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1、IELTSADVANTAGEContentsACommaS-SUmmaBCommas-indetail:examplesandexceptions1. ImrodUCtOrVPhraSeS2. NoneSSentialelements3. IndePendentClalISeS4. SUbordinateClaUSeS5. LiStSOfWOrdS6. DateS7. PIaCeSCCommaS-someCommonerrorsDOtherPUnCtUation1. CamtalIettefS2. APoStroPheS3. HVDhenS4. QlleStionmarksandexclama
2、tionmarks5. BraCketSIELTSADVANTAGEA:Commas-summaryBaCktoContentS1. IntroductoryphrasesAnycohesivedevice(discoursemarker)ofanylengththatoccursatthestartofasentenceshouldbefollowedbyacomma:Furthermore,countriessuchasJapanandKoreahavebeenexperiencingeconomichardshipinrecenttimes.Otherintroductoryphrase
3、sthatconsistofatleastthreewordsshouldbefollowedbyacomma(Inmanycountries,Accordingtosomeexperts,etc.).Thecommaaftertwo-wordintroductoryphrasesorsinglewordsisoptional(Nowadays,Thesedays,etc.).2. NonessentialelementsNonessentialphrases(includingcohesivedevices)ofanylengththatcomeinthemiddleofasentences
4、houldbesurroundedbycommas:Theviewofmanypeople,includingthemajorityoftheinhabitantsofIndia,isthatvegetarianismisaboontohealth.Butifthephraseisessentialtothesentence(i.e.removingitwouldchangethemeaningofthesentenceorproducenonsense),commasshouldnotbeusedaroundit:Peopleinmanycountriesarevegetarians.NOC
5、OMMASIfthere,sanydoubtaboutwhetheraphraseisessentialornonessential,theneitherwithorwithoutcommasisacceptable(seebelowforexamples).3. IndependentclausesWhenand,but,or,nor,so,yetcomebeforeindependentclauses,theyshouldbeprecededbyacomma.Whentheydonotprecedeanindependentclause,nocommaisused:Exactlyonequ
6、arterofthepopulationinEnglandhaveinsurance,andhealthinsurancemakesupjustunder8%ofthetotal.4. SubordinateclausesWhenasubordinatingconjunction(if,while,whereas,although,when,sothat,asaresultof,becauseetc.)isusedatthestartofasentence,acommashouldbeusedafterthefirstclause:Ifnewspaperswerenotallowedtopub
7、lishstoriesaboutpoliticians,privatelives,peoplewouldloseinterestinpolitics.Butacommashouldnotbeusedbeforeasubordinatingconjunctionwhenitcomesinthemiddleofasentenceunlessacontrastisbeingshown,i.e.withwhile,whereas,althoughetc.(andinsomeotherspecialcircumstances-seebelow):国IELTSAdvantagePunctuationGui
8、deIELTSADVANTAGEPeoplewouldloseinterestinpoliticsifnewspaperswerenotallowedtopublishstoriesaboutpoliticiansprivatelives.NOCOMMASomebelievethatallself-employedprofessionalsshouldpayVAT,whileotherssaythattheyshouldonlypaysocialsecurity.CONTRAST,THEREFORECOMMA5. ListsofwordsCommasareusedinlistsofmodifi
9、ers,nounsandlongerphrasesandclauses,andtheuseinsuchlistsbeforeandisoptional:Music,artanddramaaretremendouslyusefulsubjects.OR:Music,art,anddramaaretremendouslyusefulsubjects.6. Dates6thJuly,2020iswhentheweddingwilltakeplace.BUT:July2020iswhentheweddingwilltakeplace.7. PlacesThenumberofsportscentresi
10、nTokyo,Japanhasbeengoingupinrecentyears.IELTSADVANTAGEB:Commas-indetail:examplesandexceptionsBaCktoComemS1. IntroductoryphrasesCohesivedevicesThereshouldalwaysbecommasaftercommoncohesivedevices/discoursemarkerswhentheyareatthestartofasentence:Inotherwords,However,Ontheotherhand,Moreover,Inaddition,T
11、herefore,Thatistosay,Forexample,Inconclusion,Asregardsthedisadvantages,Overall,Ingeneral,etc.OtherintroductoryphrasesOtherintroductoryphrases(adverbs,adverbialphrases,prepositionalphrasesetc.)usedatthestartofasentencebeforethemainsentencebeginsthatareatleastthreewordslongshouldbefollowedbyacomma:Inm
12、anycountriessecond-handclothingisbecomingincreasinglypopular.INCORRECTInmanycountries,second-handclothingisbecomingincreasinglypopular.CORRECTOtherexamplesofintroductoryphrasesrequiringacomma:Inmyopinion,Accordingtomanyexperts,Inthemajorityofcases,Atthestartoftheperiod,etc.国IELTSAdvantagePunctuation
