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1、美国名人教育家玛莉里昂MaryLyon,1797-1849:ALeaderinWomensEducationintheNineteenthCenturyplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:21repeatByVivianBournazian2007-6-2ANNOUNCER:WelcometoPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.Everyweekatthistime,wetellthestoryofsomeoneimportantinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Today,SteveEmberandShirl
2、eyGriffithtellaboutMaryLyon.Shewasaleaderinwomenseducationinthenineteenthcentury.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:Duringthenineteenthcentury,womenseducationwasnotconsideredimportantintheUnitedStates.Supportersofadvancededucationforwomenfacedmanyproblems.Statesdidrequireeachtowntoprovideaschoolforchildren,butteachers
3、oftenwerepoorlyprepared.Mostyoungwomenwerenotabletocontinueonwiththeireducationinprivateschools.Iftheydid,theyoftenwerenottaughtmuchexcepttheFrenchlanguage,howtosewclothing,andmusic.MaryLyonfeltthatwomenseducationwasextremelyimportant.Throughherlifelongworkforeducationshebecameoneofthemostfamouswome
4、ninnineteenthcenturyAmerica.Shebelievedthatwomenwereteachersbothinthehomeandintheclassroom.And,shebelievedthateffortstobettereducateyoungwomenalsoservedGod.Ifwomenwerebettereducated,shefelt,theycouldteachinlocalschoolsthroughouttheUnitedStatesandinforeigncountries.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:MaryLyonwasborninBu
5、ckland,Massachusetts,inseventeenninety-seven.Herfatherdiedwhenshewasfiveyearsold.ForMary,hardworkwasawayoflife.Butshelaterrememberedwithgreatpleasureherchildhoodyearsinthehomewhereshewasborn.Thisishowshedescribedwhatshecouldseefromthathouseonahill:Thefar-offmountainsinalltheirgrandeur,andthedeepvall
6、eys,andwidelyextendedplains,andmorethanall,thatlittlevillagebelow,containingonlyaveryfewwhitehouses,butmorethanthoseyoungeyeshadeverseen.VOICEONE:Attheageoffour,Marybeganwalkingtothenearestschoolseveralkilometersaway.Later,shebeganspendingthreemonthsatatimewithfriendsandrelativessoshecouldattendothe
7、rareaschools.Shehelpedcleanandcooktopayforherstay.WhenMarywasthirteen,hermotherremarriedandmovedtoanothertown.Marywaslefttocareforherolderbrotherwhoworkedonthefamilyfarm.Hepaidheradollaraweek.Shesavedittopayforhereducation.Marysloveoflearningwassostrongthatsheworkedandsavedhersmallamountofpaysosheco
8、uldgotoschoolforanotherfewmonths.Marybeganherfirstteachingjobataone-roomlocalschoolteachingchildrenforthesummer.Shewasseventeenyearsold.Shewaspaidseventy-fivecentsaweek.Shealsowasgivenmealsandaplacetolive.MaryLyonwasnotaverysuccessfulteacheratfirst.Shedidnothavemuchcontroloverherstudents.Shealwayswa
9、sreadytolaughwiththem.Yetshesoonwontheirparentsrespectwithherskills.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:WhenMaryLyonwastwentyyearsold,shebeganalongperiodofstudyandteaching.AnewprivateschoolopenedinthevillageofAshfield,Massachusetts.ItwascalledSandersonAcademy.Maryreallywantedtoattend.Shesoldbookcoveringsshehadmade.Ands
10、heusedeverythingshehadsavedfromherpayasateacher.ThiswasenoughforhertobeginattendingSandersonAcademy.AtSandersonzMarybegantostudymoredifficultsubjects.Theseincludedscience,historyandLatin.AfriendwhowenttoschoolwithMarywroteofhergainingknowledgebyhandfuls.ItissaidthatMarymemorizedacompletebookaboutthe
11、Latinlanguageinthreedays.MarylaterwroteitwasatSandersonthatshereceivedthebaseofhereducation.VOICEONE:AfterayearatSandersonAcademy,Marydecidedthatherhandwritingwasnotgoodenoughtobereadclearly.Shewasatwenty-one-year-oldwoman.Butshewenttothelocalpublicschoolandsatamongthechildrensoshecouldlearnbetterwr
