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1、Unit1PEOPLEOFACHIEVEMENT本单元语法非限制性定语从句1 .限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对先行词具有限制作用,使该词的含义更具体、更明确,这种从句不能省掉,否则句子的意义就不完整,从句与主句之间不能用逗号隔开。DoyouremembertheQingDynastyvasewhichIboughtlastyear?你记得我去年买的清代花瓶吗？Hetooklittlenoticeofthehonoursthatweregiventohimforhisresearchonantique.他不太重视那些由于他对古董的研究而给予他的荣誉。2 .非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句跟先行词
2、的关系并不十分密切,只是做一些附加说明,不起限制作用,这类从句往往用逗号与主句分开。John,whosellsancientvases,isanoldfriendofmyfather,s.卖古代花瓶的约翰是我父亲的一位老朋友。Wewalkeddownthevillagestreet,whichledtothetemple.我们沿着村子的大街走去,大街通向庙宇。有时这类从句所修饰的不是前面某一个词,而是代表整个主句所讲的内容,通常用逗号与主句分开。Heboughthismotherapaintingforherbirthday,whichpleasedheralot.他买了一幅画作为生日礼物送给
3、母亲,这使她非常高兴。Theyarecomingbacktous,whichmeansthattheyhavegotthecoppersword.他们要回到我们这儿来了,这意味着他们得到了铜剑。3 .限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别(1)形式不同限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开,非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般有逗号隔开。Sheheardaterriblenoisecomingfromtheancienttower,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.她听到古塔里面传来一个可怕的声音,这把她的心提到了嗓子眼上。Iwillneverforgetthe
4、dayswhichWespenttogethervisitingtheSummerPalace.我永远不会忘记我们一起参观颐和园的那些日子。（2）意义不同限制性定语从句与其先行词关系十分密切,如果去掉从句,剩余的部分意思往往不完整,甚至失去意义;非限制性定语从句只是其先行词的附加说明,如去掉,句子剩余部分意思仍然完整。Wewillneverforgetthehappydayswhenwerebuiltthewoodentower.我们永远忘不了我们重修木塔的那段快乐日子。Hissister,whoworksinanantiqueshop,iscomingtoseehimtomorrow.他在古
5、董店工作的姐姐明天来看他。翻译不同翻译限制性定语从句时,一般先翻译从句,后翻译先行词;翻译非限制性定语从句时,一般先翻译先行词,后翻译从句,形成两个并列分句或其他类型的分句。IhaveasonwhoisnowstudyingintheUSA.我有一个现在在美国学习的儿子。（可能还有儿子在别处）Ihaveason,whoisnowstudyingarchaeologyintheUniVerSity.我有一个儿子,他现在在大学学习考古学。（含有“我只有一个儿子”之意）SheisgoingtospendtheholidayinMacao,whereshewillvisitsomeplacesofin
6、terest.她要到澳门去度假,在那里她将游览几处名胜。定语从句一、定语从句的种类根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。【观察例句】Thisisthecomputer(that/which)heboughtforhissonyesterday.这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。Iwillshowyoutothesupermarketwhereyoucanfindeverythingyouwant.我带你去一家超市，在那里你能找到你想要的一切东西。HeisEnglish,whichIknowfromhisaccent.他是英国人，那是我通过他的口
7、音知道的。Thisisourheadmaster,whoIthinkhassomethingimportanttotellyou.这是我们的校长，我认为他有一些重要的事情要告诉你。【归纳用法】限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，两者之间不用逗号分开；关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as；关系副词有where,when,whyo非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词或主句作些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍
8、然完整。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与引导限制性定语从句的关系词略有不同。除that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句外，其他都可以。即学即练1用适当的关系词填空(T)Holly,isfromAustralia,hasagoodcommandofChinese.Thedictionary,ourteacherboughtyesterday,ishelpfultous.(3)1amlookingforwardtothedaymydaughtercanreadthisbookandknowmyfeelingsforher.(4)TuYouyouwasawardedt