13、GuideIELTSADVANTAGEACommasareoptionalaftertwo-wordintroductoryphrasesorsinglewords(exceptforcohesivedevicesofanylength,whichmustalwaysbefollowedbyacomma):Everyyear,moreandmorepeopleareturningtovegetarianism.CORRECTEveryyearmoreandmorepeopleareturningtovegetarianism.CORRECTOtherexamplesofintroductory
14、phraseswhereacommaisoptional:Thesedays,orThesedaysNowadays,orNowadaysToday,orTodayInIndia,orInIndiaetc.2. NonessentialelementsBaCktoComerltSNonessentialelements(includingsinglewordsortwo-wordphrases)thatcomeinthemiddleofasentenceshouldbesurroundedbycommas.Anonessentialelementisonethatcouldberemovedw
15、ithoutchangingthemeaningofthesentence.Ifthewordorphraseisobviouslynonessential,orifitisplacedsoastojarringlyinterruptthenormalflowofasentence,thencommasshouldbeplacedaroundit:TheviewofmanypeopleincludingthemajorityoftheinhabitantsofIndiaisthatvegetarianismisaboontohealth.INCORRECTTheviewofmanypeople
16、,includingthemajorityoftheinhabitantsofIndia,isthatvegetarianismisaboontohealth.CORRECTItisoftenclaimedthatpovertyisinmostcountriesdecreasing.INCORRECTItisoftenclaimedthatpovertyis,inmostcountries,decreasing.CORRECTNeilArmstrongthefirstmanonthemoonlearnedtoplaytheoboeinprimaryschool.INCORRECTNeilArm
17、strong,thefirstmanonthemoon,learnedtoplaytheoboeinprimaryschool.CORRECTAtthestartoftheperiod,Italyscoalconsumptionat/with9%wasthehighestamongthefournations.INCORRECTAtthestartoftheperiod,Italyscoalconsumption,at/with9%,wasthehighestamongthefournations.CORRECTS1IELTSAdvantagePunctuationGuideIELTSADVA
18、NTAGEAThecommasplacedaroundanonessentialelementmustbeusedbothbeforeandafterit.Onecommaeitherbeforeorafterisnotacceptable:Itisoftenclaimedthatpovertyisinmostcountries,decreasing.INCORRECTItisoftenclaimedthatpovertyis,inmostcountries,decreasing.CORRECTPeoplewholiveinIndiaarenowadays,lessreligiousthani
19、nformertimes.INCORRECTPeoplewholiveinIndiaare,nowadays,lessreligiousthaninformertimes.CORRECTSanitationhasimprovedincities,andinmanyurbanareas,crimehasgonedown.INCORRECTSanitationhasimprovedincities,and,inmanyurbanareas,crimehasgonedown.CORRECTAIfthere,sanydoubtaboutwhetherawordorphraseisanonessenti
20、alelement,orwhetherthephraseinterruptsthenormalflowofasentence,theneitherwithcommasorwithoutisacceptable:Itisoftenclaimedthatpovertyinmostcountriesisdecreasing.CORRECTItisoftenclaimedthatpoverty,inmostcountries,isdecreasing.CORRECTPeoplewholiveinIndiaare,nowadays,lessreligiousthaninformertimes.CORRE
21、CTPeoplewholiveinIndiaarenowadayslessreligiousthaninformertimes.CORRECTSanitationhasimprovedincities,and,inmanyurbanareas,crimehasgonedown.CORRECTSanitationhasimprovedincities,andinmanyurbanareascrimehasgonedown.CORRECTSigninguptothescheme,whichbefore2010wasimpossible,isnoweasy.CORRECTSigninguptothe
22、scheme,which,before2010,wasimpossible,isnoweasy.CORRECTItalyscoalconsumptionstartedtheperiodasthehighestamongthefourcountriesat9%.CORRECTItalyscoalconsumptionstartedtheperiodasthehighestamongthefourcountries,at9%.CORRECTHealthinsurancecomesinsecondplacewithonly4%lessthanauto.CORRECTHealthinsuranceco
23、mesinsecondplace,withonly4%lessthanauto.CORRECTIELTSADVANTAGEEssentialelementsIfthewordorphraseisanessentialelement(thatis,removingitwouldchangethemeaningofthesentenceormakeitnonsensical),thencommasshouldnotbeaddedbeforeorafterit:People,inmanycountries,arevegetarians.INCORRECTPeopleinmanycountriesar
24、evegetarians.CORRECTItalyscoalconsumptionstarted,at9%,andincreasedtomorethandoublethatthefollowingyear.INCORRECTltaly,scoalconsumptionstartedat9%andincreasedtomorethandoublethatthefollowingyear.CORRECTTheastronomer,NeilArmstrong,learnedtoplaytheoboeinprimaryschool.INCORRECTTheastronomerNeilArmstrong
