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1、MarieCurieFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaForotheruses,SeeMarieCLlrie(disambiguation).MarieCurieMarieSkiodowskaCUriaa1920BomMariaSaloeaSklodowska7November1867Warsaw,KingdolnOfPoland,thenpartofRUSSianElnPireDied4July1934(aged66)PaSSyHaul-Sa-Oie.FranceCauseofdeathRDlaSliCHnCnliaCitizenshipPoland(bybi
2、rth)France(bycarriage)ReligionNoneSpouse(s)PierreCUrie(1859-1906)m.1895ChildrenIrtneJoliot-Curie(1897-1956)fcveCurie(1904-2007)ScientificcareerFieldsPhysics,CheIniSlryInstitutimsUniverSiiyOfPariSAlaaBaterUniversityofParisESPaDoctoraladvisorGabriCILiDpfflannRndrC-LouisDUbisnUDoctoral-scarMorRnOstuden
3、tsMargueriteCatherinePercyKnownforRadioaCliVityPoloniumRadiuNotableawardsNobelPrizeinPhysics(1903)DaVyMedal(1903)MatteUCCiMedal(1904)EIliCItCrOSSonMedHl(1909)AIbOrlNodnl(1910)XQboIPriZeinCheIniSlry(1911)RiUardGibbSAUard(1921)SignatureNotesSheistheonlypersontovinaYObelPriZeintwodifferentsciences.Mari
4、eSktOdOWSkaCuriekiuri,kiuri:WFrenCh：kvBi;7November1867-4July1934)wasaPolishandnaturalizedFrenchDhvsicistardchemistwhoconductedpioneeringresearchQnradioactivitv.ShewasthefirstWomantoWinaNObelPrize,thefirstpersonandonlywomantowintwice,theonlypersontowintwiceinmultiplesciences,andwaspartoftheCuriefamil
5、ylegacyOffiVeNobelPrizes.ShewasalsothefirstwomantobecomeaprofessoratthellniversityOfParis,andin1995becamethefirstwomantobeentombedonherownmeritsinthePantheoninParis.ShewasborMariaSalomeaSktOdOWSka(DrOnOUnCedmariiasal5meaSkWJdOfSkal)inWarsaw,inwhatwasthentheKindomOfPoland,partoftheRussianEmoire.Shest
6、udiedatWarsawsClandeStineFlOatinQUniVerSitVandbeganherpracticalscientifictraininginWarsaw.In1891,aged24,shefollowedheroldersisterBronislawatostudyinParis,wheresheearnedherhigherdegreesandconductedhersubsequentscientificwork.Shesharedthe1903NobelPriZeinPhVSiCSWithherhusbadPierreCurieandwithDhVSiCiStH
7、enriBeCClIlereLShewonthe1911NobelPriZeinChemistry.HerachievementsincludedatheoryOtradioaCtiVity(atermthatshecoined),techniquesforisolatingradioactiveisotopes,andthediscoveryoftwoelements,Doloniumandradium.Underherdirection,theworldsfirststudieswereconductedintothetreatmentofneoplasms,usingradioactiv
8、eisotopes.ShefoundedtheCurinInsUtutesinPariSandinWarsaw,whichremainmajorcentresofmedicalresearchtoday.DuringWorIdWaiJ,sheestablishedthefirstmilitaryfieldradiologicalcentres.WhileaFrenchcitizen,MarieSklodowskaCurie(sheusedbothsurnames)三neverlosthersenseQfPoIishidentity.ShetaughtherdaughtersthePolishI
9、anqlJaqeandtookthemonvisitstoPOland.凰Shenamedthefirstchemicalelementthatshediscovered-polonium,whichsheisolatedin1898-afterhernativeCOUntry.Curiediedin1934atthesanatoriumofSancellemoz(Haute-Savoie),France,duetoaplasticaemiabrouqhtonbyexposuretoradiation-includingcarryingtesttubesofradiuminherpockets
10、duringresearchandherserviceduriqWorldWarIinmobilX-ravunitscreatedbyher3Contentshide1Biographyo1.1Earlyyearso1.2NewlifeinPariso1.3Newelementso1.4NobelPrizeso1.5WorldWarIo1.6Postwaryearso1.7Death 2Legacy 3Awards,honours,andtributes 4Seealso 5Notes 6References 7Furtherreadingo7.1Nonfictiono7.2Fiction 8