9、heNobelPrize,isconsideredoneofthehighestinternationalhonoursapersoncanreceive.DaViSwantedtovisitthefarmtheseawaterricewasgrown.答案WhoWhiChWhenWhiChWhere二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别1 .形式不同【观察例句】Hereisthemanwhohasbeenpunishedbytheboss.这就是那个被老板惩罚的人。(限制性定语从句)Theproject,whichlastedthreeyears,costnolessthan$1bill
10、ion.这个工程历时三年，耗资多达十亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)【归纳用法】限制性定语从句和主句之间没有逗号；非限制性定语从句必须用逗号与主句隔开。2 .先行词不同【观察例句】Thisisthebestnovelthat1haveeverread.这是我曾经看过的最好的小说。（限制性定语从句，先行词是novel）Thenovel,whichIreadlastnight,isveryinteresting.我昨天晚上看过那部小说了，它非常有意思。（非限制性定语从句，先行词为novel）Thenovelisveryinteresting,whichmakesmeveryexcited.那部小说很有
11、意思，这让我很兴奋。（非限制性定语从句，WhiCh指代前面整句话的内容）【归纳用法】限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是整个主句。3 .关系词的使用情况不同（1）that,why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句【观察例句】Mostpeopledidn,tvoteforhim,whichdisappointedhim.大多数人没有投票支持他，这使他感到失望。Ihavetoldthemthereason,forwhichIchangedmymind.我已经告诉了他们我改变主意的原因。【归纳用法】指物时要用which代替that,forwhich代
12、替why。（2）关系代词替代情况不同【观察例句】Thisistheman（whom/who/that）wearetalkingabout.这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。（限制性定语从句）Theyoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtoimpress.这位年轻人新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下印象。（非限制性定语从句）Shehasayoungerbrother,whoisanEnglishteacher.她有一个弟弟，他是一名英语老师。【归纳用法】关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用WhO代替。在限制性定
13、语从句中，先行词指人时可以用that引导，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，关系代词只能用WhO或WhOm。（3）关系代词省略情况不同【观察例句】Thisisagoodfilm（which/that）Isawafewdaysago.这是我几天前看过的一部好影片。（限制性定语从句）Thesummerholiday,whichwe,relookingforwardto,isdrawingnear.我们盼望的暑假就要来了。（非限制性定语从句）【归纳用法】关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词均不可省略。即学即练2用适当的关系词填空(T)Untilnow,weha
14、veraised50,000poundsforthepoorchildren,isquiteunexpected.TheexactyearAngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2018.(三)Canyoutellmethereasonhewasabsentyesterday?Einstein,wasJewish,foundthedoorsofacademicinstitutionsclosedtohim.Later,themedicinewastestedonmalariapatients,mostofrecovered.答案IWhiChWhiCh/
15、thatWhyWhOWhom三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别【观察例句】Asweallknow,LuXunisagreatwriter.众所周知，鲁迅是一位伟大的作家。Hefailedintheexperiment,whichwasunexpected.他实验失败了，这是没有料到的。Heisacheat,aseveryonecansee.每个人都看得出来，他是个骗子。Hedidtheexperimentsuccessfully,ashadbeenexpected.正如期望的那样，他实验做得非常成功。Asweallknow,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.正如大
16、家所知，纸是中国发明的。【归纳用法】as引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词一般为整个主句；而WhiCh引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词既可以是整个主句，又可以是主句的一部分。as引导的从句位置比较灵活，可位于先行词之前、之中和之后，而WhiCh引导的从句仅能位于先行词之后。as引导从句时常译为“正如”，而WhiCh常译为“这;那”。常用句型有：asWeallknow,asisknowntoall,aseverybodycansee,asisexpected等。即学即练3用适当的关系词填空Theweatherturnedouttobeveryfine,wasmorethanwecouldexpect.
