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1、ChemicaltreatmentofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsasamethodofrecoveringpuresiliconfromphotovoltaicmodulesRenewableEnergyPhotovoltaictechnologyisusedworldwidetoprovidereliableandcost-effectiveelectricityforindustrial,commercial,residentialandcommunityapplications.TheaveragelifetimeofPVmodulescanbeexpect
2、edtobemorethan25years.ThedisposalofPVsystemswillbemeaprobleminviewofthecontinuallyincreasingproductionOfPVmodules.Thesecanberecycledforaboutthesamecostastheirdisposal.Photovoltaicmodulesincrystallinesiliconsolarcellsaremadefromthefollowingelements,inorderofmass:glass,aluminiumframe,EVAcopolymertrans
3、parenthermetisinglayer,photovoltaiccells,installationbox,TedlaGprotectivefoilandassemblybolts.Fromaneconomicpointofview,takingintoaountthepriceandsupplylevel,puresilicon,whichcanberecycledfromPVcells,isthemostvaluableconstructionmaterialused.Recoveringpuresiliconfromdamagedorend-of-lifePVmodulescanl
4、eadtoeconomicandenvironmentalbenefits.Becauseofthehighqualityrequirementfortherecoveredsilicon,chemicalprocessingisthemostimportantstageoftherecyclingprocess.Thechemicaltreatmentconditionsneedtobepreciselyadjustedinordertoachievetherequiredpurityleveloftherecoveredsilicon.ForPVsystemsbasedoncrystall
5、inesilicon,aseriesofetchingprocesseswascarriedoutasfollows:etchingofelectricconnectors,anti-reflectivecoatingandn-pjunction.Thechemistryofetchingsolutionswasindividuallyadjustedforthedifferentsiliconcelltypes.Effortsweremadetoformulateauniversalcompositionfortheetchingsolution.Theprincipaltaskatthis
6、pointwastooptimisetheetchingtemperature,timeandalkaliconcentrationinsuchawaythatonlyasmuchsiliconwasremovedasnecessary.Engineering,institutions,andthepublicinterest:EvaluatingproductqualityintheKenyansolarphotovoltaicsindustryEnergyPolicySolarsalesinKenyaareamongthehighestpercapitaamongdevelopingcou
7、ntries.WhilethiscommercialsuccessmakestheKenyamarketagloballeader,productqualityproblemshavebeenapersistentconcern.Inthispaper,wereportperformancetestresultsfrom2004to2005forfivebrandsofamorphoussilicon(a-Si)photovoltaic(PV)modulessoldintheKenyamarket.Threeofthefivebrandsperformedwell,buttwoperforme
8、dwellbelowtheiradvertisedlevels.Theseresultssupportpreviousworkindicatingthathigh-qualitya-SiPVmodulesareagoodeconomicvalue.Thepresenceofthelowperformingbrands,however,confirmsaneedformarketinstitutionsthatensurethequalityofallproductssoldinthemarket.Priorworkfrom1999indicatedasimilarqualitypatterna
9、mongbrands.Thisconfirmsthepersistentnatureoftheproblem,andtheneedforvigilant,long-termapproachestoqualityassuranceforsolarmarketsinKenyaandelsewhere.Followingthereleaseofour2004/2005testresultsinKenya,theKenyaBureauofStandardsmovedtoimplementandenforceperformancestandardsforbothamorphousandcrystalli
10、nesiliconPVmodules.ThisappearstorepresentapositivesteptowardstheinstitutionalizationofqualityassuranceforproductsintheKenyasolarmarket.ElectricalperformanceresultsfromphysicalstresstestingofcommercialPVmodulestotheIEC61215testsequenceSolarEnergyMaterialsandSolarCellsThispaperpresentsstatisticalanaly
11、sisofthebehaviouroftheelectricalperformanceofcommercialcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaic(PV)modulestestedintheSolarTestInstallationoftheEuropeanCommissionsJointResearchCentrefrom1990upto2006totheIECStandard61215anditsdirectpredecessorCECSpecification503.Astrongcorrelationbetweendifferenttestresultswasn
12、otobserved,indicatingthatthestandardisasetofdifferent,generallyindependentstressfactors.TheresultsconfirmtheappropriatenessofthetestingschemetorevealdifferentmoduledesignproblemsrelatedrathertotheproductionqualitycontrolthanmaterialweaknessincommercialPVmodules.Efficiencymodelforphotovoltaicmodulesa
