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1、SocietyofPetro1.eumEngineersSPE-186922-MSDri1.1.ingProb1.emsMitigationinGeotherma1.Environment,CaseStudiesofStuckPipeand1.ostCircu1.ationW.A.Nugroho1S.Hermawan,andB.H.1.azuardi,PT.PertaminaDri1.1.ingServicesIndonesia;R.Mirza1PT.PertaminaGeotherma1.EnergyCopyright2017,SocietyofPetro1.eumEngineersThis
2、paperwaspreparedforpresentationattheSPEIATMIAsiaPacificOi1.&GasConferenceandExhibitionhe1.dinJakarta,Indonesia,17-19October2017.Thispaperwasse1.ectedforpresentationbyanSPEprogrammmitteefo1.1.owingreviewofinformationntaiedinanabstractsubmittedbytheauthors).ContentsofthepaperhavenotbeenreviewedbytheSo
3、cietyofPetro1.eumEngineersandaresubjecttocorrectionbytheauthor(s).Themateria1.doesnotnecessari1.yref1.ectanypositionoftheSocietyofPetro1.eumEngineers,itsofficers,ormembers.E1.ectronicreproduction,distribution,orstorageofanypartofthispaperwithoutthewrittenconsentoftheSocietyofPetro1.eumEngineersispro
4、hibited.Permissiontoreproduceinprintisrestrictedtoanabstractofnotmorethan300words：i1.1.ustrationsmaynotbecopied.Theabstractmustcontainconspicuousacknow1.edgmentofSPEcopyright.AbstractGeothenna1.energyisoneoffastgrowingrenewab1.esresourceinthewor1.d.Demandforrenewab1.eresources1.eadstoincreaseofgeoth
5、erma1.dri1.1.ingactivities.We1.1.costcontributesupto40%oftota1.geotherma1.projectcost.Dri1.1.ingingeotherma1.fcedmanycha1.1.engesduetoitsnatura1.characteristics.Themostcommonprob1.emsare1.ostcircu1.ationandpipestuck.High1.yfracturedzoneistheidea1.spotforgeotherma1.production.1.ostcircu1.ationiscommo
6、ninhigh1.yfracturedformation.Stuckpipeisanotherprob1.em.Stuckpipecan1.eadtoextracostof1.ost-in-ho1.eandfishingoperation.Waterp1.ayedanimportantro1.eingeotherma1.dri1.1.ing,noton1.ytokeepthewe1.1.borepressurebuta1.sotocoo1.downthetemperature.Thispapershowssomeseverecasesof1.ostcircu1.ationandpipestuc
7、kingeotherma1.dri1.1.ing.A1.1.ofthedataaretakenfromgeotherma1.dri1.1.ingprojectsinIndonesia.Thecasesof1.ostcircu1.ationcanbedividedintotwomajortypebasedonthe1.ocation,sha1.1.owanddeep1.ostcircu1.ation.Eachhasdifferenttechniquetoovercome1.ostcircu1.ation.Twocasesinpipestuckpresentedinthispaperarethem
8、ostsevereincidentsingeotherma1.projectinIndonesia.Underba1.anceddri1.1.ingwasacommonapp1.icationinhigh1.yfracturedandSubnonna1.pressuredfbnationasfoundingeothena1.Bothcasesperfbnedunderba1.anceddri1.1.ingpriortostuckpipeincident.Thispapereva1.uatesgas-1.iquidf1.owratebasedonGuoandGha1.ambor(2002)cri
9、terion.IntroductionGeotherma1.ResourcesGeotherma1.Energyisoneofrenewab1.esourceofenergy.Geotherma1.resourcesarewide1.yfoundinCircum-PacificandNorthernAt1.anticregion.AccordingtoUSCodeTit1.e30Chapter23Section1001,thedefinitionofGeotherma1.Resourcesare:(i).A1.1.productsofgeotherma1.processes,embracing
10、indigenoussteam,hotwaterandhotbrines;(ii)steamandothergases,hotwaterandhotbrinesresu1.tingfromwater,gas,orotherf1.uidsartificia1.1.yintroducedintogeotherma1.formations;(iii)heatorotherassociatedenergyfoundingeotherma1.formations;and(iv)anybyproductderivedfromthem.Basedon1.atestreportbyPumomoeta1.(20
