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1、Chapter one Writing a Paragraph,Contents,Introduction,Organization of a paragraph,Qualities of a good paragraph,3,1,2,3,Conclusion,Definition,A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic.,A paragraph is a group of orderly sentences that develop one central idea comple
2、tely.,Paragraph is the basic unit of organization in writing in which a group of related sentences develop one main idea.,Introduction,Structural parts of a paragraph,a topic sentencesupporting sentencesa concluding sentence,Topic Sentence,Definition and Function Position Writing a Good Topic Senten
3、ce,Definition and Function,A topic sentence states the main idea of a paragraph.It not only names the topic(who,what)of the paragraph,but also limits the topic to one or two areas that can be discussed completely in the space of a single paragraph.The specific area is called the controlling idea.,De
4、finition and Function,The controlling idea is usually indicated by a single word or a phrase in the topic sentence.A controlling idea helps a writer by reminding him or her at all times to keep to the central idea as he or she writes a paragraph.e.g.Point out the topic and the controlling idea of th
5、e following topic sentences,ExamplesThere are four seasons in a year.Industrialization has brought us many benefits as well as environmental tragedies.The students in the class come from many different parts of the world.,E.g.There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the wor
6、ld.First,Canada has an excellent health care system医保制度.All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable/an affordable price.Second,Canada has a high standard of education.Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at universities.Finally,Canada
7、s cities are clean and efficiently managed.Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live.As a result,Canada is a desirable place to live.,Position of a Topic Sentence,a)At the beginning of a paragraphb)At the end of a paragraphc)In the middle of a paragraphd)At both the beginn
8、ing and the end of a paragraphe)Sometimes it can be implied,The implied topic sentence,Of those who drop out of college,some leave for financial reasons,and this is often tragic because these people in many cases do well in college before they have to leave.Some leave because of poor health.A few ar
9、e drafted.Many leave for personal reasonsmarriage,family mix-ups or just the realization that college is not the place for them.,Exercise,Underline the topic sentences,or add one to the paragraph(if a topic sentence does not appear but is implied.),1.Americans might be embarrassed because their Japa
10、nese friends are so formal with them.Japanese might feel insulted because American acquaintances greet them casually.Still,the forms of greeting in both countries only show respect for others.It just happens that Americans and Japanese have a different way of looking at human relationships and thus
11、have a different way of showing respect.,4.People who live in cities today think meat is something that comes wrapped in cellophane(玻璃纸)from the supermarket,potatoes come by the pound in plastic or paper bags,and feathers grow in hats.The city dwellers views are quite different from the views of the
12、ir ancestors,who knew that meat is hunted down in the forest,potatoes are planted and weeded,and only birds can produce feathers.Yet,whether people today realize it or nor,they are still as dependent on animals and plants for their existence as their ancestors were.,Writing a Good Topic Sentence,Usi
13、ng direct statements.Avoiding using too general controlling ideasLook at the following examples,which one is better as a topic sentence.,Avoiding Using Too General Controlling Ideas,(1)a.Modern technology is good and helpful to us.b.Modern technology has improved the quality of our lives immeasurabl
14、y.,Avoiding Using Too General Controlling Ideas,(2)a.My brother enjoys water sports.b.Among the water sports that my brother enjoys are snorkeling(潜水),scuba diving（呼吸器跳水）,and water-skiing.,Supporting Sentences,Supporting sentences are used to further explain the controlling ideas of the essay.They d
15、evelop the topic sentence by giving definitions,illustrations,reasons,examples,facts,statistics,quotations,etc.(Examples),No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.（推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,we are no longer free to choose the things we want,for advertising exer
16、ts a subtle influence on us.（推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product,advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our weaknesses.,Concluding Sentence,The concluding sentence,the ending of a paragraph,should not be too long.The author should not
17、 add some new materials.Otherwise,the reader will feel that the essay has no ending.Three ways are generally used to write a concluding sentence.SummationRestatementResolution,In Taiwan,there are four seasons that are spring,summer,autumn,and winter.I like spring the most because it is a season of v
18、itality.Trees grow new leaves,flowers bloom new buds,birds sing merrily,and men are energetic.Summer is the welcome season for students because of the long summer break.Autumn is theseason for harvest.All your hard works and efforts will be paid at this time.Winter is a holiday season because Christ
19、mas and New Year fall in this season.To conclude,spring,summer,autumn,and winter are the four seasons in a year,and I thank Mother Nature for Her wonderful creation.,Smoking is hazardous to health.A regular smoker is always coughing or clearing his throat.The greater danger is that it may deteriorat
20、e into something worse such as lung cancer or other diseases.Also,it is an established fact that smokers are more prone to heart diseases andstrokes.The smokers health is also generally poorer.My friends who smoke do not have enough stamina（精力）,as they say.All in all,smoking is harmful to your body.
