托福作文写作范文详解outh.docx

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1、托福作文写作范文详解综合写作ReadingAsearlyasthetwelfthcenturyA.D.zthesettlementsofChacoCanyoninNewMexicointheAmericanSouthwestwerenotablefortheirgreathouses/massivestonebuildingsthatcontainhundredsofroomsandoftenstandthreeorfourstorieshigh.Archaeologistshavebeentryingtodeterminehowthebuildingswereused.Whiletherei

2、sstillnouniversallyagreeduponexplanation,therearethreecompetingtheories.OnetheoryholdsthattheChacostructureswerepurelyresidential,witheachhousinghundredsofpeople.SupportersofthistheoryhaveinterpretedChacogreathousesasearlierversionsofthearchitectureseeninmorerecentSouthwestsocieties.Inparticular,the

3、Chacohousesappearstrikinglysimilartothelarge,well-knownapartmentbuildingsatTaoszNewMexico,inwhichmanypeoplehavebeenlivingforcenturies.AsecondtheorycontendsthattheChacostructureswereusedtostorefoodsupplies.OneofthemaincropsoftheChacopeoplewasgrainmaize,whichcouldbestoredforlongperiodsoftimewithoutspo

4、ilingandcouldserveasalong-lastingsupplyoffood.Thesuppliesofmaizehadtobestoredsomewhere,andthesizeofthegreathouseswouldmakethemverysuitableforthepurpose.Athirdtheoryproposesthathouseswereusedasceremonialcenters.ClosetoonehousezcalledPuebloAltozarchaeologistsidentifiedanenormousmoundformedbyapileofold

5、material.Excavationsofthemoundrevealeddepositscontainingasurprisinglylargenumberofbrokenpots.ThisfindinghasbeeninterpretedasevidencethatpeoplegatheredatPuebloAltoforspecialceremonies.Attheceremonies,theyatefestivemealsandthendiscardedthepotsinwhichthemealshadbeenpreparedorserved.Suchceremonieshavebe

6、endocumentedforotherNativeAmericancultures.ListeningProfessor:UnfortunatelynoneoftheargumentsaboutwhattheChacogreathouseswereusedforisconvincing.First,sure,fromtheoutside,thegreathouseslooklikelaterandnativeAmericanapartmentbuilding,buttheinsideofthegreathousescastsseriousdoubtontheideathatmanypeopl

7、elivedthere.llexplain.Ifhundredsofpeoplewerelivinginthegreathouses,thentherewouldhavetobemanyfireplaces,whereeachfamilydiditsdailycooking,butthereareveryfewfireplaces.Inoneofthelargestgreathouses,therewerefireplacesforonlyaroundtenfamilies.Yettherewereenoughroomsinthegreathouseformorethanahundredfam

8、ilies,sotheprimaryfunctionofthehousescouldnthavebeenresidential.Second,theideathatthegreathouseswereusedtostoregrainmaizeisunsupportedbyevidence.Itmaysoundplausiblethatlargeemptyroomswereusedforstorage,butexcavationsofthegreathouseshavenotuncoveredmanytracesofmaizeormaizecontainers.Ifthegreathousesw

9、ereusedforstorage,whyisnttheremorespilledmaizeonthefloor?Whyarenttheremoreremainsofbigcontainers?Third,theideathatthegreathouseswereceremonialcentersisntwellsupportedeither.YouknowthatmoundatPuebloAlto?Itcontainslotsofothermaterialsbesidesbrokenpots,stuffyouwouldntexpectfromceremonies.Forexample,the

10、rearelargequantitiesofbuildingmaterials,sands,stones,evenconstructiontools.Thissuggeststhatthemoundisjustatrashheapofconstructionmaterial,stuffthatwasthrownawayornotusedupwhenahousewasbeingbuilt.Thepotsinthepilecouldberegulartrashtoo,leftoverfromthemealsoftheconstructionworkers.SothePuebloAltomoundi

