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1、HowToUseThisDocumentThisdocumentstableofcontentsisarrangedinamannerthatisintendedtosuggestalogicalflowofinformation.TheChapternameshavebeenchosentoaccuratelyreflectthecontent.AirOperatorsareadvisedtostartwiththeChapterentitled:GroundIcingProgramGuidelines.ThisChapteroutlinestherequiredcontentsofanap
2、provedaircraftgroundicingprogram.EachsectionoftheGroundIcingProgramchapterrefersinturntootherchaptersofthedocumentforadditionaldetail.OtherdocumentusersmaychoosetorefertothetableofcontentsChapternamestoguidetheirsearchforinformationandguidance.Theindexatthebackofthedocumentcanalsobeusedtolocateverys
3、pecificinformationwhoselocationmaynotbeimmediatelyevidentwithsolereferencetotheTableofContents.DocumentspecifictermdefinitionsarelocatedintheGlossarychapter;andacronymsarepresentedinaspecificchapter;botharelocatedatthebackofthedocument.Numerousreferencesandotherdocumentsofinteresthavebeenidentifiedi
4、ntheReferenceschapter.Readermaychoosetoenhancetheirknowledgeofspecificissuesbyresearchingthelisteddocuments.TheuseofthisdocumentisnotmandatedbyRegulation;however;iftheGuidanceinthisdocumentisfollowedthenthefollowingwords,withinthecontextofthisdocument,takeonaparticularconnotation:Should-Shouldimplie
5、sthatitisadvisabletofollowthesuggestedactivity,processorpractise.2Must/Shall-MustorShallimpliesthatthesuggestedactivity,processorpractiseneedstobefollowedbecausetherearesignificantsafetyimplications.ForewordThisGuidancedocumentcontainsinformationapplicabletotheCommercialOperationofAircraftinCanadaun
6、derGroundIcingConditions.Theinformationhereinderivesfrommanysources.Itcomesfromoperationalexperience,fromscientificfact,fromtestingandevaluation,andfromRegulation.ItisintendedthatallofthoseinvolvedinGroundIcingOperationswillfindsomeinformationinthisdocumentthatwillassistthemintheirunderstandingofsuc
7、hoperations.Thereareaverylargenumberofvariablesinvolvedinoperatingaircraftduringgroundicingconditions.Forthisreasonitisdifficulttoprescribeasolutionforeachandeverysituationthatmayarise.Therefore,thisdocumentgenerallyidentifiestheprinciplesatplayanditisunderstoodthatalargemeasureofsoundjudgementwillb
8、erequiredinmanyinstancestoensurethecontinuanceofsafeaircraftoperationsundergroundicingconditions.AGroundIcingOperationsspecialistisavailableatTransportCanadaHeadquarters,CommercialandBusinessAviationBranch,OperationalStandardsDivisionforconsultation,asmayberequiredfromtime-to-time.M.GaudreauDirector
9、CommercialandBusinessAviationBranchTransportCanadaAcknowledgementsThispageconsistsofalistofvolunteersthatcontributedtothecontentsofthisdocument.Withouttheinputofeachoftheseindividuals,withtheiruniqueknowledge,itwouldnothavebeenpossibletogeneratethelevelofdetailpresentinthisdocument.Listedinnoparticu
10、larorderarethenamesandtheaffiliationoftheindividualsthatwereinvolved.Ifanypersonthatcontributedisnotlistedbelow,itwasanunintentionalomission.AirOperatorsMr.PaulYsselmuidenzAssistantChiefPilot,LineOperations,WestJet;Mr.WarrenUnderwood,SeniorEngineer(retired),DeltaAirlines,Atlanta;Mr.IanAndersonzManag
11、erGroundIcing&WinterOperations,WestJet;Mr.LouGrenierzAirCanada(retired),Toronto.RegulatorsMr.PaulJohnson,GeneralAviation,TransportCanada;Ms.SandraBrowzManagerTerminalbwerOperationalprocedures,NavCanada;Ms.ElizabethMarston,SpecialistO.H&STransportCanada;MnMurraySt-LouiszSpecialistO.H&STransportCanada
12、;Mr.DavidRye,Specialist,NavCanada;Mr.RonBurkillzManager;EnvironmentalSystems,TransportCanada;Mr.TomDunn,OperationalStandards,TransportCanada;Mr.AlecSimpson,EnvironmentalStandards,TransportCanada;MnMichaeILaughlinzOperationalStandards(SuperintendentRotorcraft),TransportCanada;Mr.AlexRoberts,Operation