21、,Many of us wish to accomplish several tasks at the same time.While we do not have the ability to do so,we must not try to do anything else till we bring one task to a successful end.This is because when we concentrate on doing one thing we may not concentrate on others.Consequently,ones aim at over
22、achievement may end at achieving nothing.So,let us work while we work,play while we play,which is the way to be happy and gay.,How to organize a paragraph?,A reasonable sequence(一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑),A narrowed-down topic(The basic aim of a paragraph is to communicate one central idea c
23、learly and effectively),Organization of a paragraph,Narrowing down Topic,My House-living room-your favorite desk-the fireplace-your bookcase,A reasonable sequence(一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑),A narrowed-down topic If you want to talk about something clearly and effectively,you should first nar
24、row down the topic.,Organization of a paragraph,A reasonable sequence,Achronological arrangement 按时间先后排列B.spatial arrangement 按位置远近排列C.logical arrangement 按逻辑关系排列D.Comparison and contrast,Organization of a paragraph,C.logical arrangement,1)arrangement in order of importance 按重要性顺序排列2)general-to-spec
25、ific arrangement 由一般到特殊排列3)specific-to-general arrangement 由特殊到一般排列,Qualities of a good paragraph1.unity 统一性pleteness or adequateness 完整性3.coherence 连贯性4.continuity(by the use of transition),1.Unity,Topic/Theme/Controlling idea(主题句,即主题思想)a.Stick or hold to the topic;b.No irrelevant sentences,Example
26、,Joe and I decided to take the long trip wed always wanted across the country.We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life.Bella bakes the best rhubarb(大黄)pie.We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the
27、 country.We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park.Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner.To our surprise,we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much,and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.,Analysis,controlling idea:take the long trip across the country.Obje
28、cts of the para.:Joe and I Two irrelevant sentences:a.“Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie”b.“Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner.”,Practice,My name is Roseanna,and I like to keep physically fit.I used to weigh two hundred pounds,but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program.In
29、 one year I lost eighty pounds.I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again.I bought two new suitcases last week.Everyday I practice jogging three miles,swimming fifteen laps,lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour.My mother was a premat
30、ure baby.,Analysis,Controlling idea:“I like to deep physically fit.”Irrelevant sentences:a.“I bought two new suitcases last week”b.“My mother was a premature baby”,pleteness or adequateness,a.topic sentenceb.developing/supporting sentences(扩展句)c.concluding sentenceThe topic is adequately developed b
31、y details,explanations,evidence.and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what you mean.一个段落必须有若干扩展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性.,Eg：(主题句)I dont teach because teaching is easy for me.(主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn m
32、y living:mechanic,carpenter,writer.(主要推展句2)For me,teaching is a red-eye,sweaty-palm,sinking-stomach profession.,(次要推展句1)Red-eye,because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing.(次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm,because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom,sure that I will be fo
33、und out for the fool that I am.(次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach,because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.,从属于主要推展句2的三个次要推展句起着解释说明作用，分别解释red-eye,sweaty-palm,sinking-stomach的含义，这就更加形象生动地证明了“Teaching is not easy 这个主题。,Practice:Support the topic sentences with
34、supporting sentences so as to develop them into a complete paragraph.,There are several factors affecting climate.,Example for reference,(主题句)There are several factors affecting climate.(扩展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received.(扩展句2)Altitude,or the height above sea level,also determines cl
35、imate.(扩展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent deisnt land.(扩展句4)In addition,climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.,Assignment,Support the topic sentences with supporting sentences so as to develop them into a short paragraph.1.Our life today depends ve
36、ry much on energy.2.No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.,Samples,1.Our life today depends very much on energy.In towns and in villages,on farms and in factories,machines have made life easier than it used to be.The machines use energy,and energy is needed for heating,lighting,communi
37、cations,carrying goods-everything.Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.,2.No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,we are no longer free to choose the things we want,for
38、advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product,advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.,3.连贯性（coherence）,Refers to the proper arrangement of sentences.Coherence mainly focus on the organi
39、zation of a paragraph while unity emphasizes the content of a paragraph.To achieve coherence,all sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a logical order.一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（smooth），这就是连贯性。,1.ways of coherence Achronological arrangement 按时间先后排列B.spatial arrange
40、ment 按位置远近排列C.logical arrangement 按逻辑关系排列 D.comparison and contrast 比较与对比,A chronological arrangement,We had a number of close calls(险事)that day.When we rose,it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast;we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine oclock.Th
41、en,when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours-it must have been close to noon-the heat nearly hid us in;the radiator（散热器）boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down.By the time we reached the mountain,it was our oclock and we were exhausted.,Here,judgmen
42、t ran out of us and we started the tough climbing to the summit,not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert.Sure enough,by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff,dragging Mohammed and me along with him.By nine,when the wind howled across the flat ledge of t
43、he summit,we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.,本段从“rose”（起床）写起，然后是吃早餐（“not to miss breakfast”,“closing at nine oclock”），然后是“close to noon”，一直写到这一天结束（“By nine-”）。,B.spatial arrangement,From a distance,it looked like a skinny tube,but as we got closer,we could
44、 see it flesh out before our eyes.It was tubular,all right,but fatter than we could see from far away.Furthermore,we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts:a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure.Standing ten feet away,we could marvel at how much of
45、 the pagoda was made up of glass windows.,Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass,unlike the tube that it was sitting on,which only had four.Inside,the tube was gloomy,because of the lack of light.Then a steep,narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light c
46、hanged dramatically.All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.,本段的写法是由远及近，从远处（“from a distance”）写起，然后“get closer”，再到（“ten feet away”），最后是“inside the pagoda”当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。,C.logical arrangement,1)arrangement in order of
47、importance 按重要性顺序排列2)general-to-specific arrangement 由一般到特殊排列3)specific-to-general arrangement 由特殊到一般排列,1)arrangement in order of importance,If you work as a soda jerker,you will,of course,not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective.If you work on a machine,your ability to express you
48、rself will be of little importance.But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom,your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word.,And the further away your job is from manual work,the larger the organization of which you are an employee,the mor
49、e important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking.In the very large business organization,whether it is the government,the large corporation,or the Army,this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.,这一段谈的是表达能力
50、，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”，最后是“most important”。,2)general-to-specific arrangement,If a reader is lost,it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path.This carelessness can take any number of forms.Perhaps a sen
