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1、美国总统7安德鲁杰克逊AndrewJackson:LoveHimorHateHim?playstopmutemaxvolume00:00-13:43repeatByVOA02April,2017VOALearningEnglishpresentsAmericasPresidents.AndrewJacksonztheseventhpresident,wasunliketheearlierU.S.presidents.Hisfamilywaspoor,hehadlittleeducation,andhelivedonwhatwasthenthewesternpartofthecountry.Ja
2、cksonbecamenationallyknownintheearly1800s-firstasafighteragainstNativeAmericantribes,andthenasageneralintheWarof1812againsttheBritish.Hisimageasamilitaryheroandmanofthepeoplemadehimapopularchoiceforthepresidency.ButcriticssaidJacksondidnotacceptanylimitsonhispower.Heisalsorememberedforsupportingslav
3、ery,andforforcingNativeAmericansfromtheirhomes.WildchildAndrewJacksonsparentswereimmigrantsfromIreland.HisfatherdiedinanaccidentbeforeAndrew,thethirdandyoungestson,wasborn.WhentheAmericancoloniesenteredawarofindependence,AndrewandhistwobrothersfoughtagainsttheBritish-althoughAndrewwastooyoungtobeare
4、gularsoldier.Andrewsoldestbrothersoondied.ThenAndrewandhisotherbrotherwerebothcapturedbyBritishsoldiers.OnecutAndrewsface,leavingascarthatremainedhisentirelife.ButAndrew,unlikehisbrother,survivedcaptivity.Ashorttimelater,Andrewsmotherbecamesickanddied.Byage15,AndrewJacksonhadnolivingimmediatefamily.
5、Hehadalreadystoppedattendingschool,buttaughthimselfenoughtobecomealawyer.HemovedtowhatbecameNashvillezTennessee,wherehedevelopedasuccessfullawcareer.Intime,heboughtlandandslaves.Jacksonwastallandthinzwithredhairandbrightblueeyes.SometimesJacksonwasplayful.Helovedtodance,holdparties,andplaygameswhere
6、hecouldwinmoney.Sometimeshewasviolent.Hewasknownforgettingangryeasily.Jacksonfoughtduelswithseveralmen.Inone,hekilledamanwhoinsultedhiswife.YetmanypeoplelikedJacksonspassionate,action-firstpersonality.BythetimetheUnitedStatesenteredtheWarof1812zJacksonhadbeenacongressman,senator,andjudge.Threenickna
7、mesJacksondidnothaveanyofficiallyrecognizedmilitarytraining.ButduringtheWarof1812,hevolunteeredintheTennesseemilitiaandquicklytookcontroloftroops.Manyofhissoldierscametorespecthim.Jacksonrefusedtogiveup,evenwhenthegovernmentorderedthemilitiatodisband.And,whensomeofthemenwantedtoleave,hethreatenedthe
8、mwithagun.Becausehewasuncompromisingandstrongasatree,soldierscalledJacksonOldHickory.AgroupofCreekIndiansgavehimanothername.Afterhedefeatedtheminbattle,JacksonnegotiatedatreatythatpunishedbothhisNativeAmericanenemiesandhisNativeAmericanallies.ThetreatywasmoreseverethantheU.S.governmenthadasked.Intim
9、e,itforcedtheCreeks-aswellasseveralothertribes-offtheirland.Themovewaspopularwithmanywhitesettlers.ItwaslesspopularwiththeCreeks,whocalledJacksonSharpKnife.Hisbest-knownmilitaryoperationwasinNewOrleans,Louisiana.Alarge,experiencedarmyofBritishsoldiersmovedtoattack.Jacksondefendedthecitywithasmallgro
10、upofuntrainedsoldiers.Hisgroupincludedvolunteers,freeblacks,CreoleszNativeAmericans,andpirates.JacksonsragtagtroopsnotonlydefeatedtheBritishforce,butsufferedonlyafewlosses.JacksondidntknowthatthebattlecameaftertheBritishandAmericanshadalreadyagreedtoendthewar.ButhisvictorytheregavemanyAmericansafeel
11、ingofpride.ItalsomadeJacksonfamous.HebecameknownacrossthecountryastheHeroofNewOrleans.StatueofAndrewJacksoninNewOrleans,LouisianaAmanofthepeopleVotersacrossthecountrysupportedJackson,too.Hewasespeciallywell-likedintheSouthandWest.ManyAmericanssawhimasamanofthepeople.Theybelievedhissuccesscamefromexp
12、erienceandhardwork,notwealthandfamilyconnections.Inthepresidentialelectionof1824zJacksonreceivedmorepopularandelectoralvotesthananyoftheothercandidates.But,becausenocandidatehadamajority,lawmakersintheHouseofRepresentativesdecidedtheelection.ThoselawmakerschoseJohnQuincyAdams,thesonofformerpresident
13、JohnAdams.Theywerepersuaded,inpart,becausealeaderinCongress,namedHenryClay,saidJacksondidnothavethetemperamenttobepresident.ImmediatelyafterQuincyAdamswon,heappointedClaysecretaryofstate.TheappointmentangeredJackson.HebelievedAdamsandClayhadenteredintoacorruptbargain.Inthenextpresidentialelectionfou
