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1、IELTSADVANTAGEMultiple-ChoicePracticeQuestionsChoosethecorrectletter,A,B,orC1. InAmerica,dewateredstreamsAareactuallyquitecommon.Bprovidehabitatforawidevarietyoflife.Cnolongerexist.2. InMontanainthelate1800s,Awaterwasscarcefortheearliestsettlers.Btherewasinitiallyplentyofwaterfortheearliestsettlers.
2、Cmoststreamshadalreadybeendewatered.3. In1921,Montana,sSupremeCourtAruledthatnobodyhadwaterrights.Bgaveseniorwaterrightstothosewhohadsettledfirst.Crefusedtoissuearulingonwaterrights.4. OneunintendedresultofMontana,s1921SupremeCourtrulingonPricklyCreekwasthatAtherearenowclaimsformorewaterthanwatertha
3、tactuallyexists.Btherewasmorethanenoughwaterforeveryone.Citcompletelydriedup.5. AnotherunintendedresultofMontanas1921rulingperPricklyCreekwasthatAeveryonewasforcedtoshareitswaterequally.Bthosewhoweregivenseniorrightstoitswaterhadnoreasontouseitwisely.Cthosewhousedtoomuchofitswaterwerepunished.6. The
4、productionofbeergenerallyAdoesntrequireintensiveuseofwater.Bhasn,thadaneffectonwatersources.Cinvolveswastinglargeamountsofwater.7. Recentwaterstewardshipeffortshavenotjustfocusedonmeasuringanddecreasingwateruse,butAeliminatingwateruse.Bharshlypunishingthosewhousetoomuchwater.Crestorationofwaterbacki
5、ntostreams.8. UnlikeinMontana,incertainstates,Awaterrightsholderslosetheirrightsiftheydontusethem.Bwaterrightsownerscanconservewaterandmaintaintheirrights.Cwaterrightsownershavegoodeconomicreasonstoprotectfish.9. Thismarket-drivenapproachhasAgivenwaterusersaneconomicincentivetoconservewaterandrestor
6、eittostreams.Bresultedinincreasingnumbersoflawsuits.Ccauseddegradationofecosystems.10. VarioustransactionsstemmingfromthisapproachhaveAdividedpeople.Bbroughtpeopletogether.IELTSADVANTAGEMultiple-ChoicePracticeQuestionsCbeenineffectiveinrestoringwatertoecosystems.IELTSADVANTAGEMultiple-ChoicePractice
7、QuestionsAnswerKey:1. A2. B3. B4. A5. B6. C7. C8. B9. A10. BLinktovideotutorial:https:ShaiTranSCriPtSOUrCe:https:WWWThisisariver.Thisisastream.Thisisariver.Thisishappeningalloverthecountry.TherearetensofthousandsofmilesofdewateredstreamsintheUnitedStates.Onthismap,thecoloredareasrepresentwaterconfli
8、cts.SimilarproblemsareemergingintheEastaswell.Thereasonsvarystatetostate,butmostlyinthedetails.Thereare4,000milesofdewateredstreamsinMontanaalone.Theywouldordinarilysupportfishandotherwildlife.Theyretheveinsoftheecosystem,andtheyreoftenemptyveins.Iwanttotellyouthestoryofjustoneofthesestreams,because
9、itsanarchetypeforthelargerstory.ThisisPricklyPearCreek.ItrunsthroughapopulatedareafromEastHelenatoLakeHelena.Itsupportswildfishincludingcutthroat,brownandrainbowtrout.Nearlyeveryyearformorethanahundredyears.itlookedlikethisinthesummer.Howdidwegethere?Well,itstartedbackinthelate1800swhenpeoplestarted
10、settlinginplaceslikeMontana.Inshort,therewasalotofwaterandtherewerentverymanypeople.Butasmorepeopleshowedupwantingwater,thefolkswhoweretherefirstgotalittleconcerned,andin1865,Montanapasseditsfirstwaterlaw.Itbasicallysaid,everybodynearthestreamcanshareinthestream.Oddly,alotofpeopleshowedupwantingtosh
11、arethestream,andthefolkswhoweretherefirstgotconcernedenoughtobringouttheirlawyers.Therewereprecedent-settingsuitsin1870and1872,bothinvolvingPricklyPearCreek.Andin1921,theMontanaSupremeCourtruledinacaseinvolvingPricklyPearthatthefolkswhoweretherefirsthadthefirst,orseniorwaterrights.*Theseseniorwaterr
12、ightsarekey.TheproblemisthatallovertheWestnowitlookslikethis.Someofthesecreekshaveclaimsfor50to100timesmorewaterthanisactuallyinthestream.Andtheseniorwaterrightsholders,iftheydontusetheirwaterright,theyrisklosingtheirwaterright-alongwiththeeconomicvaluethatgoeswithit.So,theyhavenoincentivetoconserve
13、.So,itsnotjustaboutthenumberofpeople;thesystemitselfcreatesadisincentivetoconservebecauseyoucanloseyourwaterrightifyoudontuseit.So,afterdecadesoflawsuitsand140years,now,ofexperience,westillhavethis.It,sabrokensystem.TheresadisincentivetoQ 国的 IELTSADVANTAGEMultiple-Choice Practice Questionsconserve,b
