功能首段概括了阅读文本中的基本内容，同时提出了演讲者对此的反对意见,言简意赅，为下文论述做好铺垫。此段结构此段为并列结构，分别陈述了文章和演讲中的两方不同观点。Paragraph2Firstzeventhoughthereadingpassagesuggeststhatthestoneballswereweaponsbecauseoftheholesandgroovesontheirsurface,theprofessorarguesthatthestoneballsdidnotshowsignsofusezwhichmeanstheyarene
15、ithercrackednorbrokenandthuscouldnothavebeenusedasweapons.此段功能指出文章第一个观点，即因为这些石球表面分布有孔和槽,所以是武器。而演讲中驳斥到这些石球并没有破损所以说明它并没有被当做武器使用过。此段结构此段并列结构，指出文章第一个观点，并提出了演讲者的反驳意见。Paragraph3Second,despitethestatementinthereadingpassagethatthestoneballswereusedasprimitiveweighingsystemduetotheiruniformsize,theprofessor
16、contendsthattheirmassesvarytooconsiderablyfromeachotherbecausedifferentstonesaremadeofdifferentproductsevenifthesizesarethesame.Therefore,theballscouldnotfunctionasweighingsystem.此段功能指出文章第二个观点，即这些石球大小统一，是原始的称量体系。而演讲中驳斥到这些石球虽然大小统一但是材质不一，所以重量相差很大，无法作为称量体系。此段结构此段并列结构，指出文章第二个观点，并提出了演讲者的反驳意见。Paragraph4Th
17、ird,theauthorassertsthatthestoneballsservedasocialpurposeowingtotheirelaboratedesignswhiletheprofessorprovesthatthisclaimisindefensiblebypointingoutthattheballswerecarvedwithnotonlyintricatepatterns,butalsosimpleones,besides,noneoftheballswerefoundintheancienttombsorgraves.Consequently,itisimpossibl
18、ethattheballsweresocialmarkers.此段功能指出文章中的第三个观点，即石球因为雕刻精细，有一定的社会寓意。而在演讲中，演讲者驳斥道，这些石球上面有些雕刻精细但也有一些雕刻简单，并且这些石球并没有在古墓之类的地方发现，以此来证明石球不具有社会象征寓意。此段结构此段并列结构，指出文章第三个观点，并提出了演讲者的反驳意见。三、范文全篇总评1 .逻辑结构全文采用典型的总分结构，在首段指出文章与演讲观点相悖，接下来分三个方面阐述了演讲中的证据以此来说明文章的观点不成立。2 .语言表达文中这个长句值得注意。Second,despitethestatementinthereadin
19、gpassagethatthestoneballswereusedasprimitiveweighingsystemduetotheiruniformsize,theprofessorcontendsthattheirmassesvarytooconsiderablyfromeachotherbecausedifferentstonesaremadeofdifferentproductsevenifthesizesarethesame.全文由despite串联起来两个表示对比的句子，在前半部分，statement是先行词，然后that引导的同位语从句对先行词进行解释,中间还穿插有dueto由于这个词组,在后半部分也穿插了that引导的宾语从句，从句中又套着because引导的原因状语从句等，需要层层分析。
