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1、AI&Semen Handling精液操作和人工授精,Additional costs incurred when cows remain open for more than 100 days.母牛空怀超过100天所造成的额外损失,空怀天数,因下列原因造成的损失,Signs of Heat 发情征候,alert,restless behavior,bawling 警觉、不安、哞叫shortened feeding time 采食时间短aggressive behavior,butting 进攻行为、用角顶撞swollen,reddened vulva 外阴红肿mucus discharge
2、排出粘液withholding of milk 产奶量减少increased urination 排尿次数增加mounting other cows 爬跨其它的牛chin pressing on other cows 用下巴挤压其它的牛sniffing,licking of vulva,lip curling 闻舔外阴、卷唇,Standing Heat站立发情,Heat Detection发情鉴定观察次数 发情检出率,Rules for Good Heat DetectionTie Stall Barns良好的发情检查制度/栓系式牛棚,Turn cows loose at least once
3、 a day 每天放牛至少一次Observe for at least 20 minutes 观察至少20分钟Observe cows 2 other times of the day 当日增加两次其它 时间的观察 Do not feed or otherwise distract the cows when you are checking for heats 检查发情时不要喂牛、否则会分散 牛的发情行为Exercise area must have good footing 运动场必须平整,Rules for Good Heat DetectionFree Stall Barns良好的发情
4、检查制度/自由散放式牛棚,Ensure good footing in walkways 确保通道情况良好Observe cows 3 times per day for heat 每日观察发情三次Have unobstructed view of all cows from viewing area 观察发情区域视线良好，无障碍物Cows will not show good heat signs when feeding or waiting to be milked 采食或等候挤奶时，牛的发情征候不会表现出来Do not check for heats while there is eq
5、uipment operating in the area 区域内有设备运行时，不要检查发情,Timing of Breeding配种时间的确定,次要发情征候 站立发情 卵子寿命,精子的寿命,Factors Affecting Fertility Variation影响繁殖力变化的因素,Major Management&Environment Factors主要管理和环境因素,Nutrition Issue 营养问题Energy 能量Protein 蛋白Vitamins 维生素 90%of Breeding Success is Feeding SuccessMinerals 矿物质 育种成功
6、的90%是饲养管理的成功Semen Handling If semen not good-No Chance 精液操作 如果精液质量不好-没有希望Heat Detection Cows Dont show or Not Detected 发情鉴定 如果母牛不表现发情或发情没有鉴定出AI Technique Wrong Place/Wrong Time-No Chance 人工授精技术 授精部位或配种时间错误-没有希望Heat Stress Dont eat/Dont Show Heat 热应激 牛不采食/不表现发情Moldy Feed Pregnancy Loss 发霉饲料 流产,The 4“
7、Rights”of Successful Breeding配种成功的4个“正确”,Right Semen精液正确 Right Cow 母牛正确 Right Place 部位正确 Right Time 时间正确,Right Semen 精液正确,Reputable Supplier 有良好声誉的供应商Semen Storage 精液储存Semen Handling 精液操作Semen Thawing 精液解冻,Start with a Reputable Supplier开始于有良好声誉的供应商,In 25 years and more than 1 millions doses of seme
8、n purchased from major suppliers,I have had no incidents of damaged semen being received and only one bull rejected due to poor conception rates.在过去的25年中，我从主要的精液供应商购买了100多万剂量的精液，从来没有发生过精液质量受损的问题，只有一头公牛因受孕率低没有被采用。WWS,ABS,Alta,Semex,CRI,Masterrind,Genes Diffusion,Semen Storage 精液贮存,Store in well Lit a
9、nd well ventilated area 贮存在照明和通风良好的地方Place tank on a dry wooden pallet or board 液氮罐放置在干燥的木排或木板上Avoid direct contact with cement or cleaning Chemicals commonly found in milking parlor area 避免直接放置在混凝土地面或接触挤奶厅常用的化学清洁物Acids released from sweating cement or strong cleaning agents can cause tank corrosion