13、nddemonstrationofitsapplicationtoenergyyieldestimationAnewmethodhasbeenproposedW.Durisch,K.H.Lam,J.Close,Behaviourofacopperindiumgalliumdiselenidemoduleunderrealoperatingconditions,in:ProceedingsoftheWorldRenewableEnergyCongressVII,PergamonPress,Oxford,Elsevier,Amsterdam,2002,ISBN0-08-044079-7forthe
14、calculationoftheannualyieldofphotovoltaic(PV)modulesatselectedsites,usingsite-specificmeteorologicaldata.Theseyieldsareindispensableforcalculatingtheexpectedcostofelectricitygenerationfordifferentmodules,thusallowingthetypeofmoduletobeselectedwiththehighestyield-to-costratioforaspecificinstallations
15、ite.Theefficiencymodeldevelopedandusedforcalculatingtheyieldstakesthreeindependentvariablesintoaccount:celltemperature,solarirradianceandrelativeairmass.Openparametersofthemodelforaselectedmoduleareobtainedfromcurrent/voltage(PvOcharacteristics,measuredoutdoorsatPaulScherrerInstitutestestfacilityund
16、errealoperatingconditions.Fromthemodel,cellandmoduleefficienciescanbecalculatedunderallrelevantoperatingconditions.Yieldcalculationswereperformedforfivecommercialmodules(BPSolarBP585F,Kyocera1.A361K54S,Uni-SolarUPM-US-30,SiemensCISST40andWuerthWS11003)forasunnysiteinJordan(AlQawairah)forwhichreliabl
17、emeasuredmeteorologicaldataareavailable.Theserepresentmono-crystalline,poly-crystallineandamorphoussilinaswellaswithcopper-indium-diselenide1CulnSe2PVmodules.Theannualyieldforthesemoduleswillbepresentedanddiscussed.Experimentalvalidationofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsrecyclingbythermalandchemicalmeth
18、odsInrecentyears,photovoltaicpowergenerationsystemshavebeengainingunprecedentedattentionasanenvironmentallybeneficialmethodforsolvingtheenergyproblem.Fromtheeconomicpointofviewpuresilin,whichcanberecoveredfromspentcells,isthemostimportantmaterialowingtoitscostandlimitedsupply.Thearticlepresentsachem
19、icalmethodforrecyclingspentordamagedmodulesandcells,andtheresultsofitsexperimentalvalidation.TherecyclingofPVcellsnsistsoftwomainsteps:theseparationofcellsandtheirrefinement.Cellsarefirstseparatedthermallyorchemically;theseparatedcellsarethenrefined.Duringthisprocesstheantireflection,metalcoatingand
20、p-njunctionlayersareremovedinordertorecoverthesiliconbase,readyforitsnextuse.Thisrefinementstepwasperformedusinganoptimisedchemicalmethod.Siliconwaferswereexaminedwithanenvironmentalscanningelectronmicroscope(ESEM)coupledtoanEDXspectrometer.Thesiliconwaferswereusedforproducingnewsiliconsolarcells,wh
21、ichwerethenexaminedandcharacterizedwithinternalspectralresponseandcurrent-voltagecharacteristics.Thenewcells,despitethefactthattheyhavenoSiNXantireflectivecoating,haveaverygoodefficiencyof13-15%.TheimpactofsiliconfeedstockonthePVmodulecostTheimpactoftheuseofnew(solargrade)siliconfeedstockmaterialson
22、themanufacturingcostofwafer-basedcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicmodulesisanalyzedconsideringeffectsOfmaterialst,efficiencyofutilisation,andquality.CalculationsbasedondataprovidedbyEuropeanindustrypartnersarepresentedforabaselinemanufacturingtechnologyandforfouradvancedwafersilintechnologieswichmayber
23、eadyforindustrialimplementationinthenearfuture.Iso-costcurvesshowthetechnologyparametercombinationsthatyieldaconstanttotalmodulestforvaryingfeedstockcost,siliconutilisation,andcellefficiency.Alargevariationoffeedstockcostfordifferentproductionprocesses,fromnearsemiconductorgradeSi(30/kg)toupgradedme
24、tallurgicalgradeSi(10/kg),changesthecostofcrystallinesiliconmodulesby11%forpresentmoduletechnologiesorby7%foradvancedtechnologies,ifthecellefficiencycanbemaintained.However,thiscostadvantageiscompletelylostifcellefficiencyisreduced,duetoqualitydegradation,byanabsolute1.7%forpresentmoduletechnologyor
25、byanabsolute1.3%foradvancedtechnologies.Thin-filmmonocrystalline-siliconsolarcellsmadebyaseedlayerapproachonglass-ceramicsubstratesSolarmodulesmadefromthin-filmcrystalline-siliconlayersofhighqualityonglasssubstratescouldlowerthepriceofphotovoltaicelectricitysubstantially.Onewaytocreatecrystalline-si
