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1、托福作文写作范文详解ReadingInmanyorganizations,perhapsthebestwaytoapproachcertainnewprojectsistoassembleagroupofpeopleintoateam.Havingateamofpeopleattackaprojectoffersseveraladvantages.Firstofallzagroupofpeoplehasawiderrangeofknowledge,expertise,andskillsthananysingleindividualislikelytopossess.Also7becauseof
2、thenumbersofpeopleinvolvedandthegreaterresourcestheypossess,agroupcanworkmorequicklyinresponsetothetaskassignedtoitandcancomeupwithhighlycreativesolutionstoproblemsandissues.Sometimesthesecreativesolutionscomeaboutbecauseagroupismorelikelytomakeriskydecisionsthatanindividualmightnotundertake.Thisisb
3、ecausethegroupspreadsresponsibilityforadecisiontoallthemembersandthusnosingleindividualcanbeheldaccountableifthedecisionturnsouttobewrong.Takingpartinagroupprocesscanbeveryrewardingformembersoftheteam.Teammemberswhohaveavoiceinmakingadecisionwillnodoubtfeelbetteraboutcarryingouttheworkthatisentailed
4、bythedecisionthantheymightdoingworkthatisimposedonthembyothers.Also,theindividualteammemberhasamuchbetterchanceto“shine”,togethisorhercontributionsandideasnotonlyrecognizedbutrecognizedashighlysignificant,becauseateam,soverallresultscanbemorefar-reachingandhavegreaterimpactthanwhatmighthaveotherwise
5、beenpossibleforthepersontoaccomplishorcontributeworkingalone.ListeningProfessorNowIwanttotellyouaboutwhatonecompanyfoundwhenitdecidedthatitwouldturnoversomeofitsnewprojectstoteamsofpeople,andmaketheteamresponsibleforplanningtheprojectsandgettingtheworkdone.Afteraboutsixmonths,thecompanytookalookatho
6、wwelltheteamsperformed.Onvirtuallyeveryteam,somemembersgotalmostafreeride.theydidntcontributemuchatallzbutiftheirteamdidagoodjobztheyneverthelessbenefitedfromtherecognitiontheteamgot.Andwhataboutgroupmemberswhoworkedespeciallywellandwhoprovidedalotofinsightonproblemsandissues?Well.therecognitionfora
7、jobwelldonewenttothegroupasawholeznonameswerenamed.Soitwontsurpriseyoutolearnthatwhentherealcontributorswereaskedhowtheyfeltaboutthegroupprocess,theirattitudewasjusttheoppositeofwhatthereadingpredicts.Anotherfindingwasthatsomeprojectsjustdidntmoveveryquickly.Why?Becauseittooksolongtoreachconsensus;i
8、ttookmany,manymeetingstobuildtheagreementamonggroupmembersabouthowtheywouldmovetheprojectalong.Ontheotherhandztherewereotherinstanceswhereoneortwopeoplemanagedtobecomeveryinfluentialoverwhattheirgroupdid.SometimeswhenthoseinfluencerssaidThatwillneverworkaboutanideathegroupwasdeveloping,theideawasqui
9、cklydroppedinsteadofbeingfurtherdiscussed.Andthentherewasanotheroccasionwhenacoupleinfluencersconvincedthegroupthataplanoftheirswashighlycreative.Andeventhoughsomememberstriedtowarntherestofthegroupthattheprojectwasmovingindirectionsthatmightnotworkztheywerebasicallyignoredbyothergroupmembers.Canyou