14、ryearslater,JacksondefeatedQuincyAdamsinalandslide.Andinthepresidentialelectionafterthat,hecrushedHenryClay.ApowerfulpresidentJacksonwantedtobeapowerfulleaderwhocontrolledalimitedfederalgovernment.Buthewantedthatgovernmenttohavepoweroverstategovernments.Forexample,JacksonrefusedtoletthestateofSouthC
15、arolinanullify,orignore,afederallawthatstateofficialsopposed.Jacksonsaidiftheyfailedtoobeythelaw,hewouldconsiderthemtraitorsandsendintroops.Intime,SouthCarolinaandCongresswereabletoreachacompromiseonthelaw.JacksonalsorefusedtoextendthecharteroftheNationalBank.Hebelievedthebankhelpedindustrialistsand
16、businessesmorethanfarmersandsettlers.Hismovewaspopularwithmanyvoters-especiallyfarmersandsettlers.ButJacksonsopponentswarnedagainstthebankveto.Theydisagreedwithhiseconomicplan,andtheyobjectedtohowhehadoperatedoutsideofCongress.SenatorscensuredJacksonforactingasifhedidnothavetofollowthelaw.Jacksonssu
17、pportersfoughtback.TheyremovedtheofficialcriticismfromtheSenaterecords.IndianRemovalActof1830Jacksonvetoedmorebillsthanthefirstsixpresidentscombined.Heactivelyworkedforonlyonemajorlaw:theIndianRemovalActof1830.JacksonbelievedNativeAmericansoccupiedlandthatshouldbelongtowhitesettlers.HealsothoughtNat
18、iveAmericanswouldbedestroyedorlosetheirculturetowhitepeopleanyway.SoheofferedseveraltribeswhatappearedtobegeneroustreatiestomoveontolandwestoftheMississippiRiver.Butthetreatieswereoftenunfairorillegal.ThetribeswhoacceptedrarelyreceivedthebenefitsJacksonpromisedthem.Andsometribes,suchastheCherokeeszs
19、implyrefusedtogo.EmpoweredbyJacksonsIndianRemovalAct,U.S.governmentofficialseventuallyforced15z000Cherokeesofftheirland.Theyweremadetomarchover1,600kilometers.About4,000diedonthemarch.ItisrememberedastheTrailofTears.Forwhitesettlers,JacksonsIndianremovalpoliciesresultedinover100z000squarekilometerso
20、fnewlandtofarm.Thousandsofcottonplantersmovedwestwiththeirenslavedworkers.TheIndianRemovalActservednotonlytoaidaneconomicboomincotton,buttospreadslaveryfurtherintheUnitedStates.Jacksonhadnoobjections.FinalyearsIn1837,JacksonofficiallymovedoutoftheWhiteHouse-buthedidnotreallyleavethepresidency.Headvi
21、sedthepresidentswhofollowedhimfromhishomeinTennessee.Jacksonhadparticularinfluenceovertwofutureleaders:MartinVanBuren,hisformervicepresident;andJamesPolkzwhosharedJacksonsbeliefssocloselythathewascalledYoungHickory.JacksonsbelovedwifezRachelzhaddiedbeforehetookoffice.Theydidnothaveanychildrentogethe
22、r,buttheyraisedtwoboys:aNativeAmericanorphanwhodiedasateenager;andanephew,whomtheycalledAndrewJacksonzJr.TheyoungerAndrewJacksonandhiswifelivedwiththeformerpresidentinhisfinalyears.Hediedinhisbedat78ofoldwoundsandoldage.Buthislegacyremainsverymuchalive.1.egacyJacksonchangedtheU.S.presidency.Afterhim
23、,presidentialcandidateshadtoshowtheycouldconnectwithvoters,notjustlawmakers.Healsoincreasedthepowerofthechiefexecutive.Jacksonoftenquestioned-Ordismissed-thepowerofCongress,theConstitution,andtheSupremeCourt.Andzhebeganthecustomofreplacingexperiencedgovernmentofficialswithpeoplewhosemainqualificatio
24、nwastheirloyaltytohim.CriticsaddedtoJacksonsnicknames.TheycalledhimKingAndrew,KingMob,orAmericanCesar.TheoppositiontoJacksonledtoanewpoliticalpartycalledtheWhigs.PartofJacksonslegacyisthetwomajorpartysystemthatexistsintheU.S.today.ButthosewholovedJacksonreallylovedhim.Hishumblebeginnings,risetopower
25、,anddefenseofthecommonmaninspiredthem.IntheU.S.,thenameofAndrewJacksonisstilloftenusedasapositivesymbolofAmericandemocracy.mKellyJeanKelly.WordsinThisStorymanofthepeople-n.apoliticianwhounderstandsandislikedbyordinarypeoplepride-n.afeelingthatyourespectyourselfanddeservetoberespectedbyotherpeopletem
26、perament-n.theusualattitude,mood,orbehaviorofapersonnullify-v.tomakesomethinglegallynullcharter-n.adocumentissuedbyagovernmentthatgivesrightstoapersonorgroupgenerous-adj.providingmorethantheamountthatisneededornormal:abundantoramplelegacy-n.somethingthatcomesfromsomeoneinthepastchiefexecutive-n.thepresidentofacountryqualification-n.aspecialskillortypeofexperienceorknowledgethatmakessomeonesuitabletodoaparticularjoboractivity