11、ExternallinksBiographyEarlyyearsBirthplaceOnuIiCaFretamWarsaws-NewTown,-nowhometoIheMariaSkkxloWSka-CUrieMUSeUmMariaSklodowskawasborninWarsaw,intheRussianDartitiOnofPoland,on7November1867,asthefifthandyoungestchildofwell-knownteachersBronislawa1neeBoguska,andWladyslawSklodowski.Mariasoldersiblingswe
12、reZofia(born1862),J6zef(1863),Bronistawad865)andHelena(1866).12WtadyslawSklodowskiwithdaughterSarom-aria.BroniStaWa,Helena,1890Onboththepaternalandmaternalsides,thefamilyhadlosttheirpropertyandfortunesthroughpatrioticinvolvementsinPolishnationaluprisingsaimedatrestoringPolandsindependence(themostrec
13、enthadbeentheJanuaryUDriSingOf1863-65).三Thiscondemnedthesubsequentgeneration,includingMaria,hereldersistersandherbrother,toadifficultstruggletogetaheadinlife.三Mariaspaternalgrandfather,J6zefSklodowski,hadbeenarespectedteacherinLublin,wherehetaughttheyouqBolesawPrus,mjwhowouldbecomealeadingfigureinPo
14、lishliterature.Herfather,WladystawSklodowski,taughtmathematicsandphysics,subjectsthatMariawastopursue,andwasalsodirectoroftwoWarsawayznnaszaforboys.倒AfterRussianauthoritieseliminatedlaboratoryinstructionfromthePolishschools,hebroughtmuchofthelaboratoryequipmenthome,andinstructedhischildreninitsuse.倒
15、ThefatherwaseventuallyfiredbyhisRussiansupervisorsforpro-Polishsentiments,andforcedtotakelower-payingposts;thefamilyalsolostmoneyonabadinvestment,andeventuallychosetosupplementtheirincomebylodgingboysinthehouse.MariasmotherBronislawaoperatedaprestigiousWarsawboardingschoolforgirls;sheresignedfromthe
16、positionafterMariawasborn.但ShediedOftuberculosisinMay1878,whenMariawastenyearsOld.用LeSSthanthreeyearsearlier,Mariasoldestsibling,Zofia,haddiedQftyDhuscontractedfromaboarder.Mariasfatherwasanatheist;hermotheradevoutCatholiCaThedeathsofMariasmotherandsistercausedhertogiveupCatholicismandbecomeaqnostic
17、.Whenshewastenyearsold,MariabeganattendingtheboardingschoolofJ.Sikorska;nextsheattendedagymnasiumforgirls,fromwhichshegraduatedon12June1883withagoldITledaIMAfteracollapse,possiblyduetodepressionshespentthefollowingyearinthecountrysidewithrelativesofherfather,andthenextyearwithherfatherinWarsaw,where
18、shedidsometutoring.Unabletoenrollinaregularinstitutionofhighereducationbecauseshewasawoman,sheandhersisterBronislawabecameinvolvedwiththeCIaCdeStineFMngUniVerSiMaPolishpatrioticinstitutionofhigherlearningthatadmittedwomenstudents.AtaWarsawlaboratory,in1890-91,MariaSklodowskadidherfirstscientificwork
19、Mariamadeanagreementwithhersister,Bronislawa1thatshewouldgiveherfinancialassistanceduringBronisIawa1SmedicalstudiesinParis,inexchangeforsimilarassistancetwoyearsIater.皿Inconnectionwiththis,Mariatookapositionasgoverness:firstasahometutorinWarsaw;thenfortwoyearsasagovernessinSzczukiwithalandedfamily,t