12、itingskills.Ineighteentwenty-one,MaryLyonwenttoanotherprivateschoolwhereshewastaughtbyReverendJosephEmerson.Marysaidhetalkedtowomenasiftheyhadbrains,Shepraisedhisequaltreatmentofmenandwomenwhenitcametoeducatingthem.VOICETWO:Threeyearslater,MaryLyonopenedaschoolforyoungwomeninthevillageofBuckland.She
13、calledittheBucklandFemaleSeminary.Classeswereheldinaroomonthethirdfloorofahouse.Marysstudentspraisedherteaching.Sheproposednewwaysofteaching,includingholdingdiscussiongroupswherestudentsexchangeideas.MarysaiditwaswhileteachingatBucklandthatshefirstthoughtoffoundingaprivateschoolopentodaughtersoffarm
14、ersandskilledworkers.Shewantededucation,notprofits,tobethemostimportantthingabouttheschool.Atthattime,schoolsofhigherlearningusuallyweresupportedbypeopleinterestedinprofitsfromtheirinvestment.VOICEONE:Ineighteentwenty-eight,Marybecamesickwithtyphoidfever.Whenherhealthimproved,shedecidedtoleaveBuckla
15、nd,theschoolshehadstarted.Shejoinedaclosefriend,ZilpahGrant,whohadbegunanotherprivateschool,IpswichFemaleSeminary.AtIpswich,Marytaughtandwasresponsibleforonehundredthirtystudents.Itwasoneofthebestschoolsatthetime.Butitlackedfinancialsupport.Marysaidthelackofsupportwasbecauseofgoodmensfearofgreatness
16、inwomen.ZilpahGrantandMaryLyonurgedthatIpswichbeprovidedbuildingssothattheschoolmightbecomepermanent.However,theirappealfailed.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:MaryresignedfromIpswich.Shehelpedtoorganizeanotherprivateschoolforwomen,WheatonFemaleSeminaryinNorton,Massachusetts.Itopenedineighteenthirty-five.Shealsobega
17、ntoraisemoneyforherdreamofapermanent,non-profitschoolforthehighereducationofwomen.Thisschoolwouldownitsownproperty.Itwouldbeguidedbyanindependentgroupofdirectors.Itsfinanceswouldbetheresponsibilityofthedirectors,notofinvestorsseekingprofit.Theschoolwouldnotdependonanyonepersontocontinue.And,thestude
18、ntswouldshareincleaningandcookingtokeepcostsdown.VOICEONE:MaryLyongotacommitteeofadviserstohelpherinplanningandbuildingtheschool.ShecollectedthefirstthousanddollarsfortheschoolfromwomeninandaroundthetownofIpswich.Atonepoint,sheevenlentthecommitteesomeofherownmoney.Shedidnotearnanymoneyuntilshebecame
19、headofthenewschool.MaryLyonopenedMountHolyokeSeminaryforWomenineighteenthirty-seven.ItwasinthetownofSouthHadley,Massachusetts.Shehadraisedmorethantwelvethousanddollars.Itwasenoughtobuildafive-storybuilding.Fourteachersandthefirstclassofeightyyoungwomenlivedandstudiedinthebuildingwhentheschoolopened.
20、Bythenextyear;thenumberofstudentshadincreasedtoonehundredsixteen.Maryknewtheimportanceofwhathadbeenestablished-thefirstindependentschoolforthehighereducationofwomen.VOICETWO:Theschoolcontinuedtogrow.Morestudentsbegantoattend.Thesizeofthebuildingwasincreased.And,allofthestudentswererequiredtostudyfor
21、fouryearsinsteadofthree.MaryLyonwasheadoftheschoolforalmosttwelveyears.Shediedineighteenforty-nine.Shewasfifty-twoyearsold.Sheleftbehindaschoolofhighereducationforwomen.Ithadnodebt.Andithadsupportforthefutureprovidedbythousandsofdollarsingifts.Ineighteenninety-three,underastatelaw,MountHolyokeFemale
22、Seminarybecameacollege.MountHolyokeCollegewasthefirstcollegetoofferwomenthesamekindofeducationaswasofferedtomen.VOICEONE:PeoplewhohavestudiedMaryLyonsayshewasnotfightingabattleofequalitybetweenmenandwomen.Yetsheknewshewantedmoreforwomen.HereffortsledtothespreadofhighereducationforwomenintheUnitedSta
23、tes.HistorianssayshewasthestrongestinfluenceontheeducationofAmericanyoungpeopleduringthemiddleofthenineteenthcentury.HerinfluencelastedasthemanystudentsfromMaryLyonsschoolswentouttoteachothers.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ThisSpecialEnglishprogramwaswrittenbyVivianBournazian.mShirleyGriffith.VOICEONE:AndmSteveEmber.JoinusagainnextweekatthissametimeforanotherPeopleinAmericanprogramontheVoiceofAmerica.