25、learnedtoplaytheoboeinprimaryschool.CORRECTParticipleclausesClausesbeginningwithapresentparticiple(-ing)shouldbeprecededbyacomma:Thisresultsinincreasedunemploymentamongolderpeopleleadingtoincreasedpoverty.INCORRECTThisresultsinincreasedunemploymentamongolderpeople,leadingtoincreasedpoverty.CORRECTTh
26、erewasanincreaseinthenumberofcheapflightsavailablecausingpeopletotravelabroadmoreoften.INCORRECTTherewasanincreaseinthenumberofcheapflightsavailable,causingpeopletotravelabroadmoreoften.CORRECTCoalconsumptionincreasedthroughouttherestoftheperiodreaching7%in2012.INCORRECTCoalconsumptionincreasedthrou
27、ghouttherestoftheperiod,reaching7%in2012.CORRECTASuchclausesshouldalsobefollowedbyacommaiftheyoccurbeforetheendofthesentence:Thisresultsinincreasedunemploymentamongolderpeople,leadingtoincreasedpovertyandthat,swhyIbelieveit,saseriousproblem.INCORRECTThisresultsinincreasedunemploymentamongolderpeople
28、,leadingtoincreasedpoverty,andthat,swhyIbelieveit,saseriousproblem.CORRECTIELTSADVANTAGERelativeclausesNon-definingrelativeclausesshouldbeprecededbyacomma:Ibelievethatthemosteffectivemeasurewouldbeincreasingthenumberofsportsfacilitieswhichwouldleadtogreateraccessibility.INCORRECTIbelievethatthemoste
29、ffectivemeasurewouldbeincreasingthenumberofsportsfacilities,whichwouldleadtogreateraccessibility.CORRECTAIfthenon-definingclauseendsbeforetheendofthesentence,thenitshouldalsobefollowedbyacomma:Ibelievethatincreasingthenumberofsportsfacilities,whichwouldleadtogreateraccessibilitywouldbethemosteffecti
30、vemeasure.INCORRECTIbelievethatincreasingthenumberofsportsfacilities,whichwouldleadtogreateraccessibility,wouldbethemosteffectivemeasure.CORRECTADefiningrelativeclausesshouldnotbeprecededby(orfollowedby)acomma:Themeasure,whichwouldhavethebiggestimpactonpublichealth,islaunchingapublicawarenesscampaig
31、n.INCORRECTThemeasurewhichwouldhavethebiggestimpactonpublichealthislaunchingapublicawarenesscampaign.CORRECTsuchasandlikeAcommashouldbeusedbeforeclausesstartingwithsuchasandlikewhentheyareusedtogiveexamples:IncomeinequalityhasincreasedinmanyEuropeancountries,suchastheUKandGermany.CORRECTAIfthephrase
32、givingtheexampleendsbeforetheendofthesentence,thenitshouldalsobefollowedbyacomma:Somekindsofusedclothes,likesweatersandjeans,arepreferredbySouthAmericansoverothers.CORRECTIELTSADVANTAGEANocommaisusedbefore(orafter)clausesstartingwithsuchasandlikeiftheyareessentialelementsofthesentence(thatis,removin
33、gthemwouldchangethemeaningofthesentenceorproduceanonsensicalsentence):Countries,suchasJapanandKorea,havebeenexperiencingeconomichardship.INCORRECTCountriessuchasJapanandKoreahavebeenexperiencingeconomichardship.CORRECTTakingsubjects,likeart,musicanddrama,improvesstudentscreativity.INCORRECTTakingsub
34、jectslikeart,musicanddramaimprovesstudentscreativity.CORRECTASometimeseitherusagewouldmakesense,soeitherwouldbeacceptable:Usingsportsfacilitiessuchasgymsimprovespeopleshealth.CORRECTUsingsportsfacilities,suchasgyms,improvespeopleshealth.CORRECTrespectivelyThecommausedbeforerespectively(andafteritifi
35、tisinthemiddleofasentence)isoptional:Coalconsumptionin2003washigherinItalythaninGermany,with25%and18%,respectively.CORRECTCoalconsumptionin2003washigherinItalythaninGermany,with25%and18%respectively.CORRECTCohesivedevicesinthemiddleofasentenceIfcohesivedevicesareusedinthemiddleofasentence,commasshou
36、ldalwaysbeusedaroundthem:Manypeoplewhoappliedtotakepartinthenewschemewere,however,rejectedbytheauthoritiesonthegroundsofunsuitability.CORRECTAThecommasmustcomebothbeforeandafterthewordorphrase:Manypeoplewhoappliedtotakepartinthenewschemewerehowever,rejectedbytheauthoritiesonthegroundsofunsuitability