20、he2orawskis,whowererelativesofherfather.皿WhiIeworkingforthelatterfamily,shefellinlovewiththeirSOn,KazimierzZocawski,afutureeminentmathematician胤HiSparentsrejectedtheideaofhismarryingthepennilessrelative,andKazimierzwasunabletoopposethem.皿Mariaslossoftherelationshipwith2orawskiwastragicforboth.Hesoon
21、earnedadoctorateandpursuedanacademiccareerasamathematician,becomingaprofessorandrectorofKrak6wUniVarSityMStill,asanoldmanandamathematicsprofessorattheWarsawPolytechnic,hewouldsitcontemplativelybeforethestatueofMariaSklodowskawhichhadbeenerectedin1935beforetheRadiumInsUtutethatshehadfoundedin1932.u三)
22、Atthebeginningof1890,BronislawawhoafewmonthsearlierhadmaiedKazimierzDluski,aPolishphysicianandsocialandpoliticalactivistinvitedMariatojointheminPariS.哨Mariadeclinedbecauseshecouldnotaffordtheuniversitytuition;itwouldtakeherayearandahalflongertogatherthenecessaryfunds.网Shewashelpedbyherfather,whowasa
23、bletosecureamorelucrativepositionagain.,AIIthattimeshecontinuedtoeducatehnrself,readingbooks,exchangingletters,andbeingtutoredherself.lnearly1889shereturnedhometoherfatherinWarSaWMShecontinuedworkingasagoverness,andremainedtheretilllate18913Shetutored,studiedattheFlyingUniversity,andbeganherpractica
24、lscientifictraining(1890-91)inachemicallaboratoryattheMuseumOfIndUStryandAgriCIJltUreatKrakOWSk/ePrZedmiegCie66、nearWarsawsOldTOWn.瞰取/ThelaboratorywasrunbyherCousinJozefBoguski,whohadbeenanassistantinSaintPeterSbLlrgtC)theRussianChemistDmitriMendeleev.三三NewlifeinParisInlate1891sheleftPolandforFrance
25、.三lnParis,Maria(orMarie,asshewouldbeknowninFrance)brieflyfoundshelterwithhersisterandbrother-in-lawbeforerentingaqarrtclosertotheuniversity,intheLatinQuarter,andproceedingwithherstudiesofphysics,chemistryandmathematicsattheUniversitvOfParis,wheresheenrolledinlate1891.u三Shesubsistedonhermeagerresourc
26、es,sufferingfromcoldwintersandoccasionallyfaintingfromhunger.Mariestudiedduringthedayandtutoredevenings,barelyearningherkeep.In1893shewasawardedadegreeinphysicsandbeganworkinanindustriallaboratoryofProfessorGabrieILiDPmarn.回MearWhiIeshecontinuedstudyingattheUniversityofParis,andwiththeaidofafellowsh
27、ipshewasabletoearnaseconddegreein1894.三三jMariehadbegunherscientificcareerinPariswithaninvestigationofthemagneticpropertiesofvarioussteels,commissionedbytheTheSoCietyfortheEKCoLIragenlemofNationallndUStry(SoCj夕GdencouragementpourIndustrieationaleX.eThatsameVearPierreCurieenteredherlife;itwastheirmutu
28、alinterestinnaturalsciencesthatdrewthemtogether.阳PierTewasaninstructorattheSchoolofPhysicsandChemistry,XheEcoIesuprieuredephysiqueetdechimieindustriellesdeIavilledeParis(ESPCI).TheywereintroducedbythePolishphysicist,ProfessorJozefKowalski-Wienjsz,whohadlearnedthatMariewaslookingforalargerlaboratorys
29、pace,somethingthatKowalski-WieruszthoughtPierrehadaccessto.岭ThOLlghPierredidnothavealargelaboratory,hewasabletofindsomespaceforMariewhereshewasabletobeginWOrkglTheirmutualpassionforsciencebroughtthemincreasinglycloser,andtheybegantodevelopfeelingsforoneanother.三EventualIyPierreproposedmarriage,butat
