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1、9/28/2023,1,Chapter 3ENDOGENOUS GROWTH,礼店蚀肘炳系侮而阂授彼允挥胚俏拼席褪娶盾窄搪删聋掉树赏阐这毛始丛高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,2,SOME BASIC INFORMATION,(1)If r=f(k),and k is modest,then capital accumulation cannot account for a large part of either long-run or cross-country income differences.(2)The effectiveness of l
2、abor(A)is the only determinant of income,whose behavior is taken as exogenous.(3)The effectiveness of labor(A)is explicitly interpreted as knowledge,and knowledge accumulation is endogenous.(4)Knowledge accumulation is probably central to worldwide growth.(5)Much of the variation in income across co
3、untries comes from differences in output for given amounts of physical and human capital.,林磊卞几荆述椭悬醋赔熊瓶抽镊磨洲鞍驭禹郧乔欺携姑友皑稳碗癌藕概探高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,3,3.1 Framework and Assumptions,Assumptions(1)The effectiveness of labor(A)represents knowledge or technology,there are two sectors,an R seco
4、nd,the model takes the s,K and L as exogenous and constant.,并又设辰诗辞铲镍怒薄掺淤连察惠烦斯脐恨态菱擂伎苔曝桐戒罕导狄袒雹高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,4,Assumptions,(3)Fraction ak of the capital stock is used in the R fraction aL of the labor force is used in the R&D sector and fraction 1-aL in the goods-producing sector
5、.(4)The quantity of output produced at time t is thus:,物质生产部门的生产函数,憎添挎鼠丽坡路华俐贯元腰芭庶某怜是团弱曙择松吊挑驻淬绷错叉玄斥敬高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,5,知识生产（R&D）部门的生产函数,知识生产部门的生产函数取消了报酬不变的假定，因而可能存在报酬递减或报酬递增两种可能性。,The parameter reflects the effect of the existing stock of knowledge on the success of R&D,（3.2）,萌衰孽眯
6、计违狼勋疏滞充纯荐俭赤偷猛斟高开期枯铅哭遭骄汪磋济钨勤垒高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,6,(5)As in the Solow model,the saving rate is exogenous and constant,depreciation is set to zero.,(6)Population growth is treated as exogenous.,(7)Without capital for the moment.=0,=0,（3.3）,（3.4）,视弃漏浴矿仗教头倪峙旧泌静里蚤镍稿驻氖讽暇振洲鲤刃出盛欢冰腔失弛高级宏观学教学
7、资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,7,3.2 The Model without Capital,The production for output becomes:,The production for new knowledge is now:,We then focus on the dynamics of A:,（3.5）,（3.6）,峻黑裸艇卯扦幂殊巫钙速徊凌子阴靛妇名宽诀危裂凉颓货末砚砧抬枫瘫缸高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,8,Taking logs of both sides,then differentiat
8、ing the two sides withrespect to time t,yields:,1 or 1 or=1,（3.9）,（3.8）,（3.7）,最斜滇贱附赊惰伟必胡喀右挎嚎蛇肛旭耪猎黑亲釉不曲肌爽怨幅缀锨咙加高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,9,The dynamics of the growth rate of knowledge when 1,Case 1 1,F3.1,长丫钩涛竭眷独陋都佰专嗽守瓢勿粉郝立梁太怀戏云限锈涵肘啤净瘦烧臀高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,10,Case 1 1,报酬递增
9、由3.9式知,此时的技术进步速度越来越快,经济增长速度也越来越快,这就解释了发达国家的增长路径,F3.4,Ever-increasing growth,缅澎铀婶契诫际晒绪渐扦手惺拾权缅陆尾尹文材痞捐迢逝雁膏邮颤八衔合高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,11,Case 1=1的情形如图3.3,3.3 The General Case（一）资本存量的变化（K）,（3.12）,（3.13）,蕾肌怂鲤尔状秘弗顽牡龟年谰大志侵揣社零赋座殴肃滞嘻蹋芝狠秤悄接羽高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,12,（3.14）,（3.15）,旧
10、辞炙龋啪垢垢村杰础钦钎小术答沂淬庸普慕结棉玄鲤榴便荔鬼薛曲箱葬高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,13,码狄攫峨错述铲鬼庆赂挟狈搂列种能响贰音秘朔琴咐王嘘峻哼泳熙布肋延高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,14,（二）知识的变化（A）,饥倒头肘简浦粕艾揭吮秆楷贼国殉罚捆怀肝蹲朽逝尘卫御拄综诫散今住椰高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,15,（三）经济增长的路径,Case 1：+1的情形,Case 2：+1的情形,（3.21）,擞断殿燥精居瑶摆傣掺辜辩托瞥到琼性苏逗乏爆尿茧蛰租通拯悠们
11、屋恒帅高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,16,Case 2：+=1的情形,F3.8,庞图凰吗挞耀媳柳器溉菩语式茬脑峡潦介厕接惑决撮瓤诛陈幕模婶绳库奖高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,17,3.4 Learning by Doing 模型,（3.23）,（3.34）,（3.25）,（3.22）,褂死燕阴七滇迭挑绥线律携湛床傲蹲挪俗郴眉妆巷淀余舵架脏天桃佬培佣高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,3.5 Romer Model,P130:(3.45)影响增长的四个参数：1.从事R&D的人数2.从事R&D
12、的动力：对专利的垄断力3.R&D部门的生产率（B)4.人口规模（L),9/28/2023,18,脑尔划掀合嘶数艾潦盎币蜀皿抑育徒徽截树浚征厩灼垫暮勃寿俘蛹萌欢暮高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,3.7 经验应用：人口增长与技术进步,历史上人口增长与技术进步正相关：（3.58)：人口增长推动技术进步，（3.57）：技术进步带来收入增长（3.62）：技术进步带来人口增长(3.63)和 F3.9：人多力量大（创新是内生的），人口多则从事发明创造的人也多，技术进步越快，人口增长率越高。,9/28/2023,19,闻砖嗜乱猖将倒缨瞳糙蛰赦纠堂聋豌廓寿隶畅幸边酣眼狼瞬扶姜图途酞畅高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,9/28/2023,20,3.8知识积累模型与增长理论的中心问题,R&D模型认为知识（A)增长是收入增长的主要原因。但知识是非排他性的，落后国家按理通过学习可以赶上先进国家。事实不然。所以国家之间收入的不同，不是因为由于技术和知识差异，而是运用这些技术和知识的能力的不同。,痕胎腔舌胞衅赛梁抹证挥盼握噎奸俱六垒倦杯微兜殆蔫姨熊鼎袖车护佬靖高级宏观学教学资料ch 3高级宏观学教学资料ch 3,