37、.INCORRECT国IELTSAdvantagePunctuationGuideIELTSADVANTAGEManypeoplewhoappliedtotakepartinthenewschemewere,however,rejectedbytheauthoritiesonthegroundsofunsuitability.CORRECTItcanbeseentherefore,thatincreasingthenumberofsportsfacilitieswouldbeineffective.INCORRECTItcanbeseen,therefore,thatincreasingthe
38、numberofsportsfacilitieswouldbeineffective.CORRECTAHowever,insomesentences,puttingcommasaroundacohesivedevicemaymakeasentenceunnaturalandjerky,andinsuchcases,thecommasshouldntbeused./,therefore,lookedforthepaperswhereIhadleftthem,butIcouldnotfindthem.INCORRECT:theeffectofthecommasaroundttherefore,he
39、reistoaddinappropriateemphasistoiV.IthereforelookedforthepaperswhereIhadleftthem,butIcouldnotfindthem.CORRECTANote:thoughcohesivedevicescanbeusedinthemiddleofasentence,theycannotbeusedtolinktwoindependentclauses(oranyothersentenceparts):Veryfewpeopleactuallyusesportsfacilities,therefore,increasingth
40、enumberofthemwouldbeineffective.INCORRECTManypeopleappliedtotakepartinthenewscheme,however,mostofthemwererejectedbytheauthoritiesonthegroundsofunsuitability.INCORRECTIndependentclausescanonlybelinkedbycoordinatingconjunctions(and,but,or,nor,so,yet)：Veryfewpeopleactuallyusesportsfacilities,and,theref
41、ore,increasingthenumberofthemwouldbeineffective.CORRECTManypeopleappliedtotakepartinthenewscheme,butmostofthemwererejectedbytheauthoritiesonthegroundsofunsuitability.CORRECT的IELTSAdvantagePunctuationGuideIELTSADVANTAGE3. IndependentclausesBaCktoCortertSIndependentclauses(thatis,sentencepartsthatcoul
42、d,withoutinterruptingmeaningorgrammaticalaccuracy,functionasfree-standingsentences)arelinkedbythefollowingconjunctions(calledcoordinatingconjunctions):and,but,or,nor,so,yet.Thecoordinatingconjunctionsshouldbeprecededbyacomma.ExactlyonequarterofthepopulationinEnglandhaveinsuranceandhealthinsurancemak
43、esupjustunder8%ofthetotal.INCORRECTExactlyonequarterofthepopulationinEnglandhaveinsurance,andhealthinsurancemakesupjustunder8%ofthetotal.CORRECTIagreethathousesaregenerallymuchmorespaciousandcomfortablethanapartmentsbuttheyarealsotooexpensiveforthemajorityofpeople.INCORRECTIagreethathousesaregeneral
44、lymuchmorespaciousandcomfortablethanapartments,buttheyarealsotooexpensiveforthemajorityofpeople.CORRECTAThereshouldn,tbeacommabeforecoordinatingconjunctionswhentheyarenotbeingusedtoconnectindependentclauses(unlessthecommaismarkingoffanonessentialelement-seeabove):Thepresenceofmultinationalsboostsemp
45、loyment,andhasagoodeffectontheeconomyinthehostcountries.INCORRECTThepresenceofmultinationalsboostsemploymentandhasagoodeffectontheeconomyinthehostcountries.CORRECTManypeoplegohomeafterwork,andsitalleveninginfrontoftheTVwithabeer.INCORRECTManypeoplegohomeafterworkandsitalleveninginfrontoftheTVwithabe
46、er.CORRECTSpecialcasesASometimestwoindependentclauseslinkedwithandororarepresentedlikeatwo-itemlistafterasubordinatingconjunctionsuchasbecause,as,since,asaresultof,whenetc.Inthesecases,thecommabeforeandororisoptional:Smartphonesandtheinternethavemadelifemuchbetterbecausesmartphonessavetime,andtheint
47、ernethasimprovededucation.COMMACORRECT(becauseindependentclauseafterand)IELTSADVANTAGEORSmartphonesandtheinternethavemadelifemuchbetterbecausesmartphonessavetimeandtheinternethasimprovededucation.NOCOMMACORRECT(becausetwo-itemlistafterbecause-SeeNote)AWhenacoordinatingconjunctionprecedesacohesivedev
48、icethatisitselfsurroundedbycommas,thecommathatwouldnormallycomebeforetheconjunctionisoptional:Artssubjectsinvolvetheanalysisoftheworldincreativeways,and,asaresult,apersonarrivesatabetterunderstandingofotherpeople.CORRECT(withcomma)ORArtssubjectsinvolvetheanalysisoftheworldincreativewaysand,asaresult,apersonarrivesatabetterunderstandingofotherpeople.CORRECT(withoutcomma)Healthprofessionalshavelongknownthatobesityisoneofthemainca