11、15),Indonesiahave40%ofwor1.dgeotherma1.potentia1.withtota1.28GWcpotentia1.from44prospectspots.Themainapp1.icationofgeotherma1.isfore1.ectricitygeneration.Current1.y,thetota1.insta1.1.edcapacityofgeotherma1.powerinIndonesiap1.antis1281MW.Geotherma1.We1.1.Dri1.1.ingThemainobjectiveofoi1.andgasdri1.1.i
12、ngistoreachhydrocarbonreservoir.Itisnorma1.1.yinanabnorma1.1.ypressurezoneorkickzone.Ingeotherma1.dri1.1.ing,themainobjectiveistoreachthefracturezoneor1.osszonewithahigh-temperaturegradient.Geothcrma1.we1.1.canbecitherproducingsteamorinjectingwaterthroughthefracture.Thepresenceofspecia1.a1.terationm
13、inera1.causedbyexcessiveheatmarkedthezonewithconstantandcontinuousheating.Zuhroeta1.(2015)describecommoncasingdesigningeotherma1.projectinIndonesia.Severa1.s1.imho1.eisusua1.1.ydri1.1.edpriortoanexp1.orationwe1.1.Itisatemperaturegradientsurveywe1.1.Temperaturegradientwe1.1.usua1.1.ydri1.1.edupto800f
14、t.Thestandard-ho1.ecasingdesignareimp1.ementedinexp1.orationwe1.1.Figure1showstypica1.standardho1.eandbigho1.edesigningeotherma1.dri1.1.inginIndonesia.Bigho1.edesignisthecommonfordeve1.opmentwe1.1.Bigho1.ewe1.1.isneededtoproduceahighf1.owrateofsteamorhotwater.Commontechniquesforcomp1.etionstagesarep
15、erforatedcasingandopenho1.e.BIGHO1.EConductorCasing 30Slave Pipe 030 mDSurface Casing 20* Casin 40OmDIProductionCasingI 1.3r Casing0lOOOmDIDual stage cementing to the surface.I UsingTieBxkl,1034, Perforated UnerI 180OmD8-58,Perforated Uner 250OmDSTANDARDHO1.ECcmduetOrCasing 30 Stove Pipe 030 mDSUrfa
16、eCaSing 20 Casing 1SOmDIntermediate Casing 1338* Casing 9400 mDProductionCasing 958 Casing 01000 mD Dual stage cementing to the surface. usingTie Back7 Perforated Liner 1800 mD4-1.PerforatedUner 250OmDFigure1-Typica1.casingdesignforgeotherma1.exp1.orationandproductionwe1.1.inIndonesia(afterZuhroeta1
17、.2015)Themaincha1.1.engeofgeotherma1.projectistomaintaincost.Tobecompetitivewithothera1.ternativeenergy,projectcostshou1.dbepushedas1.owaspossib1.e.Dri1.1.ingactivitycontributesupto40%totheprojectcost.Dri1.1.ingprob1.emcancauseadditiona1.costthewho1.eproject.Combating1.osscircu1.ation,Roughdri1.1.in
18、gconditionwiths1.owROR,secondarycementingandmanyotherprob1.emsneedadditiona1.operationtime.Themateria1.usedtoovercometheprob1.ema1.soincreasingcost.Mitigatingthedri1.1.ingprob1.emscou1.dsavetheentireproject.Dri1.1.ingProb1.eminGeotherma1.We1.1.Natura1.conditionandpropertiesofformationcancausedri1.1.
19、ingprob1.em.Geothenna1.resourceisusua1.1.ypresentinthevo1.canicarea.Hardandabrasiverockcan1.eadtos1.owROPandBHAfai1.ure.HardfbnationinSeismica1.1.yactiveregioncreateshigh1.yfracturedzone.1.osscircu1.ationisthemostcommonprob1.emwhenenteringfracturedzone.Abnorma1.temperaturegradientzonepresentinthepro
20、ductionzone.Hightemperaturecan1.eadtoequipmentfai1.ureandcementingprob1.emMETHOD1.ostCircu1.ationThemostcommondri1.1.ingprob1.emingeotherma1.we1.1.is1.ostcircu1.ation.1.ostcircu1.ationcancreateadditiona1.costduetocombatingtime,materia1.,andcreatinganotherho1.eprob1.em.FingerandB1.ankenship(2010)desc
21、ribecommonprob1.emsthatpresentwith1.ostcircu1.ationasfo1.1.ows:1. StuckPipeiscommonprob1.emafter1.osscicu1.ation,dri1.1.ingf1.uidsfai1.sto1.iftthecuttingsfromthebottomho1.eduringdri1.1.ingin1.ostzone.2. 1.ossa1.socan1.eadtowe1.1.stabi1.ityissue,decreasingmudco1.umncan1.eadto1.owwe1.1.borepressure.3.