10、 and lead to failure of the vacuum seal.潮湿混凝土或清洁剂释放酸类，易腐蚀液氮罐，导致真空密封失效。,Tank Management液氮罐管理,Top up tanks regularly and monitor nitrogen usage 定期加满液氮并监督液氮的消耗Increased nitrogen consumption rate is an early sign that your tank is losing its vacuum.Check your tank daily for signs of frosting and every 2
11、 week for nitrogen consumption rate.,液氮消耗量增加是液氮罐真空损失加快的早期征候。每日检查罐是否有结霜的迹象，每两周检查一次液氮的消耗率。,Semen Tank 精液罐,Know your tank inside and outside了解精液罐的内外构造Cap 外盖Cap rester 提斗架托External shield 外罐体Neck 罐颈Lock holder 锁扣Canister handle 提斗把手Vacuum retention system 真空保持系统Index spider 指数星形架 Cork 塞子Insulation 绝缘材料,
12、Semen tank should easily last for 10 years or more.Most older tanks are much less efficient at holding nitrogen than todays newer models.Eventually,all tanks lose their vacuum and are rendered useless.This may occur gradually over time or can occur quite suddenly overnight.If you have an old tank(10
13、 years)consider upgrading to a newer,more efficient model.精液罐较易使用10年以上。多数使用多年的老罐，其保持液氮的效率要比今天的新型罐差得多。最终所有的罐都会失去真空而报废。这可能经过一段时间逐渐失效，也可能一夜之间突然发生。如果你使用的是老罐（10年），考虑更新到效率更高的型号。,Tank Management 液氮罐管理,Temperature of Liquid Nitrogen 液氮温度-196 CTemperature of Nitrogen Vapor 液氮蒸汽温度-176 CCritical Temperature fo
14、r Frozen Semen 冷冻精液危险临界温度-90 C,注意：精液停留在这个危险区域只需几秒钟，就会降低繁殖力。,结霜线,真空和玻璃纤维绝缘材料,液氮,外罐体,真空封口,内衬,SEMEN HANDLING 精液的操作,Label Semen on the outside of the tanks so dont have to mess around finding the right bull.在罐体外面做好精液标签，不必翻来翻去找牛号。Use wide necked tanks so can keep the straws below the frost line when sele
15、cting bulls 使用宽口罐，这样选牛时可以把精液置于结霜线以下。,SEMEN HANDLING 精液的操作,Handle semen in good lighting conditions 操作精液时要有良好的照明条件Keep canisters as low as possible in the neck tube while removing straws for thawing 取出细管解冻时，把提斗保持在罐颈尽可能低的地方。If you cant complete the straw selection in 5 seconds,return the semen to the
16、liquid nitrogen for 30 seconds before trying again 如果在5秒钟之内没有完成选定并取出细管，把精液放回液氮，30秒后再选。,SEMEN HANDLING 精液的操作,SEMEN HANDLING 精液的操作,Semen Thawing 精液解冻,Wipe Straw before placing in Thawing water 放入解冻温水前用纸巾擦干细管。Place in water with plug end up?塞子朝上放入解冻温水？Thaw Temperature35-37 C 水温Thaw Time45 Sec 解冻时间 45秒O
17、nly thaw what can be Used within 3 minutes只解冻3分钟之内使用的精液,Warm the gun before loading if cold weather 天气冷时，安装细管前预热输精枪Cut the straw straight so seals with sheath 垂直剪断细管，这样才能用外鞘密封。Protect gun from heat if weather is hot 如果天气热，保护好输精枪不要受热。,SEMEN HANDLING 精液的操作,Protect straw from sunlight,heat and cold 保护好
18、细管免受阳光、高热和寒冷的影响,SEMEN HANDLING 精液的操作,Right Cow 母牛正确,Cows Uterus must be free of infection 母牛的子宫必须无感染Cow must be on Heat 母牛必须处于发情期Cows are most fertile 60 90 days after calving 母牛在产后60-90天最易受孕,Clean Uterus 干净的子宫,Main Factors 主要因素Good Dry Matter Intake before&after Calving产前产后良好的干物质摄入Enough energy,Pro