11、snotgoodevidencethatthegreathouseswereusedforspecialceremonies.阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:3theoriesonthebuildingsinNewMexico.Subpoint1:Chacostructuresareresidential.Subpoint2:Chacousedtostorefood.Subpoint3:Chacousedforceremonialcenters.LectureAttitude:Noneconvincing.SubPoint1:Veryfewfireplaces

12、,residentialarenotprimaryfunction.SubPoint2:Notracesofmaizeorcontainers.SubPoint3:Containstuffnotfromceremonies.(Trashheap.)范文逐段赏析Paragraph1TheauthorofthereadingpassageproposesthreetheoriesaslikelyexplanationsoftheprimaryfunctionofChacoCanyonhouses,greatstructuresbuiltintheI2thcentury.Thelecturer,ho

13、wever,pointstotheinaccuraciesineachofthesetheories.此段功能:(Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替)(Readingpassage后文用R代替)开头段总结R认为有三个用途可以解释chacocanyon建筑,随后表明逻辑,L认为三个都不准确。此段结构:作者分清晰的复述了双方观点,辩论对象,为接下来的辩论做好了准备。Paragraph2Thelecturerarguesthatthemodestnumberoffireplacesinthesestructuresisincontradictionwiththeirhugesizes,

14、indicatingthatthesestructurescouldnothavebeenusedforresidentialpurposes.Thereadingpassage,however,drawscomparisonsbetweentheChacohousesandothersimilarlargeresidentialstructuresinsupportofthe“residential“theory.此段功能:作者用L继续引出第一点,L指出房间里没有很多壁炉,所以不太可能是住用途。R在这点上,用的是类比的手法,用别的和Chaco相似的住宅来证明Chaco也是住宅。此段结构:总分

15、结构。L和R互相陈列双方证据,L的证据给R造成了足够的怀疑,达到了证明notconvincing的效果。Paragraph3Thesecondtheory,thatthehouseswereusedforfoodstorage,isalsorejectedbythelecturer.Heexplainsthataplacethathadbeenusedforstoringmaizewouldhavemanytracesofscatteredmaize,whichisnotthecaseintheareaoftheChacoCanyonhouses.Thisprovidessupporttoth

16、eideathatthe”foodstoragetheoryzzisunlikely.此段功能:作者先陈述第二点理论,房间是用于食物储藏用途也被L推翻了。L说一个储存玉米的仓库起码会有碎玉米的痕迹,但是这些痕迹在Chaco根本找不到,无法支持这个储存理论。此段结构:此段为总分结构,在开头作者抛出结论后接着补充证据,达到反驳R了效果。Paragraph4Finally,regardingthethird“ceremony“theory,thelecturercontendsthatthepresenceofbrokenpotsclosetothegreathousesdoesnotoffersu

17、fficientproofthatthiswasaplaceforceremonialactivities.Hearguesthatthereareothermaterialssuchaspiecesofconstructiontrashfoundalongwithbrokenpotswhichsuggeststhatthesepotswereprobablynotusedforceremonialpurposesbutinsteadwerediscardedbyconstructionworkersuponcompletionofthegreathouses.此段功能:在最后一点,仪式用途的

18、说法上。作者先从L出发,指出一些在房子周围的破罐子完全不足以证明这里举行过仪式。这样的东西很可能就是建筑垃圾,是建筑工人修造完工后就扔在这里的。此段结构:此段为总分结构,L抛出对罐子的观点,接下来解释观点形成的原因。范文全篇总评1、逻辑结构全文遵从总分结构,开头段告诉读者逻辑和有三方面进行辩论。在接下来的论段里,作者详细陈列了L和R各自的观点和证据。在三个用途解释上面,作者都表示了L对其不信任然后给出了新解释,同时给出了补充证据,呼应了首段。2.语言表达文中有一些不错的,引出观点和证据的句式,其中可以借鉴的词句有:1. drawscomparisonsbetween:对两方面进行对比2. Maize:玉米:Corn3. Regarding.(XKA)zlecturerContendS.(证据A)4. Discard:抛弃:thrownawayoHehasdiscardedhisoldtheory.

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