13、alStandards(Rotorcraft)zTransportCanada;Mr.BillVermue,AerodromeSafetyBranch,TransportCanada;MrJacquesServant,ChiefAviationOccupationalHealthandSafety,TransportCanada;Mr.BarryMyers,TransportationDevelopmentCentre,TransportCanada;MrJimKing,OperationalStandards,(InspectorforOperationControl)TransportCa
14、nada;BillMaynard,Meteorologist,TransportCanada;Mr.DougIngold,OperationalStandards,TransportCanada.FluidManufacturersDrJacquesLerouxzDowChemicalCanada.ServiceProvidersMr.KenEastman,GlobeGround;Mr.AlanMinns,ManagerTraining,GlobeGround,Toronto;Mr.BradBeaver;GlobeGround,Toronto;Mr.DarrylGolbeckzManagero
15、fRampOperations,GlobeGround,Toronto;Mr.MarioRosazAeroMag2000,Montreal;MnKeIvinWilliamsonzGlobeGroundToronto.ContractorsMr.KenWalper;ConsultanttoTransportCanada;Mr.FrankEyrezConsultant,Montreal;Mr.NeilLarsenzRareBirdsConsulting;Mr.DaveNicoll,TailwindsConsulting.AirportAuthorityMr.PaulRitchizGreaterTo
16、rontoAirportAuthority.ResearchersDnCharIesRyerson,CRREL(USArmy);Mr.JohnD1Avirro,APSAviationInc.;Mr.MikeChaputzAPSAviationInc.zMontreal;Dr.MyronOleskiwzResearcher;NRC,Canada.EquipmentManufacturersMr.VinceLoPresto,BFGoodrichSystems,USA.ChangeControlRecordsDescriptionofChangeEdition2ofTP14052Ereplacest
17、hepreviousEditionofTP14052EdatedSeptember2003.ThedocumentnamehasbeenchangedfromGroundIcingOperationsUpdatetoGuidelinesforAircraftGroundIcingOperations*.Furthermoreasignificantamountofadditionalmaterialhasbeenincludedinthisnewedition.Edition2shouldstillbeusedinconjunctionwiththeHOTGuidelinesaspublish
18、edontheTransportCanadawebsiteat:http:WWWtc.gc.caFuturereleasesofthisdocumentwillincludesidebarstoindicatetext,WhiChhasbeenadded,deleteOrmodified.REVISIONDATEDESCRIPTIONOFCHANGESAFFECTEDPAGESINITIALSEdition2April2005ReleaseofEdition2ofTP14052EALL Chapter1-Introduction 1.lBdCkgroUnd 1.2PUnJoSeOftheDoC
19、Ument 1.3HLZdrdSOfIce,SnoWrndFrOSt 1.4CanadianAVintiOnRegUldtionSandStandardS1.1 BackgroundOvertheyears,TransportCanada(TC)hasreceivednumerousrequestsforadvice,informationanddirectionregardingaircraftgrounddeicingandanti-icingoperations.Therequestsincludedinformationonpersonneltraining,equipmentrequ
20、irements,fluidspecificationsandperformance,theuseofholdovertime(HOT)guidelines,requiredcommunications,CanadianAviationRegulations(CARs),thedeicingprocess,andotherrelatedtopics.1.2 PurposeoftheDocumentThisguidancedocumenthasbeengeneratedtoserveasanAircraftGroundIcingresourcetotheCanadianAviationIndus
21、try.ItisanticipatedthattheinformationcontainedinthisTPguidancedocumentwillserveAirOperators,AirportOperators,deicingserviceproviders,CentralDeicingFacility(CDF)operators,maintenancepersonnel,managers,TransportCanadaOperationsInspectors,andothersinvolvedinaircraftgroundicingoperations.Noattempthasbee
22、nmadetoregenerateexistingdocuments,rather;whenever;possible,referencehasbeenmadetoauthoritativedocumentsororganizationswithsubjectmatterexpertise.Inthiswaytheuserofthisguidancedocumentcanpursueagreaterdepthofsubjectmatterknowledge.1.3 HazardsofIcezSnowandFrostAverysmallamountofroughness,inthicknessa
23、slowas0.40mm(l64in.)zcausedbyicezsnoworfrost,disruptstheairflowovertheliftandcontrolsurfacesofanaircraft.Theconsequenceofthisroughnessissevereliftloss,increaseddragandimpairedmanouverabilityzparticularlyduringthetakeoffandinitialclimbphasesofflight.Icecanalsointerferewiththemovementofcontrolsurfaces
24、oraddsignificantlytoaircraftweight.Thereisnosuchthingasaninsignificantamountofice.IcecanformevenwhentheOutsideAirTemperature(OAT)iswellabove0(32oF).Anaircraftequippedwithwingfueltanksmayhavefuelthatisatasufficientlylowtemperaturesuchthatitlowersthewingskintemperaturetobelowthefreezingpoint.Thispheno