10、guesstheendingtothisstory?Whentheprojectfailed,theblamewasplacedonallthemembersofthegroup.阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:Havingateamoffersseveraladvantages.Subpoint1:Widerknowledgeexpertiseandskills.Subpoint2:Groupprocesscanberewarding.Subpoint3:Individualteammemberbettertoshine.LectureAttitude:Tu
11、rnoverprojecttoteamandmakethemresponsible.SubPoint1:Somememberdontcontribute.(Realcontributorsnothappy.)SubPoint2:Tooklongtoreachconsensus.(Peoplebecomeinfluential.)SubPoint3:Influencerscanbringfailaswell.范文逐段贯析Paragraph1Thelecturertalksaboutresearchconductedbyafirmthatusedagroupsystemtohandletheirw
12、ork.Hesaysthatthetheorystatedinthepassagewasverydifferentandsomewhatinaccuratewhencomparedtowhathappenedinreality.此段功能：（Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替）（Readingpassage后文用R代替）作者先总结L的意见，L说一间公司进行了一次群组作业的调研。实际的结果和理论中完全不一样。此段结构：开头段表示了L的逻辑，L将主要讲解R理论中和L实际中的不同。Paragraph2First,somemembersgotfreerides.Thatslsomedidn
13、ztworkhardbutnonethelessreceivedrecognitionforthegroupssuccess.Thisalsoindicatesthatpeoplewhoworkedhardwerenotgivenalloftherecognitiontheyshouldhavereceived.Inotherwords,theywerenztgiventheopportunityto“shine.Thisdirectlycontradictswhatthereadingpassageindicateswouldresultfromgroupwork.此段功能：以L的现实引出一
14、个分论点，有些组员根本无所作为，但由于小组成功也获得认可。这样一来那些全力工作的组员并没有得到足够的认可。他们没有得到发光的机会，这样的事实于R陈述的完全相反。此段结构：此段为总分结构，作者引出L的一系列实证后说明R是错误的。Paragraph3Secondzgroupswereslowinprogress.Thereadingpassagesaysthatgroupsaremoreresponsivethanindividualsbecauseofthenumberofpeopleinvolvedandtheiraggregatedresources.Howeverzthespeakerta
15、lksabouthowthefirmfoundoutthatgroupswereslowerthanindividualsindecisionmaking:groupsneededmoretimeformeetings；whicharenecessaryproceduresingroupdecisionmaking.Thiswasanotherplacewhererealitycontradictedtheory.此段功能：作者引出第二个事实：群组进度缓慢。R说群组工作会更迅捷因为更多的集合资源。L说群组慢的原因是因为他们做出决定太慢，太多时间开会，这样的时间消耗也是和R的理论相反的。此段结构
16、：此段为总分结构，L开头摆出来事实结论，随后开始一系列和R的对比。Paragraph4Thirdzinfluentialpeoplemightemergeandleadthegrouptowardssuccessorfailure.Iftheinfluentialpeopleareleadingintherightdirectiontherewouldbenoproblem;butincaseswheretheygointhewrongdirection,thereisrarelyapersonwithenoughinfluencetocounterthedecisionmade.Inothe
17、rwordszthegroupmightturnintoadictatorship,withtheinfluentialpartyastheleader,andsubsequentlymightbecomelessflexibleinitsthinking.Thegroupmightbecomeone-sidedzandthusfailtosucceed.此段功能：作者总结了最后一点有影响力的人可能给小组带来的成功或者失败。随后摆出L和R事实：领头羊走在正确的道路上的时候自然没有问题，但是在他们走入错误道路时候，很难有组员能反抗他们的决定。换句话说，小组被独裁了，小组会一边倒。此段结构：此段为
18、总分结构，开头引出结论后，补充了大量的比较和证据。范文全篇总评L逻辑结构全文遵从总分结构，开头段表明L的怀疑逻辑，随即开始全文的辩论。在论段中作者如实的反映双方的情绪和证据，做出对称的对比。论段为开头段服务：R说的理论和L的现实差别很大。2、语言表达作者用词准确，字里行间不拖泥带水，可以借鉴的词句有：1. Aggregated:聚合的Thedonationaggregatesto10z000pounds.2. Dictatorship:独裁/Absolutism/despotism/ManyAfricancountriesstilllivesunderamilitarydictatorship
