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1、美国总统约翰亚当斯JohnAdams:HesNumberTwoVOALearningEnglishpresentsAmericasPresidents.TodaywearetalkingaboutJohnAdams.In1796zhewaselectedasthecountry,ssecondpresident.CourtesyTheWhiteHouseHistoricalAssociationBeingsecondcanbedifficult.Andbeingthesecondpresidentofanewcountry,followingapopularfirstpresidentsuch
2、asGeorgeWashington,turnedouttobeextremelydifficult.Foronething,Adamsdidnotalwaysgetalongwithotherpeople.Hewasknowntogetangryeasily,andoften.Adamsalsowasleaderofadividedadministration.Hisownvicepresidentoftendisagreedwithhim-passionately.ThesituationwastheresultofaruleintheConstitutionatthetime.Itsai
3、dthepersonwhoreceivedthemajorityofvotesbecamepresident.Thepersonwiththesecondlargestnumberofvotesbecamevicepresident.Theruleworkedfineforthefirsttwoelections.Washingtonhadwonthepresidency,andAdamswonthevicepresidency.Thetwomenbelongedtothesamepoliticalpartyandsharedmanypointsofview.Butin1796,Adams,o
4、pponentintheelection,ThomasJeffersonrbecamethevicepresident.Thetwomenwerepersonalfriends,butpoliticalenemies.PresidentAdamssupportedastrongfederalgovernmentthatprotectedtheinterestsofbusinessandthewealthy.VicePresidentJefferson,ontheotherhandzwantedtolimitthepowerofthefederalgovernment.Asaresult,Ada
5、msandJeffersonoftenclashed.Adamsalsomadewhatmanyhistoriansconsideramistakeinchoosinghiscabinet.AdamssimplykeptWashingtonsofficialadvisers,mostlytosatisfypoliticalopponents.Butlater,Adamslearnedthatmanyofhiscabinetmembersopposedhim,too.HistorianJohnFerlingsaysAdamswasinoverhishead,andstartedswimmingu
6、pstreamwalmostfromthestartofhispresidency.ForeignpolicycrisisOntopofallthat,Adamsfacedaforeignpolicycrisis.AftertheFrenchRevolution,GreatBritainalliedwithotherEuropeannationsagainstFrance.Theywantedtokeeptheunrestfromspreadingtotheircountries.AdamsworkedhardtomakesuretheU.S.didnotgetpulledintoawarbe
7、tweenFranceandGreatBritain.ButFrancedidnottrusttheU.S.IttriedtointerrupttradebyseizingU.S.ships.Adamswantedtoresolvetheproblempeacefully.Hethreatenedmilitaryaction,buthealsosentdiplomatstotalkwithFrenchofficials.Adamsaimedforanhonorablepeace,zwithFrance.Ittooksometimebuthegotit.HistorianJohnFerlings
8、aysalthoughthecrisisinEuropecausedAdamsendlesstrouble/7hedealtwithitwell.ManyyearsIaterzAdamswrotethatthegreatestjewelinhiscrown,zwasreachingpeacewithFrance.TheAdamsfamilyEvenifAdamsstruggledaspresident,hewassuccessfulinotherpartsofhislife.HegrewupoutsidethecityofBoston.Hisfatherwasafarmer,aswellasa
9、churchofficialandtownleader.However,AdamschosetoattendHarvardUniversityandbecomealawyer.Adamswasaverygoodlawyer.Infact,hewasoneofthebusiestlawyersinBoston.Hissuccessenabledhimtobuyabig,two-storyhousethatstillstandsinQuincy,Massachusetts.Adamsalsohadahappymarriage.Therelationshipbetweenhimandhiswife,
10、Abigail,isoneofthebest-knownofthattime.Thetwowrotemanyletterstoeachotherduringtheyearstheywereapart.Morethanlz000oftheirlettersstillsurvivetoday.JohnandAbigailAdamswerebothpassionatepatriotswhosupportedtheAmericanRevolution.AbigailAdamszPortraitbyBenjaminBlythzCirca1766Theyalsoagreedabouttheissueofs