25、menonisknownascold-soaking.Thissituationcanalsooccurwhenanaircrafthasbeencruisingathighaltitudeforaperiodoftimefollowedbyaquickdescenttoalandinginahumidenvironment.Liquidwatercomingincontactwithawing,whichisatabelowfreezingtemperature,willthenfreezetothewingsurfaces.Cold-soakingcanalsobecausedbyfuel
26、inganaircraftwithcoldfuel.Ifthereisrainorhighhumidity,icecanformonthecold-soakedwingandaccumulateovertime.Thisicecanbeinvisibletotheeyeandisoftenreferredtoasclearice.ThisicecanbedetectedbyperformingatactileinspectionorbyusingspeciallydesignedicedetectingsystemssuchasaGroundIceDetectionSystem(GIDS).S
27、heetsofclearicedislodgedfromthewingorfuselageduringtakeofforclimbcanbeingestedbyaftfuselagemountedengines,therebycausingaflameoutordamage.Sheetsofdislodgedclearicecanalsocauseimpactdamagetocriticalsurfacessuchasthehorizontalstabilizer.1.4 CanadianAviationRegulationsandStandardsCanadianAviationRegula
28、tions(CARs)602.11states,inpartthat:Nopersonshallconductorattempttoconductatake-offinanaircraftthathasfrost,iceorsnowadheringtoanyofitscriticalsurfaces*;andtheassociatedGeneralOperatingFlightRulesStandard(GOFR)622.Ilzoutlinestherequirementsofagroundicingprogram.ThefollowingRegulationsandStandardsarea
29、lsoapplicable:1.4.1 GeneralOperatingFlightRulesandStandards1 CAR602.11AircraftIcing2 GOFRS622.11GroundIcingOperations3 CAR604.73(3)TrainingProgram4 GOFRS624.57(1)MaintenanceTraining5 GOFRS624.73(17)TrainingPrograms,AircraftSurfaceContaminationTraining6 GOFRS624.80(d)ContentsofOperationsManual1.4.2Co
30、mmercialAirService-AerialWork7 CAR702.76(2)(d)(iv)Training8 CASS722.09(f)GeneralConditionsofAirOperatorCertificate-OperationalSupportServices9 CASS722.76(4)TrainingProgram-CompanyIndoctrinationTrainingioCASS722.76(8)TrainingProgram-AircraftServicesandGroundHandlingTrainingHCASS722.76(10)TrainingProg
31、ram-InitialandAnnualRecurrent12 CASS722.76(14)Training-SurfaceContaminationTraining13 CASS722.82(l)(s)ContentsofaCompanyOperationsManual-COMforIFR&VFRatNightOperations14 CASS722.82(2)(p)ContentsofaCompanyOperationsManual-OperationsManualforDayVFROperations1.4.3 CommercialAirService-AirTaxiOperations
32、15CAR703.98(2)(v)TrainingProgram16CASS723.07(3)(g)IssuanceorAmendmentofAirOperatorCertificate-OperationalSupportServicesandEquipment17CASS723.98(5)(f)TrainingPrograms-CompanyIndoctrinationTraining18CASS723.98(17)TrainingPrograms-AeroplaneSurfaceContaminationTraining19CASS723.105(l)(t)ContentsofCompa
33、nyOperationsManual20CASS723.105(2)(n)ContentsofCompanyOperationsManual21CASS723.105(l)(t)ContentsofaOperationsManual1.4.4 CommercialAirService-CommuterOperations22CAR704.115(2)(c)TrainingProgram23CASS724.115(6)(f)TrainingProgram-CompanyIndoctrinationTraining24CASS724.115(18)TrainingProgram-Aeroplane
34、SurfaceContaminationTraining25CASS724.115(26)(e)TrainingProgram-AeroplaneServicingandGroundHandlingTrainingforPilots26CASS724.121(t)ContentsofCompanyOperationsManual1.4.5 CommercialAirService-AirlineOperations27CAR705.124(2)(a)(iv)TrainingProgram28CAR705.124(2)(b)(iv)TrainingProgram29CASS725.07(4)(f
35、)IssuanceandAmendmentofAirOperatorCertificate-OperationalSupportServiceandEquipment30CASS725.124(5)(f)TrainingProgram-CompanyIndoctrinationTraining31CASS725.124(23)TrainingProgram-AeroplaneSurfaceContaminationTraining32CASS725.124(31)(e)TrainingProgram-AeroplaneServicingandGroundHandlingTrainingforP
36、ilots33CASS725.135(t)ContentsofCompanyOperationsManualChapter2-GroundIcingProgramGuidelines 21DeVeloDmentOfdnADDrovedGrOUndICingProgram(AGlP) 2.2ElementSOfdnADDrovedGroundICingPrOgQm2.1 DevelopmentofanApprovedGroundIcingProgram(AGIP)InaccordancewiththeCARszCAR705operators(AirlineOperations)arerequir