30、firstMariedidnotacceptasshewasstillplanningtogobacktohernativeCountrydPierre,however,declaredthathewasreadytomovewithhertoPoland,evenifmeantbeingreducedtoteachingFrench.Meanwhile,forthe1894summerbreak,MariereturnedtoWarsaw,whereshevisitedherfamily.四Shewasstilllaboringundertheillusionthatshewouldbeab
31、letoworkinherchosenfieldinPoland,butshewasdeniedaplaceatKrak6wUniVerSlVbeCaIlSeSheWaSawoman.四AletterfromPierreconvincedhertoreturntoParistopursueaPhD.AtMariesinsistence,PierrehadwrittenuphisresearchOnmaqnetismandreceivedhisowndoctorateinMarch1895;hewasalsopromotedtoprofessorattheSehool.做Acontemporar
32、yquipwouldcallMarie,Pierre,sbiggestdiscovery.M)n26July1895theyweremarriedinSceaux(Seine)neitherwantedareligiousSerViCe.网次Mariesdarkblueoutfit,worninsteadofabridalgrown,wouldserveherformanyyearsasalaboratoryOUtfit.殴Theysharedtwopastimes:longbicycletrips,andjourneysabroad,whichbroughtthemevencloser.ul
33、nPierre,Mariehadfoundanewlove,apartner,andascientificcollaboratoronwhomshecoulddepend.NewelementsPierreandMarieCurieinthelaboratoryIn1895WilhelmRoemgnndiSCoVeredtheexistenceofX-rays,thoughthemechanismbehindtheirproductionwasnotyetUnderstoodJ23Jln1896HenriBeCaUoreldiSCe)VeredIhaturaniumsaltsemittedra
34、ysthatresembledX-raysintheirpenetratingPoWer.画Hedemonstratedthatthisradiation,Unlikephosphorescence,didnotdependonanexternalsourceofenergybutseemedtoarisespontaneouslyfromuraniumitself.三lnfluencedbythesetwoimportantdiscoveries,Mariedecidedtolookintouraniumraysasapossiblefieldofresearchforathesis.幽Sh
35、eusedaninnovativetechniquetoinvestigatesamples.Fifteenyearsearlier,herhusbandandhisbrotherhaddevelopedaversionoftheelectrometer,asensitivedeviceformeasuringelectricCharge.3USingPierreselectrometer,shediscoveredthaturaniumrayscausedtheairaroundasampletoconductelectricity.侬USingthistechnique,herfirstr
36、esultwasthefindingthattheactivityoftheuraniumcompoundsdependedonlyonthequantityofuraniumpresent.ShehypothesizedthattheradiationwasnottheoutcomeofsomeinteractionOfmoleculesbutmustcomefromtheatomitself.Thishypothesiswasanimportantstepindisprovingtheancientassumptionthatatomswereindivisible.婀In1897herd
37、aqhterlreewasbornTosupportherfamily,CuriebeganteachingattheEcoleNc)ITnaIeSUPCrieUreXrheCuriesdidnothaveadedicatedlaboratory;mostoftheirresearchwascarriedoutinaconvertedshednexttotheSchoolofPhysicsandChemistry.t三Theshed,formerlyamedicalschooldissectingroom,waspoorlyventilatedandnotevenwaterproof.They
38、wereunawareofthedeleteriouseffectsOfradiationexposureattendantontheircontinuedunprotectedworkwithradioactivesubstances.TheSchooldidnotsponsorherresearch,butshewouldreceivesubsidiesfrommetallurgicalandminingcompaniesandfromvariousorganizationsandgovernments.三2Curiessystematicstudiesincludedtwouranium
39、minerals,Ditchblendeacdtorbem6e(alsoknownaschalcolite).Herelectrometershowedthatpitchblendewasfourtimesasactiveasuraniumitself,andchalcolitetwiceasactive.Sheconcludedthat,ifherearlierresultsrelatingthequantityofuraniumtoitsactivitywerecorrect,thenthesetwomineralsmustcontainsmallquantitiesofanothersu