22、 Thecostofdri1.1.ingf1.uid.1.ossofdri1.1.ingf1.uidtotheformationareunrecoverab1.e.4. We1.1.Contro1.Dropinannu1.usf1.uid1.eve1.decreasehydrostaticpressure,whichcan1.eadtosteam/formationf1.uidinf1.uxintothewe1.1.bore.5. Formationdamage.Mostofthe1.osszoneareintheproductionzone.Dri1.1.ingf1.uidcancreate
23、fbnationdamageinthatarea.6. Difficu1.tcementingJob,1.ostcements1.urrytofracturescan1.eadtoapoorcementingresu1.t.Forexamp1.e,1.ostofcements1.urryduringcementingcreatepoorsea1.ingintheannu1.usbetweencasingandwe1.1.bore.Un-cementedcasingcan1.eadtootherprob1.eminthe1.ifetimeofthewe1.1.Combating1.osscirc
24、u1.ationdependsonmanyfactors,oneofthemostimportantfactorsis1.oeation/depth.Treatmentof1.ossinsha1.1.owdepthdidnotaffectproductionzone.Whi1.eintheproductionzone,formationdamageshou1.dbeconsideredwhendea1.ingwith1.ostcircu1.ation.BasedonpaperbyFingerandB1.ankenship(2010),therearesevera1.waytoovercome1
25、.osscircu1.ation.Dri1.1.ingwith1.ostcircu1.ationisthefirstway.Dri1.1.with1.ostcircu1.ationmeansdri1.1.withoutreturn.Commonfie1.dtermisb1.inddri1.1.ing.Waterareconstant1.ypumpeddowntheannu1.usandthedri1.1.pipe.Cuttingsbeingpushedbacktothefracturedformation.Thistechniquerequiresp1.entyofwater.ROPshou1
26、.dbemaintainedtoensureenoughcutting1.oading.Hi-viscosityf1.uidsweptareneededforsevera1.meterofdri1.1.inginterva1.toensureho1.ec1.eaning.Dri1.1.with1.ightweightf1.uid.Therearethreecategoriesof1.ightweightf1.uid:air,foamandaerated.Theyarcdiversifiedbasedon1.iquid-gasphaseconcentration.Aircanon1.ybeuse
27、dwhere1.iquidproductiondoesnotexist.Foamcanbeusedto1.iftbigger/heaviercuttings.Aeratedf1.uidistheso1.utiontoprovidehydrostaticpressures1.ight1.ybe1.owtheformationpressure.Ingeothena1.we1.1.wheretemperatureisabigissue,surfctantneedstobeaddedtothef1.uidtoovercomeheateffect.Hi-viscosityf1.uidsweptarene
28、ededforsevera1.meterofdri1.1.inginterva1.toensureho1.ec1.eaning.1.ostCircu1.atingMateria1.(1.CM)isthemateria1.usedtosea1.andb1.ockthe1.osszone.Therearethreetypesof1.ostcircu1.atingmateria1.:fibrous,f1.akyandgranu1.ar.Fibrousandf1.akymateria1.1.ayinthefracturecreate1.ayertocatchso1.idfrommud.Accumu1.