26、linthinfilmsonnon-silicosubstratesistousetheso-calledt4seedlayerapproach,inwhichathincrystalline-siliconseedlayerisfirstcreated,followedbyepitaxialthickeningOfthisseedlayer.Inthispaper,wepresentthefirstsolarcellresultsobtainedon10-m-thickmonocrystalline-silicon(mono-Si)layersobtainedbyaseedlayerappr
27、oachontransparentglass-ceramicsubstrates.Theseedlayersweremadeusingimplant-inducedseparationandanodicbonding.TheselayerswerethenepitaxiallythickenedbythermalCVD.Simplesolarcellstructureswithoutintegratedlighttrappingfeaturesshowedefficienciesofupto7.5%.Comparedtopolycrystalline-siliconlayersmadebyal
28、uminum-inducedcrystallizationofamorphoussilinandthermalCVD,themono-Silayershaveamuchhigherbulkdiffusionlifetime.Wavedglass:TowardsoptimallightdistributiononsolarcellsurfacesforhighefficientmodulesAmethodtoimprovethemoduleefficiencyofsolarcellsbymodifyingthesurfaceoftheglasscoverofthesolarcellsmodule
29、isproposed.Amodelisbuilttoshowthatabetterefficiencycanbeachievedbyoptimizingthelightdistributiononthecell,whichreducestheshadowlossesandtherebyallowsthefingerspacingtobedecreased,whichinturndecreasesthe(resistive)ohmiclosses.Thismethodisillustratedbyconsideringindustrialcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsa
30、sanexample,however,itappliestoallsolarcellsthatarecharacterizedbyametallizationpatternonthesurfaceofthesolarcell.Itisestimatedthatthismethodcanimprovetherelativemoduleefficiencybyabout5%andhalvethefrontsidelosses.Analysisofseriesresistanceofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellwithtwo-layerfrontmetallizationb
31、asedonlight-inducedplatingImprovingthefrontmetallizationqualityofsiliconsolarcellsshouldbeakeytoenhancecellperformance.Inthiswork,weinvestigatedatwo-layermetallizationschemeinvolvinglight-inducedplating(LIP)andtriedtoquantifyitsimpactontheseriesresistanceofthefrontgridmetalsandFFsonfinishedcells.Toe
32、stimatetheeffectofLIPprocessingonaprintedandfiredseedlayer,individualcomponentsofseriesresistanceweremeasuredbeforeandafterLIPprocessing.Amongthem,gridresistanceandcontactresistancewerecloselyobservedbecauseoftheirlargecontributiontoseriesresistance.Tooptimizetheplatingontheseedmetalgrid,thegridresi
33、stanceofthetwo-layermetalgridstructurewascalculatedasafunctionofcrosssectionareaoftheplatedlayer.ContactresistivityofthegridbeforeandafterLIPprocessingwasanalyzedtounderstandthecontactresistancereduction,aswell.Asaresult,theefficiencyofsolarcellswith80mseedmetalgridwidthincreasedby0.3%absolutecompar
34、edwithconventionalsolarcellsof120mmetalgridwidth.Thetotalareaofelectrodesinconventionalcellswas1800mm2andelectrodesareaOfLIPprocessedsolarcellswas1400mm2.Theefficiencygainwasduetoreductionofshadowinglossfrom7.7%to6.0%withouttheincreaseofresistanceduetotwo-layerfrontmetallization.Simulationofheteroju
35、nctionsiliconsolarcellswithAMPS-1DMono-andpoly-crystallinesiliconsolarcellmodulescurrentlyrepresentbetween80%and90%ofthePVworldmarket.Thereasonsarethestability,robustnessandreliabilityofthiskindofsolarcellsascomparedtothoseofemergingtechnologies.Then,inthemid-term,silinsolarcellswillcontinueplayinga
36、nimportantrolefortheirmassiveterrestrialapplication.Oneimportantapproachisthedevelopmentofsilinsolarcellsprocessedatlowtemperatures(lessthan300)bydepositingamorphoussiliconlayerswiththepurposeofpassivatingthesilinsurface,andavoidingthedegradationsufferedbysiliconwhenprocessedattemperaturesabove800.T
37、hiskindofsolarcellsisknownasHITcells(hetero-junctionwithanintrinsicthinamorphouslayer)andarealreadyproducedcommercially(SanyoLtd.),reachingefficienciesabove20%.Inthiswork,HITsolarcellsaresimulatedbymeansofAMPS-1D,whichisaprogramdevelopedatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.Weshalldiscussthemodificationsreq