37、edtoestablishanApprovedGroundIcingProgram(AGIP).AiroperatorsconductingoperationsunderCAR702(AerialWork),703(AirTaxi)and704(CommuterOperation)andforeignairoperatorsoperatinginCanadaarenotspecificallyrequiredbyregulationtohaveanAGIP.However;theyarestronglyencouragedtoinstitutesuchaprogram.Therationalf
38、orinstitutinganAGIPfortheseoperatorsisthattheymustaddressproceduresfordealingwithgroundicingoperationsinanycase.TheAGIPprovidesastructuredapproachforaddressinggroundicingoperations.AsampleAGIPhasnotbeenprovided,sinceitwasdeemedimpossibletocreateonethatwouldaddresseverypossibleorganizationandsituatio
39、n.Instead,itwasdeemedmoreappropriatetoprovideguidancematerialonthepreparationandminimumrequirementsofanAGIPzwhichalongwiththecontentsoftheotherchaptersofthisTPzprovidesufficientknowledgetoboththeproduceroftheAGIPandtheTransportCanadainspectorresponsibleforapprovingtheassociatedAGIP.Accordingly,thisc
40、hapterprovidesguidancewithrespecttothematerialandareasthatneedtobeaddressedinanAGIP.Foreaseofreferenceandcontinuity,theflowandlayoutofthischapterfollowsthelayoutoftheoveralldocument.Cross-referencestotheappropriatechaptersofthisTPhavebeenincludedtominimizeduplicationofinformationandtofacilitateusabi
41、lityofthedocument.2.2 ElementsofanApprovedGroundIcingProgramGeneralOperatingandFlightRegulation(GOFR)622.11providesalistoftheminimumrequirementswhichmustbecontainedinanAGIP.SincetheoriginalpublicationofGOFR622.ilnewareasofknowledgehavearisen,anditisessentialthattheAGIPaddressthesenewareasifapplicabl
42、e.Furthermore,somecompaniesmaybeusingspecialproceduresnotaddressedatthetimewhenGOFR622.ilwaswritten.ThesemustbeaddressedintheAGIP.ThefollowingareasmustbeaddressedintheAGIP.2.2.1 IntroductionandResponsibilitiesAnAGIPisestablishedtodocumentspecificprocedures,guidelinesandprocessesfortheoperationofairc
43、raftundergroundicingconditionstoensurethataircrafttake-offwithoutcontaminationadheringtocriticalsurfaces.AnAGIPisnecessarytoensurethateveryoneinvolvedintheoperationsofaircraftundericingconditionsunderstandtheirrespectiveresponsibilitiesandareproperlytrainedandknowledgeableintheirrespectiveareas.Furt
44、hermore,anoverridingobjectiveinpreparinganAGIPistoassistinthecreationofanorganizationthatworksharmoniouslytowardthegoalofensuringthatnopersonshallconductorattempttoconductatake-offinanaircraftthathasfrost,iceorsnowadheringtoanyofitscriticalsurfaces.ThissectionoftheAGIPmust:Addressthereasonsforhaving
45、ade/anti-icingprogram;2 Clearlydefinetherolesandresponsibilitiesofindividualsassociatedwiththeoperationsofaircraftundergroundicingconditions.Theindividualswithde/anti-icingresponsibilitiesinclude,butarenotlimitedto:3 ThePilot-in-Command;4 Thecabincrew;5 Flightdispatchers,flightfollowers;6 Deicingope
46、rators;7 Maintenancecrew;8 Managementteam;and9 1.ocalATC.SeeChaDte3,RolesandResponsibilitiesforgreaterdetailonthismaterial.2.2.2DefinitionsItisimperativethatthoseinvolvedingroundicingoperationsunderstandseveralfundamentalicingterms.Furthermore,itisvitallyimportantthatallindividualshaveacommonunderst
47、andingoftheterminologyinuseinordertoimprovecommunicationsandminimizeunderstandingerrors.ThereforethissectionoftheAGIPmustincludedefinitionsassociatedwithoperationsofaircraftundericingconditions.Subjectsinthedefinitionsectioninclude,butarenotlimitedto:ioWeatherconditionssuchasfreezingdrizzle,clearice
48、zfreezingfogzfrost,rain,rimeicezicepellets,icecrystals,snowpellets,snowandsnowgrains;HAircrafttermsanddefinitionssuchascriticalflightcontrolsurfaces,engines,andsurfacesthatmayrequiredeicing;12 Representativesurfaces;13 Deicingfluids;14 Anti-icingfluids;15 Manualremovalmethods;16 Fluidpropertiessuchaslowestoperationalusetemperature(LOUT),refraction,viscosity,pH;17 One-steportwo-stepde/anti-icingprocess;18 Holdovertimes,theiruseandlimitations;19 Aircraftinspectionprocesspreandpostdei