19、tein,Vitamins and Minerals 足够的能量、蛋白、维生素和矿物质2.Easy Calving 顺产Pelvic Damage 骨盆受伤RFM 胎衣不下Metritis 子宫炎,Heat Detection 发情鉴定,Observe cows for behavioral signs of oestrusStanding to be mounted is the gold standard of oestrus观察母牛的发情行为迹象，站立被爬跨是发情的黄金标准Examine cows for physical changes of oestrusCan accurately
20、 detect heat from physical changes alone检查母牛的发情生理变化。只从生理变化就能准确检测发情Use Heat Detection Aids 使用检测发情辅助手段Paintstik 尾部涂色棒Use PG to increase mounting Behaviormounting activity increases several-fold with multiple cows in heat.使用前列腺素增加爬跨行为。有更多的母牛发情，爬跨活动能增加几倍Observe cows as often as possible 尽可能经常地观察母牛,Behav
21、orial Changes 行为的变化,发情前后及发情时的行为变化,其他较少利用的发情行为类型,Physical changes 生理变化,Physical changes 生理变化Signs of having been mounted 有已被爬跨的迹象Tail rubs 尾部牛毛紊乱Dirty flanks 胁部（大腿两侧）有泥土牛粪Mucous discharge from vulva,on tail or body 从阴门排出粘液，尾部或体躯上都有Pinkish and swollen vulva 外阴红肿Turgid uterus 子宫肿胀,Physical changes 生理变化
22、,发情鉴定辅助工具-涂色棒,发情鉴定辅助工具-涂色棒,Right Place正确的输精位置,Body of the uterus 进入子宫体1cm in heifers青年牛1厘米2 cm in cows成乳牛2 cm,Right Place 正确的输精位置,Semen Placement and Fertility输精部位与繁殖力,Williams et al.,1988,Cervix,39%,Body,48%,Split between both horns,49%,n2000,子宫体,宫颈,两个子宫角各半,Right Time 时间正确,The Facts 事实Ovulation occ
23、urs 28 hrs after“the beginning”of standing heat.站立发情开始后28小时排卵The ovum reaches the site of ovulation within 1 hr 卵子在一小时内抵达排卵的部位The ovum remains viable for about 6 hrs 卵子保持6小时的活力Fertilization takes place in the upper part of the fallopian tube 受精发生在输卵管上部It takes the sperm minutes to get to the utero-f
24、allopian junction.精子需要几分钟抵达子宫-输卵管的结合部 Ovulation triggers the sperm to move to the site of fertilization 排卵刺激精子游动到受精的部位Sperm needs to be in the uterus 6 hrs for capacitation before it is capable of fertilization 精子需要在子宫内停留6个小时获能，然后才能受精Sperm remains viable for 30 hrs 精子在子宫内能存活30个小时,Cows cannot get pre
25、gnant unless they are inseminated 除非给母牛授精，否则不能怀孕If in doubt INSEMINATE 如果怀疑-授精If too early-can always inseminate again 如果配得太早-总是还得配一次If a cow is still in standing heat 24 hrs after initial insemination AI again如果第一次配种后24小时母牛仍然站立发情，再配一次If too late-have to wait 10 to 20 days 如果太晚，必须等10-20天后再配Managers
26、should accept 5-10%“double”AIs 管理者应接受5-10%的两次配种,Breeding Program Recommendations配种计划建议,Breeding Program Recommendations配种计划建议,Bred cows on observed heats 55 days after calving 给产犊55天后并观察到发情的母牛配种Give PG to all eligible cows at weekly intervals from 60 days after calving 产后60天起给所有可配母牛每周一次注射前列腺素After 3 consecutive PG injections use CIDR 连续3次前列腺素后使用阴道栓Vet examination for cows not responding to CIDR 兽医检查对阴道栓不起反应的母牛,The 4“Rights”of Successful Breeding配种成功的4个“正确”,Right Semen精液正确 Right Cow 母牛正确 Right Place 部位正确 Right Time 时间正确,
