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1、,英语语法,abandonv.丢弃，放弃，抛弃ban 禁止,禁令Super scholar?rich redneck?We will never abandon our principles.n.放任，纵情People are rocking with abandon.access n.接近，入口，打开我这里上不了网I cant access the web/the internet here.I dont have access to that room.He is a man of easy access.,accomplishv.完成；实现；达到This task is accompli
2、shed by great effort.If we work together,I think we could accomplish our plete 完成achieve 实现（美好的）achieve successachievement 成就,astonisheda.惊讶的astonishmentn.吃惊amazev.使惊奇，使惊愕be amazed at 惊讶于amazinga.惊人的，令人深刻的amazinglyadv.惊人地，十分地,主谓一致,主谓一致是指：1）语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3）就近原则
3、，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。例如：Thereismuchwaterinthethermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Tenthousandtonsofcoalwereproducedlastyear.,1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数，例如：Readingandwritingareveryimportant.注意：在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。当主语由and连接时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词
4、。例如：Theironandsteelindustryisveryimportanttoourlife.TheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor_askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were注：由and连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有each，every,no修饰时，其谓语用单数形式。,2.主谓一致中的靠近原则1)当therebe句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如：Thereisapen,aknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.Therearetwentyboy-studen
5、tsandtwenty-threegirl-studentsintheclass。2）当eitheror与neithernor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here,there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如：Eitheryouorsheistogo.Hereisapen,afewenvelopsandsomepaperforyou.,3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语有with,togetherwith,like,except,but,nolessthan,aswellas等词语构成的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致如：Thet
6、eachertogetherwithsomestudentsisvisitingthefactory.HeaswellasIwantstogoboating.,4.谓语需用单数的情况1）代词each以及由every,some,no,any等构成的复合代词作主语时，或主语中含有each,every时,谓语需用单数。例如：Eachofushasatape-recorder.Thereissomethingwrongwithmywatch.2）当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。例如：TheArabianNightisabookknowntoloversofEnglish.3）表示金钱，时
7、间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。例如：Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.Tenyuanisenough.,5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数1）代词what,which,who,none,some,any,more,most,all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如：Allisright.一切顺利。Allarepresent.人都到齐了。2）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audience,crew,crowd,class,company
8、,committee等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如：Hisfamilyisntverylarge.Hisfamilyaremusiclovers.但集合名词people,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如：Arethereanypolicearound?3）有些名词，如variety,number,population,proportion,majority等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如：Anumberof+名词复数+复数动词。Thenumberof+名词复数+单数动词。Anumberofbook
9、shavelentout.Thenumberofthestudentsin our class is 50.,6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况1）用halfof,mostof,noneof,heapsof,lotsof,plentyof，分数所在of短语，等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如：Mostofhismoneyisspentonbooks.Mostofthestudentsaretakinganactivepartinsports.2）用aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof（一组人）等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例
10、如：Aseriesofaccidentshasbeenreported.3）如manya或morethanone所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由morethanof作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。Manyapersonhasreadthenovel.Morethan60percentofthestudentsarefromthecity.,1.Thenumberofpeopleinvited_fifty,butanumberofthem_absentfordifferentreasons.A.were,wasB.was,was C.was,wereD.were,we
11、re2.Email,aswellastelephones,_animportantpartindailycommunication.A.isplayingB.haveplayed C.areplayingD.play3._ofthelandinthatdistrict_coveredwithtreesandgrass.A.Twofifth,isB.Twofifth,areC.Twofifths,isD.Twofifths,are4.Tenminutes_alongtimeforonewhowaits.A.seemB.seems C.seemedD.areseemed,5.Ericistheon
12、lyoneoftheboyswho_adrivinglicense.A.hasB.have C.ishavingD.arehaving6.Nobody_seenthefilm.Itsapity.A.butTomandJackhaveB.exceptTomandJackhaveC.butmyfriendshasD.butIhave7.Noteacherandnostudent_A.areadmittedB.isadmitted C.areadmittingD.isadmitting8.Thewriterandsinger_here.A.isB.areC.wereD.do,英语从句,LOREM I
