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1、ZQ国国PaSSage1TheLayersoftheSunConsidertheearth,themoon,andalltheotherplanetsinoursolarsystem.Thinkaboutthemassthatallthoseobjectsmusthavewhentheyarealladdedtogether.Counter-intuitively,addedalltogethertheyaccountforonly0.2%ofthetotalmassofthesolarsystem.Thesunmakesuptheremaining99.8%ofallthemassinthe
2、solarsystem!Thesunisthecenterofthesolarsystemandthelargestobjectinthesolarsystem.OursunisastarthatprovideslightandheatandsupportsalmostalllifeonEarth.Thesunisasphere,butunliketheearthandthemoon,itisnotsolid.Mostatomsinthesunexistasplasma,orafourthstateofmattermadeupofsuperheatedgaswithanelectricalch
3、arge.Oursunconsistsalmostentirelyoftheelementshydrogenandhelium,andbecausethesunisnotsolidzitdoesnothaveadefinedouterboundary.Itdoes,howevehaveadefiniteinternalstructure.Thereareseveralidentifiablelayersofthesun:Thecoreistheinnermostorcentrallayerofthesun.Thecoreisplasma,butmovessimilarlytoagas.Itst
4、emperatureisaround27milliondegreesCelsius.Inthecore,nuclearreactionscombinehydrogenatomstoformhelium,releasingvastamountsofenergyintheprocess.Theenergyreleasedthenbeginstomoveoutward,towardstheouterlayersofthesun.Justoutsidethecoreistheradiativezone,whichhasatemperatureofabout7milliondegreesCelsius.
5、Theenergyreleasedinthecoretravelsextremelyslowlythroughtheradiativezone.Particlesoflightcalledphotonscanonlytravelafewmillimetersbeforetheyhitanotherparticleinthesun,areabsorbedandthenreleasedagain.Itcantakeaphotonaslongas50millionyearstotravelallthewaythroughtheradiativezone.Surroundingtheradiative
6、zoneistheconvectionzone.Here,hotmaterialfromnearthesunscenterrises,coolsatthesurface,andthenplungesbackdownwardtoreceivemoreheatfromtheradiativezone.Thismovementhelpstocreatesolarflaresandsunspots.Thesefirstthreelayersmakeupwhatwewouldactuallycallthesun.Thenextthreelayersmakeupthesunsatmosphere.Ofco
7、urse,therearenosolidlayerstoanypartofthesun,sotheseboundariesarefuzzyandindistinct.Thevisiblesurfaceofthesunisknownasthephotosphere.Thisistheregionofthesunthatemitssunlight.Itsalsooneofthecoolestlayersofthesunonlyabout6700oC.Lookingataphotographofthesunssurface,youcanseethatithasseveraldifferentcolo
8、rs:oranges,yellowandreds,givingitagrainyappearance.Wecannotseethiswhenweglancequicklyatthesunasoureyescantfocusthatquicklyandthesunistoobrightforustolookatformorethanabriefmoment.Lookingatthesunforanylengthoftimecancauseblindness,sodonttryit!Sunlightisemittedfromthesunsphotosphere.Afractionoftheligh
9、tthattravelsfromthesunreachesEarth.Ittravelsaslightinarangeofwavelengths,includingvisiblelight,ultravioletandinfraredradiation.Visiblelightisallthelightwecanseewithoureyes.Wecantseeultravioletorinfraredradiation,buttheireffectscanQD国IELTSADVANTAGEstillbedetected.Forexample,sunburniscausedbyultraviol
10、etradiationwhenyouspendtoomuchtimeinthesun.Thechromosphereisthezoneabout2,000kilometersthickthatliesdirectlyabovethephotosphere.Thechromosphereisathinregionofthesunsatmospherethatglowsredasitisheatedbyenergyfromthephotosphere.Temperaturesinthechromosphererangefromabout4000oCtoabout10z000oC.Jetsofgas
11、fireupthroughthechromosphereatspeedsupto72,000kilometersperhour,reachingheightsashighas10,000kilometers.Theoutermostlayerofthesun,andtheoutermostpartofitsatmosphere,iscalledthecorona.Itisthesunshaloorcrown.Ithasatemperatureof2to5milliondegreesCelsiusandismuchhotterthanthevisiblesurfaceofthesun,orpho
12、tosphere.Thecoronaextendsmillionsofkilometersintospace.Ifyoueverhavethechancetoseeatotalsolareclipse,youwillbeabletoseethesunscorona,shiningoutintospace.Toconclude,inthesunscore,nuclearfusionreactionsgenerateenergybyconvertinghydrogentohelium,andtherestofthesunisheatedbythemovementofthisenergyoutwar
