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1、SupplementaryExercisesforME.Lexilogy1PartIMultiplechoices.1. Thedefinitionofawordincludes.A.aminimalfreeformthatcanfunctionaloneB.aunitofmeaningC.asoundunityD.al1oftheabove2. Awordisofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.A.aminimalfreeformB.asmallestmeaningfulunitC.anelementwhic
2、hcannotbefurtheranalyzedD.agrammaticallyminimalform3. TheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefaniIyconsistof.A. al1thelanguagesinEuropeandIndiaB. al1thelanguagesinIndiaandsomelanguagesinEurope.C. mostofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.D. SomeofthelanguagesofEuropeandallthelanguagesoftheNearEast4. Thesymbo
3、licconnectionofawordtoaparticularthingisalmostalways.A.logicalB.arbitraryC.inherentD.automatic5. TheprehistoricIndo-Europeanparentlanguageisthoughttobe.A.Ahighlyinflectedlanguage.B.Ahighlydevelopedlanguage.C.Averydifficultlanguage.D.Alanguageofleveledendings.6. Morethanonevariant,whichcanrealizesome
4、morphemesaccordingtothepositioninaword,aretermed.A.phonemesB.alIomorphsC.morphsD.phones7. Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareknownas.B.derivationalmorphemesD. suffixesA.morphemesC.inflectionalmorphemes8. isdefinedas the formation derivational affixes to stem.A. deriva
5、tion, affixationC. derivative, affixationofwordsby adding word-forming orThis process is also known as .B. affixation, derivationD. affixation, derivative9. Sometimes,themeaningofacompoundcanbeinferredfromitsseparateelements,forexample,.A.hotdogB.redmeatC.flowerpotD.fathead10. isuniversaltoallmenali
6、keregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoonwhiIebelongstolanguage,soisrestrictedtolanguageuse.A.meaning,conceptB.concept,meaningC.sense,referenceD.reference,sense11. Whenreaderscomeacrosstheword“home”inreading,theymayberemindedoftheirfamily,friends,warmth,safety,love.Thatisbecauseofthe“homehas.A.coll
7、ocationsB.connotationsC.denotationsD.perorations12. Whichofthefollowingbelongstoasemanticfield?A.steed,charger,palfrey,plug,nagB.pony,mustang,mule,stud,mareC.policeman,constable,bobby,copD.domicile,residence,abode,home13. Whichgroupofthefollowingareperfecthomonyms?A. dear(alovedperson)deer(akindofan
8、imal)B. bow(bendingtheheadasagreeting)bow(thedeviceusedforshooting)C. bank(theedgeoftheriver)bank(anestablishmentformoneybusiness)D. right(correct)-write(putdownonpaperwithapen)14. Thepartofapieceofwritingorspeechwhichsurroundsawordandhelpstoexplainitsmeaningiscalled.A.LinguisticcontextB.Grammatical
9、contextC.Extra-IinguisticcontextD.Para-Iinguisticcontext15. meansthroughal1difficultiesandtroubles.A.throughhighandlowB.throughthickandthinC.fromheadtoftD.fromstarttofinishPart II Trueorfalsequestions.1. Aruleofword-formationisusuallyidenticalwithaSyntactircule.2. Word-formationrulesthemselvesarenot
10、fixedbutundergochangestoacertainextent.3. Affixes1ike“-th”areveryproductiveincurrentEnglish.4. Thechieffunctionofprefixesistochangethewordclassofthestems.5. Theprimaryfunctionofsuffixesistochangethemeaningofthestem.6. Compoundsarewordsformedbycombiningaffixesandstems.7. “-age,-al,-ance,-ation,-enceM
11、in“linkage,dismissal,attendance,protection,existencecanproducelargelyconcretenounsbybeingaddedtoverbstems.8. ThemeaningofacompoundisusualIythecombinationofstems.9. Thefreephrasehastheprimarystressonthefirstelementandthesecondarystress,ifany,onthesecond.10. Inbothcompoundsandfreephrasestheadjectiveel
12、ementcantakeinflectionalsuffixes.11. ConversionisonlyachangeofgrammaticalfunctionofalexicalitemwithnolossofitsdifferentrangeofmeaningoriginalIyconveyed.12. Afullyconvertednounfromanadjectivehasallthefeaturesofnounsexcepttakinganindefinitearticleor,-(e)stoindicatesingularorpluralnumber.13. Generally,