11、lavery.UnlikemanyfoundingfamiliesoftheU.S.,thecoupledidnotownslavesandspokeoutagainstthesystemofpeopleowningotherpeople.Electionof1800InNovemberof1800zJohnandAbigailAdamsmovedtotheExecutiveMansioninWashington,D.C.AdamswasthefirstpresidenttoliveinwhatwenowcalltheWhiteHouse.Theywouldnotstaylong,howeve
12、r.Adamswasfacingadifficultre-electioncampaign.Hisvicepresident,ThomasJeffersonzwasrunningagainsthim.Hispartywasdivided-manyFederalistssupportedothercandidates.Andsomevotersdidnotlikehisdecisions-includingcreatingapermanentarmy,raisingtaxes,andlimitingtherightsofimmigrants.Thosefourlaws-calledtheAlie
13、nandSeditionActs-extendedthetimethatimmigrantshadtowaitbeforebecomingU.S.citizens.Theypermittedthegovernmenttodetaincitizensfromenemynationswithoutreasonduringwartime.Thelawsalsopermittedthepresidenttoexpelforeigncitizenshebelievedweredangerous.AndtheymadecriticizingthepresidentorCongressacrime.Adam
14、ssaidtheActsaimedtocontrolpeopleintheU.S.whosupportedFrance.Butmanypoliticiansatthetimearguedthatthelawsmostlyaffectedpeoplewhosupportedtheopposingpoliticalparty.HistorianJohnFerlingsaystheywereright.Andzhesays,AdamsmayhavebeenusingtheAlienandSeditionActstoprotecthispoliticalcareer.Buttheyendedupdam
15、aginghispublicimage.Theyalsoraisedthequestionforthefirsttimeofwhetherstateshadtherighttoignoreafederallawiftheydisagreedwithit.AdamsandJeffersonSupportersofVicePresidentThomasJeffersonusedAdams*approvaloftheAlienandSeditionActsagainsthimeffectively.JeffersonzScampaignsaidAdamsexercisedsomuchpowerasp
16、residentthathemustwanttheU.S.tobecomeamonarchy.Adams,campaignsaidJeffersonwasaradicalwhowouldbringrevolutiontothecountry.TheU.S.hadneverexperiencedsuchanuglyelectionbefore.Somepeoplewonderedwhetherthecountrywouldbeabletotransferpowerpeacefully.JohnAdamsz1797-1800byWilliamWinstanley.WhenJeffersonwon,
17、howeverzAdamsdidnotresist.HeretiredtohisfarminMassachusetts.Adamsspentmostofhisretirementwriting.Heevenbeganexchanginglongletterswithhisoldfriend-andoldenemy-ThomasJefferson.Theytwomendiscussedtheirfamilies,theirthoughtsonpoliticsandreligion,andtheirnation,shistory.Theletterswerebothpersonallyandhis
18、toricallymeaningful:AdamsandJeffersonwerethelastlivingmembersoftheoriginalpatriotswhostartedanewcountry.OnJuly4,1826-thenation,s50thbirthday-thetwofriends,patriotsandformerU.S.presidentsdiedwithinhoursofoneanother.mKellyJeanKelly.AnneBallandKellyJeanKellywrotethisstory.CatyWeaverwastheeditor.Seehoww
19、ellyouunderstandthestorybytakingthislisteningquiz.Playeachvideo,thenchoosethebestanswer.WordsinThisStorypassionately-adv.having,showing,orexpressingstrongemotionsorbeliefsupstream-adj.inthedirectionoppositetotheflowinastreamorriverinterrupt-v.tocausesomethingtostophappeningforatimepatriot-n.personwhosupportedtheAmericanRevolutionaryWarforfreedomfromBritainugly-adj.unpleasanttransfer-v.togiverightstoanotherpersonoriginal-adj.existingfirstoratthebeginning