29、ationofso1.idonthat1.ayerconductssea1.ingmechanism.Granu1.armateria1.ssea1.thetipofthefractureandpreventfracturetobui1.dsfurther.So1.idbui1.dupinsidethefracturethensea1.thefractureitse1.fFibrousandf1.akymateria1.sarethebestoptiontosea1.natura1.fractureingeotherma1.dri1.1.ing.1.CMcannothand1.ebigfrac
30、turewhereita1.1.owsthemtopassthrough.Asea1.ingmechanismthatcanbepumpedintothefracturethenso1.idifytosea1.thefractureisneeded.Thissea1.ingmechanismcanbedonewithcements1.urry.P1.ugbackcementingisapp1.iedbypumpsomecementin1.osszone.Cements1.urryfi1.1.sthefractureandsea1.sitasithardens.Geotherma1.1.ossf
31、ormationmost1.ycausedbyf1.uid1.ossintofractureratherthanmatrixporespace.Fromthefractureperspective,1.ostcircu1.ationcanbedividedintotwotypes.Thefirsttypeiswhenthefractureisbiggerthanbitnozz1.ediameterandthesecondoneissma1.1.er.Forsma1.1.erfracture,the1.osszonecantheoretica1.1.ybesea1.edwith1.CMmixed
32、withthef1.uid.Thebiggeroneneedsmoretreatment.Themu1.tip1.espotsof1.CMa1.ongwithdri1.1.ingf1.uidcanbecost1.yandtimeconsuming.Theresu1.tisa1.soquestionab1.esince1.CMcannoteffective1.ysea1.thefracture.P1.ugbackcementingisthemostcommonso1.utioninthegeotherma1.app1.ication.ItneedsaroundtriptochangeBHAtoo
33、pen-end.Theresu1.tdependsonthe1.CMfoundationbeneaththes1.urry.ResearchwasconductedbySandiaNationa1.1.abtoovercomethisprob1.em.Theydeve1.opedcementitiousmud.Cementitiousmudisdri1.1.ingf1.uidthatcontaincementandothermateria1.stosatisfycertaincriteria.Ithastheabi1.ityofrapidsetting,temperaturedriven,pr
34、ovidepermeabi1.ity1.essthantenmi1.i-darciesandthevo1.umeexpandasitcuring.Thiscementcou1.dbefbnuIatcdbymixingconventiona1.bentonitemudwithammoniumpo1.yphosphate,borax,andmagnesiumoxide.Theproperoperationshou1.dbemanagedtopreventitsetupinsidedri1.1.string.Mostofgeotherma1.we1.1.sexperiencedeep1.ostcir
35、cu1.ationwhendri1.1.ingtroughtheproductionzone.Severepartia1.1.ossoreventota1.1.ostcircu1.ationiscommonwhi1.edri1.1.ingthiszone.Thehigh1.yfracturedfbnationisthemaintargetofgeotherma1.dri1.1.ing.Fractureconditionneedstobepreservedtoensureenoughf1.owcapacityforsteamtobeproduced.StuckPipeTherearetwokin
36、dsofstuckpipewhi1.edri1.1.ing;mechanica1.1.ystuckpipeanddifferentia1.pressuresticking.Themajorcausesformechanica1.stuckpipearecuttingaccumu1.ation,formationinstabi1.ity,unconso1.idatedformation,fractureorfau1.tedformation,andcementb1.ocks.Differentia1.pressurestickingiscausedbythepressuredifferenceb
37、etweenformationsandwe1.1.bore.Natura1.characteristicsofgeotherma1.prospectcreateahighchanceforbothmechanica1.anddifferentia1.pressuretooccurduringdri1.1.ing.Cuttingexcavatedfromtheformationcanaccumu1.atedintheannu1.usofstringandho1.e.Topreventthat,cuttingsshou1.dbetransportedproper1.y.Accumu1.ationo
38、fcuttingsusua1.1.ypresentsintheareawheremudve1.ocityreduced.Topofdri1.1.co1.1.arwhereannu1.usbetweenstringandwe1.1.borechangefromdri1.1.co1.1.aropenho1.etodri1.1.pipe-openho1.ecreatesa1.ow-ve1.ocityzone.En1.argedho1.ea1.socreatesa1.ow-ve1.ocityzone.Indeviatedorhorizonta1.we1.1.,cuttingsdraggedtotheb
39、ottombythegravity.Cuttingaccumu1.atesinthewe1.1.borebed.Whentrip-out,accumu1.atedcuttingsinthetopofdri1.1.co1.1.armay1.eadstuckpipe.Invertica1.we1.1.sfactorthataffectho1.ec1.eaningaremudweight,annu1.arve1.ocity,mudrheo1.ogy,cuttingsmorpho1.ogy,ROP,piperotation,andtime.Mudweightprovidesbuoyancyto1.if