13、conjunctions,modals,finiteverbs,prepositionscanttbeconvertedtonouns.14. AlthoughblendsandbackformedwordshavealreadyachievedpopularityinEnglish,theyarenotadvisabletobeusedfrequentlyinformalwriting.15. Quiteanumberofderivationalaffixeshavemorethanonemeaning.16. SimplewordsinEnglishareusuallynon-motiva
14、ted.17. Lexicalmeaningisdominantincontentwords.18. Componentialanalysishasnodisadvantages.19. Polysemicandhomonymouswordsarestylisticallyusefultoachievinghumororirony,ortoheightendramaticeffect.20. Inmostcases,thenativetermismoreliterarythantheforeignone.Part III Completethefollowingstatementswithpr
15、operwordsorexpressionsaccordingtothecoursebk.1. Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorph.Themorphemeistothemorphwhataphoneneistoaphone.Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorph.SuchalternativemorphsareknownasalIomorphs.2. Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethatha
16、sagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.3. Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown.Therefore,theyarealsocalled_en)ptywords.4. Accordingtosemantics,awordisaunitofmeaning.5. Boundmorphemesincludeboundrtsandaffixes.6. Themostproductivemeansofwordformationareaffixation,compoundingandconversion.7. O
17、nlywhenaconnectionhasbeen,establishedbetweenthe1inguisticsignandareferent,doesthesignbecomemeaningful.8. Mostmorphemesarerealizedbysinglewordslike,bird,tree,green,etc,Wordsofthesekindsarecalledmonomorphemicwords.9. WithNorseinvasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglishlanguage.10. Antonymsareclas
18、sifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition.Part IV Explainthefollowingtermswithproperexamples.1. Explainwithexamplesmorpheme,morphandalIomorph2. SemanticfieldPartVAnswerthefollowingquestions.1. WhatisCollocativemeaning?Giveatleastoneexampletoi1lustrateyourpoint.2. Studythefollowingsentence,payingspecialat
19、tentiontothewordsinitalics.Ifyoufindanythingwrong,pleaseexplainwhyandthenimprovethesentence.Thepolicewereorderedtostopdrinkingaboutmidnight.3. Analyzesthemorphologicalstructuresofthefollowingwordsandpointoutthetypesofthemorphemes,unbearable,international,exprisonerAnswersforExercise1Part I Multiplec
20、hoices.1-5DACBA6-10BCBCB11-15BBCABPart II Trueorfalsequestions.LF2.T3.F4.F5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F10.F11.F12.F13.F14.T15.T16.T17.T18.F19.T20.FPartIIIFillintheblanks.1.abstract,morph,phoneme,alIomorphs2.free3.empty4.meaning5.bound,affixes6.affixation,compounding,conversion7. referent8.monomorphemic9.Norseinva
21、sion10.semanticoppositionPartIVExplainthefollowingterms1. Inmorpheme-basedmorphology,amorphemeisthesmallest1inguisticunitthathassemanticmeaning.Amorphemeisfreeifitcanstandalone,orboundifitisusedexclusivelyalongsideafreemorpheme.Morphsaretheactualphoneticrepresentationsofthesamemorpheme.Anallomorphis
22、avariantformofthesamemorpheme,andallthemorphsofthesamemorphemearegroupedasbeingthealIomorphsofamorpheme.Theconceptoccurswhenaunitofmeaningcanvaryinsound(phonologically)withoutchangingmeaning.Englishexample:Theword,unbreakablehasthreemorphemes:un-,aboundmorpheme;break,afreemorpheme;and,-able,aboundmo
23、rpheme.un-risalsoaprefix,-ableisasuffix.Both,un-rand,-ableareaffixes.Themorphemeplural-shasthemorph,-s,s,incats(kasts),butes,iz,indishes(djiz),andeventhevoiced-sn,z,indogs(dgz).,-s.Theseareallomorphsofthesamemorphemeplural-s.2. Theconceptisfromtheconceptof“fieldinphysics,referringtotheclusteringofan
24、umberofsemanticallyrelatedwords.Asemanticfieldisasetoflexemesinanamedconceptualareathatinterrelateanddefineeachotherinspecificways.Ageneraldescriptionisthatwordsinasemanticfieldarenotsynonymous,butareal1usedtotalkaboutthesamegeneralphenomenon.Forexample,thesemanticfieldof“bugs”mayincludebees,spiders