40、bstancethatwasfarmoreactivethanUraniUm.由Shebeganasystematicsearchforadditionalsubstancesthatemitradiation,andby1898shediscoveredthattheelementthoriumwasalsoradioactive.Pierrewasincreasinglyintriguedbyherwork.Bymid-1898hewassoinvestedinitthathedecidedtodrophisworkoncrystalsandtojoinher.三三sTheresearch
41、ideawritesReidwasherown;noonehelpedherformulateit,andalthoughshetookittoherhusbandforhisopinionsheclearlyestablishedherownershipofit.Shelaterrecordedthefacttwiceinherbiographyofherhusbandtoensuretherewasnochancewhateverofanyambiguity.Itislikelythatalreadyatthisearlystageofhercareersherealizedthat.ma
42、nyscientistswouldfinditdifficulttobelievethatawomancouldbecapableoftheoriginalworkinwhichshewasinvolved.阿PierreJrene.MarieCurieShewasacutelyawareoftheimportanceofpromptlypublishingherdiscoveriesandthusestablishingherpriority.HadnotBecquerel,twoyearsearlier,presentedhisdiscoverytoVreAcademiedesScienc
43、esthedayafterhemadeit,creditforthediscoveryofradioactivity,andevenaNobelPrize,wouldinsteadhavegonetoSilvanusThompson.Curiechosethesamerapidmeansofpublication.Herpaper,givingabriefandsimpleaccountofherwork,waspresentedforhertoXheAcademieon12April1898byherformerDrOfeSSOr,GabrielLiPDmann.灿EVonso,justas
44、ThompsonhadbeenbeatenbyBecquerel,soCuriewasbeatenintheracetotellofherdiscoverythatthoriumgivesoffraysinthesamewayasuranium;twomonthsearlier,GerhardCarlSChmielthadpublishedhisownfindinginBerIin.皿Atthattime,nooneelseintheworldofphysicshadnoticedwhatCurierecordedinasentenceofherpaper,describinghowmuchg
45、reaterweretheactivitiesofpitchblendeandchalcolitethanuraniumitself:Thefactisveryremarkable,andleadstothebeliefthatthesemineralsmaycontainanelementwhichismuchmoreactivethanuranium.Shelaterwouldrecallhowshefeltapassionatedesiretoverifythishypothesisasrapidlyaspossible.,0n14April1898theCuriesoptimistic
46、allyweighedouta10O-gramsampleofpitchblendeandgrounditwithapestleandmortar.Theydidnotrealizeatthetimethatwhattheyweresearchingforwaspresentinsuchminutequantitiesthattheywouldeventuallyhavetoprocesstonsoftheore.三InJuly1898Curieandherhusbandpublishedajointpaperannouncingtheexistenceofanelementwhichthey
47、namedpolonium,inhonourofhernativePoland,whichwouldforanothertwentyyearsremainpartitionedamongthreeempires.阅On26December1898,theCuriesannouncedtheexistenceofasecondelement,whichtheynamed,radium,fromIheLatinwordfor,ray,.三5i三lnthecourseoftheirresearch,theyalsocoinedtheword“radioactivity”.四Toprovetheird
48、iscoveriesbeyondanydoubt,theCuriessoughttoisolatepoloniumandradiuminpureform.Pitchblendeisacomplexmineral;thechemicalseparationofitsconstituentswasanarduoustask.Thediscoveryofpoloniumhadbeenrelativelyeasy;chemicallyitresemblestheeIementbisrnuth,andpoloniumwastheonlybismuth-likesubstanceintheore.闽RadiUrn,however,wasmoreelusive;itiscloselyrelatedchemicallytobarium,andpitchblendecontainsbothelements.By1898theCurieshadobtainedtracesofradium,butappreciablequantities,uncontaminatedwithbarium,werestillbeyondreach.TheCuriesundertookthear