13、dfromthecore.Lightenergyfromthesunisemittedfromthephotosphere,andittravelsthroughspace,andsomeofitreachestheearth.ThesunisthesourceofalmostalltheenergyonEarthandsunlightpowersphotosynthesis,aswellaswarmingandilluminatingourEarth.Adaptedfrom:https:en.wikibooks.ora/Wiki/HiahSChOOlEarthSCienCe/TheSUnQD
14、国后Questions1-4LabelthediagrambelowWiththenamesofthelayersofthesun.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthereadingpassageforeachanswer.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions5-9CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectendingA-Ifromtheboxbelow.WritethecorrectletterA-Iinboxes5-9o
15、nyouranswersheet.NBnotallletterswillbeused.S. Thevastmajorityofthetotalmassofthesolarsystemisaccountedforby.T. Thereisnofixedouteredge.U. Thecoreproducesenergywhich.O.Ourplanetonlyreceives.Q.Onekindoflightemittedbythesun,which.A.canbeseeninthephotosphere,isaformOfsuperheatedgas.V. isextremelyhotandu
16、sedtocreatehydrogen.W. isinvisibletohumanszcandamageourskin.X. movesataveryslowpacethroughtheareasurroundingit.Y. asmallproportionofthelightwhichthesunemits.Z. sunspots,whicharethethirdlayerofthesunzsatmosphere.AA. thebiggestsingleobjectinthesolarsystem,whichisthesun.BB. theplanetsandtheirmoons.CC.
17、tothesunduetothefactthatitismostlymadeofgasorplasma.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions10-14Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationprovidedinpassage1?TrueifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFalseifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNotGivenifthe
18、reisnoinformationonthis10. Theinteriorofthesuniscomposedofamixtureofonlytwoelements.11. Themovementofmatterbackandforthbetweentheradiativezoneandtheareathatsurroundsitgivesrisetosurfacefeatureslikesolarflares.12. Ifapersonweretostareatthesunforalongtime(whileusingequipmenttoprotecttheeyes),theywould
19、beabletoseethatmostofthesurfaceofthesunisnotyellow.13. Lighttravelsfasterthroughthechromospherethanitdoesthroughtheradiativezone.14. Nearlyalltheenergyonourplanetisproducedoriginallybymeansofanuclearreaction.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.国IELTSADVANTAGEPaSSaRe2
20、TheChangingLandscapeofOceaniaSectionA-ThehumansettlementofOceania,fromtheearliestmigrationstoEuropeancolonization,hasreshapedthephysicallandscapeofthisregion.Environmentaldegradation-disturbancestoresourceslikeair;land,andwater-isaseriousconcernaseconomicgrowthoftencomesattheexpenseofenvironmentalsu
21、stainability.InAustralia,forexample,widestretchesofpreviouslysparselyinhabitedOutbackhavebecomegrazinglands.InPapuaNewGuineaillegallogginghascontributedtosignificantdeforestation.PollutionfromdairyinginNewZealandhasledtohighlevelsofwaterpollution.SectionB-Invasivespecieshavealsohadsignificantenviron
22、mentalimpactsinaregionthathasbeenotherwiserelativelyisolated.Australiahasadoptedasystemofstrictquarantineinanattempttolimitdamagefromnon-nativeplantsandanimals.Thecountrycurrentlyspendsaround$4billionyearlyininvasiveweedmanagementalone.CatshavebeenbannedinpartsofNewZealandwheretheyposeathreattolocal
23、birdspecies.RatsbroughtbyearlyEuropeanshipshavepresentedasignificantproblemformanyislandsofthePacific,wheretheykillotherplantsandanimalsandalsospreaddisease.Offshore,invasivefishandalgaespecieshavedamagedfragileoceanecosystems.SectionC-Inadditiontolocalpollutionconcerns,humansettlementofotherworldre
24、gionshascontributedtopollutioninthePacificOcean.Worldwide,therearefivemainoceangyres,largesystemsofrotatingoceancurrents.InthenorthernPacificOcean,onegyrehasveryhighconcentrationsoftrashandplasticscarriedtotheareabyoceancurrents.IthasbeentermedtheGreatPacificgarbagepatch.Whenyouthrowsomethingzzawayz