25、,moths,wasps,fliesetc.Accordingtosemanticfieldtheoryameaningofawordisdependentpartlyonitsrelationtootherwordsinthesameconceptualarea.Thekindsofsemanticfieldsvaryfromculturetoculture.PartVAnswerthefollowingquestions.1. Collocativemeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresinitscollocation.Inotherwo
26、rds,itisthatpartoftheword-meaningsuggestedbywordsbeforeorafterthewordindiscussion.Forexample,pretty,and,handsome,sharetheconceptualmeaningof,goodlking,butaredistinguishedbytherangeofnounstheycollocatewith:prettyhandsome.2. Thepolicewereorderedtostopdrinkingaboutmidnight.(1) itisambiguous(2) ambiguit
27、ycausedbythestructure(3) stopdrinkingcanbeunderstoodas1)policestopdrinkingbythemselves2)policestoppeopledrinking(4) improvement1) Thepolicewereorderedtostoppeopledrinkingaboutmidnight.2) Thepolicewereorderedtostopdrinkingbythemselvesaboutmidnight.3) Morphemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitthathassemantic
28、meaning.Themorphologicalanalysisofthethreewordsareasfollows:l)Eachofthethreewordsconsistsofthreemorphemesunbearab1e(un+bear+able),internationa1(inter+national),ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).2)0ftheninemorphemes,onlybear,nationandprisonarefreemorphemesastheycanexistbythemselves.3)A11therestun-,-able,inte
29、r-,-al,ex-and-erareboundasnoneofthemcanstandaloneaswords.SupplementaryExercisesforME.Lexicology2PartIMultiplechoices.1. Fromthephrase“awhitepaper”，weknowthatthemeaningoftheword“paper”hereis“document”.Thisshowsthatthecontextcandefinethemeaningofaword.A.extra-1inguisticB.grammaticalC.lexicalD.situatio
30、nal2. TheuseofonenameforthatofanotherassociatedwithitisrhetoricalIycalled.A.SynecdocheB.metonymyC.SubstitutionD.metaphor3. HomophonesareoftenemployedtocreatepunsfordesiredeffectsA.humorB.sarcasmC.ridiculeD.al1theabove4. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNotcorrect?A. AwordcanbeformedbytwofreemorphemesB
31、. AwordcanbeformedbyafreemorphemeandaboundmorphemeC. AwordcanbeformedbytwoboundmorphemesD. Awordcanbeformedbyanytwoaffixes.5. Indifferentlanguages,thesameconceptscanberepresentedbydifferentsounds,whichshows.A. therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningcannotbeestablished.B. therearedifferentlogicalrelati
32、onsbetweensoundandmeaningC. therelationbetweensoundandmeaningisamatterofCOnventionD. theconceptsarenotrealIythesame6. Thetwomajorfactorsthatcausechangesinmeaningare.A.historicalreasonandclassreasonB.historicalreasonanpsychologicalreasonC.classSpsychologicalreasonD.extra-linguisticfactorsSlinguisticf
33、actors7. OldEnglishvocabularywasinessencewithasmallquantityofwordsborrowedfromLatinandScandinavian.A.CelticB.GermanicC.RomanD.Irish8. isthebasicformofaword,whichcan*tbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.A.StemB.RtC.MorphemeD.Affix9. isthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningbuthastob
34、eusedincombinationwithothermorphemestomakewords.A.FreerootB.BoundrtC.MorphemeD.Boundmorpheme10. Themostproductivemeansofword-formationinmodernEnglisharethefollowingexcept.D.conversionA.compoundingB.affixationC.acronym11. Themeaningsofmanycompoundsandderivativesarethetotalofthecombined.A.morphsB.allo
35、morphsC.rootsD.morphemes12. Therelationshipbetweentheword-formandmeaningis.Mostwordscanbesaidtobe.intheB.prescriptive,non-motivatedD. arbitrary, non-motivateddictionary and forms the core ofA.prescriptive,motivatedC.arbitrary,motivated13. isthemeaninggivenword-meaning.A.GrammaticalmeaningB.Denotativ
36、emeaningC.AssociativemeaningD.Connotativemeaning14. uparentchiId,husband/wife,predecessorsuccessorare.A.contrarytersB.contradictorytermsC.relativetermsD.complementaryterms15. waurevoirandByeisapairofsynonymsresultingfrom.A.borrowingB.dialectsandregionalEnglishC.figurativeSeuphemisticuseofwordsD.with