13、PSUM DOLOR SIT AMET CONSECTETUER,名词性从句,1,定语从句,2,状语从句,3,ENGLISH,CONTENTS,名词性从句,1,表语从句1 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。表语是什么？表语就是起表述作用的句子成分。它修饰主语，表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing形式、动词的-ed、从句来充当，它常位于连系动词之后。在形式上，位于系动词后的就是表语。从含义上讲，表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分。即是指“是”字句“是”字后面的成分。系动
14、词是什么？系动词，亦称连系动词（Link Verb），是用来帮助说明主语的动词。它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，其后必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。,系动词的主要分类：,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lay,stand,例如：He always keeps silent at meeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例
15、如：He looks tired.,4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：He became mad after that.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn out,表达证实，变成之意，例如：His plan turned out a success.（turn out表终止性结果）,引导表语从句的关联词的种类：,
16、(1)从属连词that。如：The trouble is that I have lost his address.(2)从属连词whether,as,as if。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before.The question is whether they will be able to help us.注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago,but its as if it was only yesterday.(3)连接代
17、词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever连接副词 where,when,how,why。如：The problem is who we can get to replace her.,（2）主语从句,1 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：(1)从属连词that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.(2)从属连词whether。如：Whethe
18、r hell come here isnt clear.(3)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever连接副词 where,when,how,why。如：What she did is not yet known.,主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：,A.It+be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that从句。如：It is certai
19、n that she will do well in her exam.B.It+be+名词词组(no wonder,an honour,a good thing,a pity,no surprise,etc.)+that从句。如：Its a pity that we cant go.C.It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,etc.)+that从句。如：It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.D.It+seem,happen等不及物动词及
20、短语+that从句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party.,E.It+doesnt matter(makes no difference,etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.F.当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week?Does it matter much tha
21、t they will not come tomorrow?G.当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：How strange it is that the children are so quiet!,（3）宾语从句1 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：(1)从属连词that。如：He told us that he felt ill.I know he has returned.注：that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。1 Everybody could se
22、e what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。),2I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。)3That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.(that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。)4 We decided,in view of his special circumstances
23、,that we would admit him for a probationary period.(主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。)(2)从属连词if/whether。如：I doubt whether he will succeed.(3)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever连接副词 where,when,how,why。如：Who or what he was,Martin never learned.,(1)介词宾语从句宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：He was deeply d
24、ispleased by what had occurred that day.I walked over to where she sat.Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.有时介词可以省略。如：I dont care(for)who marries him.Be careful(as to)how you do that.注：介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：Are you sorry for what youve done?,某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，
25、这类形容词或过去分词有sure,glad,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied等，连词that可省略。如：I am not sure what I ought to do.Im afraid you dont understand what I said.连词whether(or not)或if引导的宾语从句if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如：I wonder whether it is true or not.用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免
26、使用if而用whether。试比较：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.,宾语从句的否定转移。在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：I dont think you are right.I dont believe they have finished their work yet.宾语从句的时态变化规律：(1)当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时
27、态。(2)当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.,同位语从句,1 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语是什么？一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语.同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起.Mr.Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.He told me that his brother John is a world-famous do