38、uiredbyAMPS-1Dforsimulatingthiskindofstructuressincethisprogramexplicitlydoesnottakeintoacuntinterfaceswithhighinterfacialdensityofstatesasoccursatamorphous-crystallinesilinhetro-junctions.太阳能徒电池的软件仿真设计与制造MappingtheperformanceofPVmodules,effectsofmoduletypeanddataaveraging统计实验与数据收集处理：太阳能发电电池背板组件模块的效
39、用与背板材料开发方向选取SolarEnergyAmethodispresentedforestimatingtheenergyyieldofphotovoltaic(PV)modulesatarbitrarylocationsinalargegeographicalarea.ThemethodappliesamathematicalmodelfortheenergyperformanceofPVmodulesasafunctionofin-planeirradianceandmoduletemperatureandcombinesthiswithsolarirradiationestimate
40、sfromsatellitedataandambienttemperaturevaluesfromgroundstationmeasurements.ThemethodisappliedtothreedifferentPVtechnologies:crystallinesilicon,CulnSe2andCdTebasedthin-filmtechnologyinordertomaptheirperformanceinfixedinstallationsacrossmostofEuropeandtoidentifyandquantifyregionalperformancefactors.It
41、isfoundthatthereisacleartechnologydependenceofthegeographicalvariationinPVperformance.Itisalsoshownthatusinglong-termaveragevaluesofirradianceandtemperatureleadstoasystematicpositivebiasintheresultsofupto3%.Itissuggestedtousejointprobabilitydensityfunctionsoftemperatureandirradiancetoovercomethisbia
42、s.Outdoorperformanceevaluationofphotovoltaicmodulesusingcontourplots户外太阳能电池背板发电效果/转化率评估评价CurrentAppliedPhysicsTheimpactofenvironmentalparametersondifferenttypesofSi-basedphotovoltaic(PV)modules(singlecrystallineSi(sc-Si),amorphousSi(a-Si)anda-SimicrocrystallineSi(c-Si)whichhavedifferentspectralrespo
43、nseswerecharacterizedusingcontourplots.ThecontourplotsofPVperformanceasafunctionofmoduletemperatureandspectralirradiancedistributionwerecreatedtoseparatetheimpactofthetwoenvironmentalparameters.Theperformanceofthesc-SiPVmodulewasdominatedbythemoduletemperaturewhilethoseofa-Sianda-Sic-Sionesweremainl
44、yinfluencedbythespectralirradiancedistribution.Furthermore,thefrequencyofoutdoorconditionsandthereliabilityofthecontourplotsofthePVperformancewerediscussedfortheevaluationofPVmodulesbymeansofenergyproduction.最新应用物理学学报Solarphotovoltaicchargingoflithium-ionbatteries太阳能一一锂电池充电器PowerSourcesSolarphotovol
45、taic(PV)chargingofbatterieswastestedbyusinghighefficiencycrystallineandamorphoussiliconPVmodulestorechargelithium-ionbatterymodules.ThistestingwasperformedasaproofofconceptforsolarPVchargingofbatteriesforelectricallypoweredvehicles.Theironphosphatetypelithium-ionbatteriesweresafelychargedtotheirmaxi
46、mumcapacityandthethermalhazardsassociatedwithoverchargingwereavoidedbytheself-regulatingdesignofthesolarchargingsystem.Thesolarenergytobatterychargeconversionefficiencyreached14.5%,includingaPVsystemefficiencyofnearly15%,andabatterychargingefficiencyofapproximately100%.Thishighsystemefficiencywasach
47、ievedbydirectlychargingthebatteryfromthePVsystemwithnointerveningelectronics,andmatchingthePVmaximumpowerpointvoltagetothebatterychargingvoltageatthedesiredmaximumstateofchargeforthebattery.Itisenvisionedthatindividualhomeownerscouldchargeelectricandextended-rangeelectricvehiclesfromresidential,roof
48、-mountedsolararrays,andthuspowertheirdailycommutingwithclean,renewablesolarenergy.SelectiveablationwithUVlasersofa-Si:Hthinfilmsolarcellsindirectscribingconfiguration材料配比方案与实验选择配置方法AppliedSurfaceScience应用表面材料科学学报Monolithicalseriesconnectionofsiliconthin-filmsolarcellsmodulesperformedbylaserscribingp
49、laysaveryimportantroleintheentireproductionofthesedevices.Inthecurrentlaserprocessinterconnectionthetwolaststepsaredevelopedforaconfigurationofmoduleswheretheglassisessentialastransparentsubstrate.Inaddition,thechangeofwavelengthintheemployedlasersourcesissometimesenforcedduetothenatureofthedifferentmaterialsofthemultilayerstructurewhichmakeupthedevice.Theaimofthisworkistocharacterizethelaserpatterninginvolvedinthemonolithicinterconnectionprocessinadifferen