37、idiomaticexpressions16. FromthephraseMexaminationpaper”,weknowthatthemeaningoftheword“paperhereis“asetofquestionsattheendoftheterm”.Thisshowsthatthecontextcandefinethemeaningofaword.A.extra-linguisticB.grammaticalC.lexicalD.situational17. meansdamagefromcontinuoususe.A.fairandspareB.toi1andmoi1C.wea
38、randtearD.kithandkin18. Moreoftenthannot,functionalwordsonlyhave.A.lexicalmeaningB.associativemeaningC.CollocativemeaningD.grammaticalmeaning19. ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstituteofthemodernEnglishvocabulary.A.50percentB.50percentC.80percentD.65percent20. Functionalwordsdoworkofexpressioni
39、nEnglishonaveragethancontentwords.A.farmoreB.1essC.equalD.similarPart II Trueorfalsequestions.1. DifferencescanbefoundbetweenAmericanandBritishEnglishinpronunciation,spelling,grammarandvocabulary.2. Whenaprefixisaddedtoaword,itsword-classisusuallychanged.3. Aspecialdictionarydealswithonesectorofthel
40、exiconofthelanguage.4. Wordsinthesamesemanticfielddonothaveanumberofcollocationsincommon.5. Awordisaunityofsoundandmeaning,capableofperformingagivensyntacticalfunction.6. Mostloanwordsareborrowedfromforeignlanguageswithoutanychangeinsoundandspelling.7. AnalIomorphisoneofthevariantformsofamorpheme.8.
41、 Conversionmeansthetransferofawordfromoneclasstoanother.9. Therelationbetweenawordsymbolanditsmeaningismostlyarbitraryandconventional.10. Componentialanalysisistobreakdowntheconceptualsenseofawordintoitsminimaldistinctivecomponents.11. Psychologicalresearchfoundthatvocabularyisstoredredundantlyonlya
42、sindividualmorphemes.12. Inthefollowing2sentences,uHowlongishe?”Howyoungareyou?”,thetwowordslongandyoungarebothmarked.13. Idiomsarenotreadilyunderstandablefromtheirliteralmeaningsofindividualconstituents.14. uDiamondcutdiamond.,issyntacticalIywrong,andshouldberevisedintouDiamondcutsdiamond.,15. Fort
43、uitousformerlydenoted“happeningbychancew,andlatertkonthemeaning“fortunate”byanalogy,becausethetwowordslksimiIarinshape.Part III Explainthefollowingtermswithproperexamples.1. Explainwithexamplesrt,stemandbase.2. Semanticmotivation3. Senseandreference4. Idiom5. MetonymyPart IV Answerthefollowingquesti
44、ons.1. The*pen,ismightierthanthe*sword,.Explainwhatpenand,swordmeanrespectivelyusingthetheoryofmotivation.2. Howwouldyouexplainthedifferencebetweenbackformationandsuffixation?Giveexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.3. Commentonthefollowingpairsofsentencesintermsofhyponymy.a. Themansaidhewouldcometoourschl
45、nextweek.b. ThevisitingscholarsaidhewouldvisitouruniversitynextMonday.AnswersforExercise2PartIMultiplechoices.1-5CBDCC6-10DBBBC11-15DDBCA16-20CCDCAPart II Trueorfalsequestions.1. T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.F7.T8.T9.T10.T11.F12.F13.T14.F15.TPart III Explainthefollowingtermswithproperexamples.1. Artisthatpartofaw
46、ordformthatremainswhenal1inflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.ThusitcannotbereducedintosmalIerconstituents.Rtistheprimarylexicalunitofaword,whichcarriesthemostsignificantaspectsofsemanticcontent.Forexample,thelexicalrtof“chatter“ischat.Astemisthatpartofawordwhichremainswhenallinflection
47、alaffixeshavebeenremoved.Forexample,photographer:photographer;destabi1ized:destabilizeAbasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind(bothderivationalandinflectional)canbeadded.Itcanbeartorastem.Forexample,Thebaseof“undesirableis“desirable”;andthatof“desired”isdesire.2. SemanticMotivationreferstothemental
48、associationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Forexample,whenwesaythemouthofariver,weassociatetheopeningpartoftheriverwiththemouthofahumanbeingorananimal.TherearebasicalIy4typesofsemanticmotivation,andtheyare:oononatopoeicmotivation,morphologicalmotivation,semanticmotivationandetymologicalmotivation.3. Thedi