17、hasbeenannounced,weshallhaveourfinalexamnextmonth.(3)Hefailedinthedrivingtest,wehadexpected.答案WhiChASasI.单句语法填空1. Scientistshaveadvancedmanytheoriesaboutwhyhumanbeingscrytears,noneofhasbeenproved.2. Shewastakingthefoodtotherefugeecamp,inshedistributedittochildren.3. Ilivenextdoortoacouplechildrenoft
18、enmakealotofnoise.4. Wewillputoffthepicnicintheparkuntilnextweek,theweathermaybebetter.5. Sharingbreadorotherfoodsisacommonhumantraditioncanpromoteunityandtrust.6. Somepeoplearesuccessfullanguagelearnersoftenfailinotherfields.7. Thesunheatstheearth,makesitpossibleforplantstogrow.8. ThenhemetMary,inv
19、itedhimtoaparty.9. Therewasanetbararoundhere,Iremember.10. Hechangedhismindagain,madeusallangry.11. 案Lwhich2.which3.whose4.when5.that6.who7.which8.who9.as10.whichIl短文语法填空(用适当的关系词填空)Theveryfilm1.iscalledTitanicissuchabeautifulandsadlovestory2.ispopularwiththepublic,3.heroandheroineareJackandRose.Rose
20、isayoungbeautifulwomanwith4.hermotherwenttoAmerica.Jack,5.wonashipticketbyplayingcards,isapoorpainter.TheymetandfellinlovewitheachotheronTitanic6.theyhadahappytime.Sadly,thenicejourneywasdestroyedbyahugeiceberg,7.JacklosthislifeforsavingRose(everyonewillbemovedbytheselflesswayin8.mostpeoplecan,tbeha
21、veinreallife).BeforeJackleftRoseforever,heencouragedRosetolivewellforhim.9.isknowntoall,loveisthestrongeststrength.Andthatsthereason10.Rosecouldlivealoneandtellusthemovingstory.12. 案1.that2.as3.whose4.whom5.who6.where7.when8.which9.As10.why11I课文语篇填空TuYouyou,a1.(commit)andpatientscientistzwasborninCh
22、inaandgraduatedfromPekingUniversityMedicalSchoolin1955.Aftergraduation,sheworkedattheChinaAcademyofTraditionalChineseMedicineinBeijingJn1967zshe2.(choose)bythegovernmenttojoinateamofscientistswiththeaimofdiscoveringanewtreatment3.malaria.Herteamexaminedover2,000oldmedicaltextszandevaluated280,000pla
23、ntsfortheirmedical4.(property).Fromtheirresearch,theydiscoveredandtested380distinctancientChinesemedicaltreatmentsthatshowedpromiseinthefightagainstmalaria.AfteralotOffaiIuresJn1971,TuYouyouandherteammemberssucceededbyusingalowertemperature5.(draw)outtheextract.Theyeveninsistedontestingthemedicineon
24、6.(they)tomakesurethatitwassafe.Latecthemedicinewastestedonmalariapatients,mostofwhomrecovered.Themedicinez7.wascalledartemisinin,soonbecameastandardtreatmentformalaria.AccordingtoTuYouyou,thediscoveryofartemisininwasateameffort.Upon8.(hear)thatshehadbeenawarded9.NobelPrize,shesaidthehonourbelongedt
25、otheteambehindherandallthepeopleofhercountry.Thesuccess10.(prove)thegreatvalueoftraditionalChinesemedicine.答案mitted2.waschosen3.for4.properties5.todraw6.themselves7.which8.hearing9.the10.provesAlbertEinsteinzI-isregardedasthegreatestscientistinmodernphysicszwasborninGermanyon14March1879.Attheageof17
26、,he2.(admit)totheuniversityin1896andgraduatedfouryearsIatenAfter3.(graduate)zEinsteinfirstworkedasaclerkintheSwisspatentoffice.WhiIe4.(work)therezhecontinuedtostudyzearningadoctorateinphysicsin1905.Thatsameyear,hepublishedfourextraordinaryphysicspapersand5.(gradual)becameworld-famous.In1922zhewasawa
27、rdedthe1921NobelPrize6.Physicsforhisexplanationofthephotoelectriceffect.WhenHitlercametopowerinGermany,Einstein,whowasJewishJoundthedoorsofstudy7.(close)tohim.SohehadtofleeGermanyandthencametoUSandtook8.apositionasaresearcherattheInstituteforAdvancedStudyinPrinceton.Althoughhewasagenius,hesometimes9
28、.(forget)things,likehisfriends/birthdays.Butdespitehispeculiarities,hewaslovedbyhis10.(friend)andneighbours.Einsteinpassedawayon18April1955zanditwasreportedthatthewholeworldmournedthegreatlossofabrilliantscientist.答案l.who2.wasadmitted3.graduatinggraduation4.working5.gradually6.for7.closed8.up9.forgot10.friends