28、ctor.We Chinese people are brave and hardworking,用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：Where did you get the idea that I could not come?Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：I have no idea whether
29、 hell come or not.连接代词who,which,what和连接副词where,when,why,how亦可引导同位语从句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.,that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别句法功能上同位语从句，that只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。定语从句，that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。如：The news that Mr.Li will be our new English teacher
30、is true.(同位语从句，that不可省。)The news(that)he told me yesterday is true.(定语从句，that在从句中作told的宾语，可省。)意义上从句是被修饰名词的内容。从句起限定作用，是定语,定语从句在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种.Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman.一、关系代词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who,whom
31、,whose,which,that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。Awho指人，在定语从句中作主语。Whatwasthenameofthemanwholentyouthemoney？Bwhom指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。Twomen,neitherofwhomIhadeverseenbefore,cameintomyoffice.,Cwhose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。Therearesomepeoplewhosefac
32、esyoucanneverforget.Dwhich1.指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。Englishisalanguagewhichiseasytolearn.Thechildrenlikecookies(which)mywifemakes.2which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于andthis。Jimpassedhisdrivingtest,whichsurprisedeverybody.Ethat指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。Heisthemanthatlivesnextd
33、oor.Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou,F其他关系代词as和but也可作关系代词，引导定语从句。as可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由such,so,thesame修饰的先行词之后。Suchmenasheardhimweredeeplymoved.一些由as引导的定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。asisknowntoall这是众所周知的ashasbeensaidbefore如前所说asisoftenthecase情况常常如此asmaybeimagined这可以想象得出ashasbeenpointed
34、out正如已经指出的那样asoftenhappens这种情况常常发生,2.but作关系词只能引导限制性定语从句，同具有否定意思的主句连用，相当于thatnot,whonot或whichnot。Thereisnotasinglestudentinmyclassbutwouldliketostudymore.我班上没有一个学生不愿意多学一点的东西的。（but=whonot）Thereareveryfewbutareagainstwar.很少人不反对战争。（but=whonot）G介词+关系代词引导的定语从句1.介词+关系代词中介词的位置关系代词whom,which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一
35、起放在从句与主句之间（that,who不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。Heisamanofrichexperience,fromwhommuchcanbelearned.=Heisamanofrichexperience,whommuchcanbelearnedfrom.,二、关系副词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where，why等。when,where,why分别在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。Awhen指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。Istillremember
36、thedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。(when=onwhich)Bwhere指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。IrecentlywentbacktothetownwhereIwasborn.我最近曾回过一次我出生的城市。(where=inwhich)Cwhy指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.请告诉我你误机的原因。(why=forwhich),限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。
37、如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。Thisistheboywhobrokethewindow.非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。NewConceptEnglishisintendedforforeignstudents,whichisknowntousall.,C在下列情况下，通常使用非限制性定语从句。1当先行词表示的是世界上独一无二的人或物时。Thesun,whichgivesuslightandheat,isafixedstar.LastyearIviste
38、dthePeoplesGreatHall,wheremanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.2当定语从句修饰整个主句时。TaiwanbelongstoChina,aseveryoneknows.Theweatherwasveryterrible,whichwehadntexpected.3当先行词是专有名词，或先行词本身指示意义十分明确时。Mr.JoelivesinBeijingnow,whichisquitealongwayfromhere.Icongratulatemyneighbour,whosesonhasjustwontheelection.,四、
39、关系代词和关系副词的选用A只用who在下列情况下，一般不能用that代替who。1在非限制定语从句中。Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.2先行词是one,anyone,those时。Onewhohasnothingtofearforhimselfdarestotellthetruth.Anyonewhobreaksthelawshallbepublished.Thosewhoareagainsttheplan,putupyourhands,please.3在there/herebe开头的句子中。Hereisaboywhowantstos
40、eeyou.4先行词与定语从句被其他词所分隔时。Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.,B只用which/whom在下列情况下，一般不能用that代替which/whom。1在非限制性定语从句中。Theweatherwasveryterrible,whichwehadntexpected.2介词后面。关系代词紧跟在介词或短语介词后面，只能用which或whom，不能用that。Heclimbeduptothetopofalargerock,fromwhichhegotagoodview.C只用that在下列情况下，限制性定语从句中一般只用that引导1当先行词为everything,anything,nothing,all,none,few,little等词时，或当先行词被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等词修饰时。Everythingthattheysaidwastrue.2当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。Thefirstplace(that)theyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰时。4当先行词为who或前面有who,which等疑问代词时,谢谢欣赏,THANK YOU FOR WATCHING,