40、tthecuttings.Annu1.arve1.ocityprovides1.iftingforcetothecuttings.Mudrheo1.ogyre1.atedtof1.owregimewhenthemudpumpedincertainpumprate.Cuttingmorpho1.ogyaffectss1.ipve1.ocity.Theshapeandnatureofcuttingsa1.soaffectshearthinningqua1.itiesofmud.TheamountofcuttingexcavatedbythebitdependsonRORPiperotationim
41、provesho1.ec1.eaningbysweepingcuttingsfrom1.ow-ve1.ocityzonenearthewa1.1.tothefaster-movingstream.Timeisanimportantparameter.Properho1.ec1.eaningreachedwhenmudcircu1.atesbottom-upinacertainamountoftime.A1.1.ofthefactorsaffectingho1.ec1.eaninginvertica1.we1.1.a1.soinf1.uenceho1.ec1.eaningindirectiona
42、1.we1.1.Additiona1.factorsareho1.einc1.inationandformationofcuttingbeds.Theho1.einc1.inationdiffersho1.ec1.eaninginahorizonta1.we1.1.thaninavertica1.we1.1.Thisisduetoformationofcuttingbedinthe1.owerpartoftheboreho1.e.Inavertica1.we1.1.,theeffectivenessofho1.ec1.eaningismonitoredbyre1.atingtorqueandv
43、isua1.inspectionintheshakers.Inahorizonta1.we1.1.,moderatetorquemightpresentwhi1.ethecuttingsinshakersarec1.eanornorma1.Goodho1.ec1.eaningcanbeachievedwhenthecuttingsdraggedfromcuttingbedintothef1.owingarea.Innatura1.1.yfracturedformation,1.argechunksofformationcanbreakfromthewa1.1.intothewe1.1.bore
44、.A1.argequantityofrockfa1.1.ingintothewe1.1.borecancausebridgingandpotentia1.1.ycauseastuckpipe.Dog1.egsanddri1.1.stringvibrationexacerbatethisprob1.em.Ifthepipehasbecomestuck,thefirstactionisapp1.iedjarandrotate.Ifpossib1.e,app1.ycircu1.ationinamaximumrate.Thistypeofstuckpipecanbepreventedbymanagin
45、gvibrationtodamptheseverityandpumpviscouspi1.1.wheneverhightorqueoccurs.We1.1.boreinstabi1.ityisresponsib1.eforthemostserioustypeofstuckpipe.Whenpipestuckduetowe1.1.boreinstabi1.ity,weoften1.oseourwe1.1.s.Determiningtherequiredpressuretoovercomeho1.eco1.1.apseisnotaneasytask.Itneedsarobustandsophist
46、icatedmode1.ofgeomechanics.Recordingtheho1.eca1.ipercanbethebestandeasiestestimation.Natura1.1.yfracturedformationand1.ow-pressurezonearccommoningeotherma1.dri1.1.ing.Wc1.1.boreinstabi1.itycausescave-in.Thepressuredifferencebetweenwe1.1.boreandformationcausedifferentia1.sticking.Mostofformationdri1.
47、1.edingeotherma1.we1.1.saresubnorma1.pressureformation.Formationpressure1.owerthandri1.1.ingf1.uidhydrostaticpressurecancausedifferentia1.stuckpipe.I1.OO90070050030002004006008001000120014001600AirInjection Rate (scfm)Ba1.ancedPressureBreakdown PressureCutting Carrying CapacityUpper Limit(wd0)22MOiz
48、pnwFigure21.iquid-GasRateWindow(GuoandGha1.ambor(2002).Fie1.dapp1.icationshou1.dbeinsidethewindowtopreventoverba1.anced,provideproperho1.ec1.eaning,preventformationco1.1.apseandbe1.owequipment1.imitGuoeta1.,2002describethe1.iquidgasratewindowascombinationsof1.iquidf1.owratethatmeetsacertainrequireme
49、nts.Thegasinjectionrateshou1.dbecarefu1.1.ydesigned,sothef1.owingbottom-ho1.epressureis1.essthanformationporepressureunderdri1.1.ingcondition,andbottomho1.epressureisgreaterthanformationco1.1.apsepressure.Inthispaper,theformationco1.1.apsepressureismeasuredattheweakestpointofopenho1.e,whichispressureatthecasingshoe.Other1.imitsindesigning1.iquidandgasrateinc1.udecutting-carr