25、,improperly,thesegyresarereallywhereawayis.AwaterbottleimproperlydisposedofonthewesterncoastofNorthAmericawillmakeitswaytotheGreatPacificgarbagepatchinaroundsixyears.SectionD-Oneissuewithplasticsisthattheydon/tbiodegradezandinsteadkeepbreakingdownintosmallerpieceswhilestillremainingplastic.Fishandot
26、hermarinelifeeatthesetinybitsofplasticzwhichcandisruptanumberofbiologicalsystems.Someofthesefishspeciesarethenconsumedbyhumans.BecausetheGreatPacificgarbagepatchcontainssuchsmallpiecesofplastic,andmostoftheplasticisbelowthesurfaceoftheocean,itisnoteasilyvisiblewiththenakedeyeanditisdifficulttoestima
27、teitssize.SomehavetheorizedthepatchisasbigasorbiggerthantheUSstateofTexas,whileothersnotethattheideaofa“patch“ofgarbageisreallyamisnomerasthereareconcentrationsoftrashthroughouttheworld/soceans.SectionE-TrashfromotherworldregionsalsowashesupalongtheshoresofthePacificislands.KamiloBeachinHawaiiisthes
28、iteofasignificantamountofplasticthathaswashedashorefromtheGreatPacificgarbagepatch,somuchsothattheareahasbeennicknamedzzPIasticBeach”.Thoughtheshorelinelookssandy,90percentofitisactuallybitsofplasticandyouwouldhavetodigdownatleastonefoottoreachgrainsofsand.Plastictrashlittersmanyoftheshorelinesofthe
29、Pacificislands,presentingahazardformarinelifeandamanagementandcleanupchallengesincedebrisoftencomesfromthousandsofmilesaway.SectionF-Itischangesinglobalclimate,howevethatposethemostsevereenvironmentalthreattoOceania.Formanyoftheworldsregions,changesinclimateareviewedashypothetical.Hurricanesmightinc
30、reaseinintensity.Theriskoffiremightincrease.ChangesinbirdmigrationsinEuropeandNorthAmericatoshiftsinglobalfishstockshavealreadybeenlinkedtoincreasesinglobaltemperaturebutwithlittledirecteffectonthehumanpopulationsoftheseregions.InOceania,though,smallincreasesintemperatureandoceanlevelscouldhavedisas
31、trouseffectsonalreadyfragileecosystemsandeconomies.TheGreatBarrierReefiscurrentlyexperiencingperiodsofcoralbleachingduetoincreasingoceantemperatures.Whenwatersgettoowarm,coralexperience“stress“andexpeltheCoIorfULalgae-likeorganismsthatlivewithinthem.Masscoralbleachinghasoccurredseveraltimessincethel
32、ate1990sandisexpectedtobecomearegularoccurrenceasoceantemperaturescontinuetorise.CoralbleachinghasalsobeendocumentedinotherreefszincludingonesinHawaii.SomeoftheleadersofthePacificislandshavebeenamongthemostvocalchampionsforglobalclimateregulations.Speakingin2015,theprimeministerofFiji,FrankBainimara
33、madidnotmincewords:Unlesstheworldactsdecisivelyinthecomingweekstobeginaddressingthegreatestchallengeofourage,thenthePacific,asweknowit,isdoomed/Fijihasalreadyexperiencedanincreaseininfectiousdiseasesrelatedtohighertemperatures,record-breakinghightides,andhashadtorelocatecitizensduetorisingoceanlevel
34、s.TherisingoceansinthePacificandtheconcentrationsofpollutionfoundinthisregionarestarkremindersofourinterconnectedworld.Inmanyways,thefutureofOceaniawillbedecidedbytheactionsofglobalcitizensandleaders.Source:https:SOeiellSCi.libretexts.orq/BOokSheIVeS/Geography(HUman)/Book%3AVvbReqiOnalGeoqraphy(FinI
35、aySon)10%3AOCeCmicl10.05%3ATheChemqinqLCmdSCeIPBOfOCeCmielQuestions15-19ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassagetoanswerthequestionsbelow.15. Accordingtothearticle,whatenvironmentalproblemhasbeencausedbythedairyindustryinNewZealand?16. WhatmeasurehasbeenintroducedinAustraliatoreduceproble
36、mscausedbyforeignanimalsandvegetation?17. ApproximatelyhowlongdoesittakeforapieceofplasticrubbishtoreachtheGreatPacificgarbagepatchfromthewestcoastoftheUSA?18. WhatproportionofKamiloBeachiscomprisedofplastic?19. WhatproblemisaffectingcoralreefsinHawaii?Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswers
37、withthefollowingvideo.Questions20-24Passage2hassixsectionslabelledA-FChoosethecorrectheadingsforSectionsB-F.ListofHeadingsi. Beachgarbagefromfarawayii. Fishconsumptioniii. HowpollutionfromoutsideOceaniareachestheregioniv. Hypothesizingchangev. Theeffectofhumanmigrationontheregionvi. Theextentofthepl
38、asticproblemvii. TheimpactofforeignwildlifeonOceaniaviii. Theseriousdangerposedbyclimatechangei.ThespreadofTexanpollutionE.g.SectionA-v20. SectionB21. SectionC22. SectionD23. SectionE24. SectionFAfteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions25-27Choosetheappropriatele
39、ttersA,B,CorDWriteyouranswersinboxes25-27onyouranswersheet.25. Accordingtothetext,theGreatPacificgarbagepatchA. canbeseentoconsistmostlyofplastic.B. isknowntobenearlyaslargeasTexas.C. isofanunknownsize.D. isbelievedbysometostretchtoalltheworldsoceans.26. CoralA. changetheirbehaviourasaresultofexposu
40、retoacertainamountofheat.B. experiencedmassbleachingregularlypriortothe1990s.C. haveundergonethemostseveredamageinHawaii.D. existintheGreatBarrierReefduetoincreasingtemperatures.27. InFiji,A. diseaseshavemeantthatmanypeoplehaveneededtorelocate.B. highersealevelshaveledtofoodshortages.C. somecitizens
41、havebeenmovedtootherlocationsduetoincreasingsealevels.D. mostdiseasesinvolvefeverasaprincipalsymptom.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Q国IELTSADVANTAGEPaSSaRe3SpanishExplorationandConquestA-TheSpanishestablishedthefirstEuropeansettlementsintheAmericas,beginninginth
42、eCaribbeanand,by1600,extendingthroughoutCentralandSouthAmerica.ThousandsofpeopleflockedfromSpaintotheAmericasseekingwealthandstatus.ThemostfamousoftheseadventurersareChristopherColumbus(who,thoughItalianhimself,exploredonbehalfoftheSpanishmonarchs),HernanCortes,andFranciscoPizarro.B-ThehistoryofSpan
43、ishexplorationbeginswiththehistoryofSpainitself.Duringthefifteenthcentury,Spainhopedtogainadvantageoveritsrival,Portugal.ThemarriageofFerdinandofAragonandIsabellaofCastilein1469unifiedCatholicSpainandbegantheprocessofbuildinganationthatcouldcompeteforworldwidepower.In1492ztheycompletedtheReconquista
44、:thecenturies-longChristianconquestoftheIberianPeninsula.TheReconquistamarkedanotherstepforwardintheprocessofmakingSpainanimperialpower;andFerdinandandIsabellawerenowreadytolookfurtherafield.C-TheirgoalsweretoexpandCatholicismandtogainacommercialadvantageoverPortugal.Tothoseends,FerdinandandIsabella
45、sponsoredextensiveAtlanticexploration.Spainsmostfamousexplorer,ChristopherColumbus,wasactuallyfromGenoazItaly.Hebelievedthat,usingcalculationsbasedonothermarinersjourneys,hecouldchartawestwardroutetoIndiazwhichcouldbeusedtoexpandEuropeantradeandspreadChristianity.Startingin1485zheapproachedGenoese,V
46、enetian,Portuguese,English,andSpanishmonarchs,askingforshipsandfundingtoexplorethiswestwardroute.AllthosehepetitionedincludingFerdinandandIsabellaatfirstrebuffedhim;theirnauticalexpertsallconcurredthatColumbussestimatesofthewidthoftheAtlanticOceanwerefartoolow.Howevecafterthreeyearsofentreaties,and,
47、moreimportantly,thecompletionoftheReconquista,FerdinandandIsabellaagreedtofinanceColumbussexpeditionin1492zsupplyinghimwiththreeships:theNina,thePinta,andtheSantaMaria.TheSpanishmonarchsknewthatPortuguesemarinershadreachedthesoutherntipofAfricaandsailedtheIndianOcean.TheyunderstoodthatthePortuguesew
48、ouldsoonreachAsiaand,inthiscompetitiveracetoreachtheFarEast,theSpanishrulersdecidedtoact.D-Columbushelderroneousviewsthatshapedhisthinkingaboutwhathewouldencounterashesailedwest.Hebelievedtheearthtobemuchsmallerthanitsactualsizeand,sincehedidnotknowoftheexistenceoftheAmericas,hefullyexpectedtolandinAsia.OnOctober12,1492zhowever,hemadelandfallonanislandintheBahamas.HethensailedtoanislandhenamedHispaniola(present-dayDominicanRepublicandHaiti).BelievinghehadlandedintheEastIndies,ColumbuscalledthenativeTainoshefoundthere“Indios,“givingrisetotheterm“