14、ecauseifyoudontuseyourwaterright,youcanloseyourwaterright.Andmsureyouallknow,thishascreatedsignificantconflictsbetweentheagriculturalandenvironmentalcommunities.OK,nowmgoingtochangegearshere.MostofyouW川behappytoknowthattherestofthepresentationsfree.Andsomeofyoullbehappytoknowthatitinvolvesbeer.There
15、sanotherthinghappeningaroundthecountry,whichisthatcompaniesarestartingtogetconcernedabouttheirwaterfootprint.Theyreconcernedaboutsecuringanadequatesupplyofwater,theyretryingtobereallyefficientwiththeirwateruse,andtheyreconcernedabouthowtheirwateruseaffectstheimageoftheirbrand.Well,itsanationalproble
16、m,butmgoingtotellyouanotherstoryfromMontana.anditinvolvesbeer.Ibetyoudidntknow,ittakesabout5pintsofwatertomakeapintofbeer.Ifyouincludeallthedrain,ittakesmorethanahundredpintsofwatertomakeapintofbeer.NowthebrewersinMontanahavealreadydonealottoreducetheirwaterconsumption,buttheystillusemillionsofgallo
17、nsofwater.Imean,thereswaterinbeer.So,whatcantheydoaboutthisremainingwaterfootprintthatcanhaveseriouseffectsontheecosystem?TheseecosystemsarereallyimportanttotheMontanabrewersandtheircustomers.Afterall,theresastrongcorrelationbetweenwaterandfishing,andforsome,theresastrongcorrelationbetweenfishingand
18、beer.So,theMontanabrewersandtheircustomersareconcernedandtheyrelookingforsomewaytoaddresstheproblem.Sohowcantheyaddressthisremainingwaterfootprint?RememberPricklyPear.Upuntilnow,businesswaterstewardshiphasbeenlimitedtomeasuringandreducing,andweresuggestingthatthenextstepistorestore.RememberPricklyPe
19、ar.Itsabrokensystem.Youvegotadisincentivetoconserve,becauseifyoudontuseyourwaterright,yourisklosingyourwaterright.Well,wedecidedtoconnectthesetwoworlds-theworldofthecompanieswiththeirwaterfootprintsandtheworldofthefarmerswiththeirseniorwaterrightsonthesecreeks.Insomestates,seniorwaterrightsholdersca
20、nleavetheirwaterinthestreamwhilelegallyprotectingitfromothers,andmaintainingtheirwaterright.Afterall,itistheirwaterright,andiftheywanttousethatwaterrighttohelpthefishgrowinthestream,itstheirrighttodoso.Buttheyhavenoincentivetodoso.So,workingwithlocalwatertrusts,wecreatedanincentivetodoso.Wepaythemto
21、leavetheirwaterinstream.Thatswhatshappeninghere.Thisindividualhasmadethechoiceandisclosingthiswaterdiversion,leavingthewaterinthestream.Hedoesntlosethewaterright,hejustchoosestoapplythatright,orsomeportionofit,tothestream,insteadoftotheland.Becausehestheseniorwater-rightsholder,hecanprotectthewaterf
22、romotherusersinthestream.OK?Hegetspaidtoleavethewaterinthestream.Thisguysmeasuringthewaterthatthisleavesinthestream.Wethentakethemeasuredwater,wedivideitintothousand-gallonincrements.Eachincrementgetsaserialnumberandacertificate,andthenthebrewersandothersbuythosecertificatesasawaytoreturnwatertothes
23、edegradedecosystems.Thebrewerspaytorestorewatertothestream.Itprovidesasimple,inexpensiveandmeasurablewaytoreturnwatertothesedegradedIELTSADVANTAGEMultiple-ChoicePracticeQuestionsecosystems,whilegivingfarmersaneconomicchoiceandgivingbusinessesconcernedabouttheirwaterfootprintsaneasywaytodealwiththem.
24、After140yearsofconflictand100yearsofdrystreams,acircumstancethatlitigationandregulationhasnotsolved,weputtogetheramarket-based,willingbuyer,willingsellersolution-asolutionthatdoesnotrequirelitigation.Itsaboutgivingfolksconcernedabouttheirwaterfootprintsarealopportunitytoputwaterwhereit,scriticallyne
25、eded,intothesedegradedecosystems,whileatthesametimeprovidingfarmersameaningfuleconomicchoiceabouthowtheirwaterisused.Thesetransactionscreateallies,notenemies.Theyconnectpeopleratherthandividingthem.Andtheyprovideneededeconomicsupportforruralcommunities.Andmostimportantly,itsworking.Wevereturnedmorethanfourbilliongallonsofwatertodegradedecosystems.We,veconnectedseniorwater-rightsholderswithbrewersinMontana,withhotelsandteacompaniesinOregon,andwithhigh-techcompaniesthatusealotofwaterintheSouthwest.Andwhenwemaketheseconnections,wecanandwedoturnthis.intothis.
