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1、英文文献Inrecentyears,withthecontinuousdevelopmentofnationaleconomy,allcountriesintheworldespeciallydevelopingcountries,ledbyChina,India,therapidgrowthofcarownership.Automobileexhaustemissionfor(hedamagecausedbythenaturalenvironmentandhumanlivingenvironmentismoreandmoreobvious;Carsneedrisingoilconsumpti
2、on,theinternationalenergysupplytensions,humanproductionandwayoflifehascometohavetochangefromtimetotime.Broughtbythetraditionalautomobileenergyconsumptionandclimatewarminghavenotallowtoignore.Undersuchbackground,thedevelopmentofnewenergyvehiclestoreducethepollutionoftheenvironment,easetheoilshortageh
3、asimportantsignificance.Newenergyvehiclesincludehybridelectricvehicles,pureelectricvehicles,includingsolarcars),fuelcellelectricvehiclesandothernewenergyvehicles,etc.Differentfromotherconventionalvehicles,newenergyvehiclesuseunconventionalfuelaspowersource,hastheadvantagesoflowemissionevenzeroemissi
4、onpollutiontotheenvironmentpressureissmall,hasaverybroadprospects.Ahybridcaristhekeytoahybridsystem,itsperformanceisdirectlyrelatedtotheoverallperformanceofahybridcar.Aftermorethantenyearsoftechnologydevelopment,thehybridsystemhasbeenfromtheoriginalengineandthediscretestructureofthemotortothedevelop
5、mentofengine,motorandtransmissionintegrationstructure,namelyintegratedhybridsystem.Ahybridcaristheelectriccarwiththecombinationofthetraditionalinternalcombustionenginevehicle,itinheritsthelow-emissionelectriccars,theadvantagesoflownoise,andplayedacommonfuelcarsandtheadvantagesofhighpower,hightorques
6、ignificantlyimprovedthetraditionalinternalcombustionenginevehicleemissionsandfueleconomy,increasedtherangeofpureelectricvehicles,bytheinternalcombustionenginecarstoelectriccarsplayanimportantroleintheprocess.Mixedtypehybridvehiclesystemsincludesthecharacteristicsofseriesandparallelconnection.Powersy
7、stemincludingengines,generatorsandmotors.Drivenbyanelectricmotordrivingonlywheninlowspeed,whenthespeedmatchtheengineandelectricmotordrivethecar.Thiswayneedpowerdistributiondeviceandgenerator,etc.,sothestructureiscomplex.Pureelectricvehiclesisakindofusingsinglebatteryasenergystoragepowercars.ItUSESba
8、tteryasenergystoragepowersource,throughthebatterytotheelectricmotor,Driveelectricmotoroperation,thuspushingthecar.Pureelectricvehiclechassis,body,batteries,electricmotors,controllerandbatteryandsoonsixparts.Duetotheelectricmotorwithgoodtraction,sopureelectricvehicledrivesystemdoesnotneedtheclutchand
9、transmission.Speedregulationsystemofspeedcontrolbythecontrollerthroughchangethespeedoftheelectricmotorcanberealized.Andthedifferencefromthehybrid,pureelectricvehiclesasadevicewithouttheuseofinternalcombustionenginecompletely,alsodonotusefuelssuchasgasoline,diesel,butcompletelyuserechargeablebatterie
10、s.Theadvantageofpureelectricvehiclesis:first,ititselfisnottheharmfulgasofatmosphericpollutionemissions.Evenbytheequivalentpowerconsumptionofpowerplantemissions,inadditiontosulfurandparticulatematter,otherpollutantswasalsosignificantlyreduced,becausemostofpowerplantsbuiltinawayfromthedenselypopulated
11、cities,lessdamageinhumans,andpowerplantsisstationary,concentrationofemissions,removeallkindsofharmfulemissionsmoreeasily,alsohavetherelevanttechnology.Duetopowercanbeobtainedfromavarietyofprimaryenergy,suchascoal,hydropower,nuclearpower,liftingthepeoplefearofpetroleumresourcesbecamemoreandmoredriedu
12、p.Second,pureelectricvehiclescanalsomakefulluseofthenightwhentroughthesurpluselectricitypower,makethegeneratingequipmentcanmakefulluseofdayandnight,greatlyimprovetheeconomicbenefit.Inaddition,thepureelectricvehiclestructureissimple,operationandlessdrivingpart,maintenanceisconvenient.Atpresent,hepure
13、electricvehiclestherearestillsometechnicaldefects.Themainproblemisthebatteryunitweighttostoretoomuchelectricity,onceafterafullchargemileageisnotideal;Atthesametime,highreservesbatteryservicelifeisshort,thecostishigh,maketheoverallcostishigher,pureelectricvehicles,ofcourse,itsnoneofpureelectricvehicl
14、estorealizecommercialization,alsocantformscaleeconomy.Therefore,thedevelopmentofawiderangeofpureelectricvehiclesisthetoppriorityofthedevelopmentofadvancedbattery.Fuelcellcarfuelcellisusedasthepowersourceofelectricvehicles.Thebatteryenergyisthroughthechemistryofhydrogenandoxygen,directlyintoelectrici
15、ty.Storageofhydrogenandoxygenintheairinthefuelcellproduceschemicalreaction,generateelectricitytostartthemotor,soastodrivethecar.Inaddition,methanol,hydrogengas,gasoline,dieseloilcanreplace.Fuelcellintheprocessofchemicalreactionwithoutburning,sothefuelcellcarisnopollutiontotheenvironment.Atthesametim
16、e,theenergyconversionefficiencyoffuelcellis2to3timeshigherthan(heinternalcombustionengine,sofromtheaspectsofenergyutilizationandenvironmentalprotection,isanidealvehiclefuelcellcar.Comparedwiththetraditionalvehicles,fuelcellvehicleshasthefollowingadvantages:nopollution,zeroemissions.Toreducethegreenh
17、ousegasemissionsHighenergyconversioneffect.Widerangeoffuelselection.Inrecentyears,greatprogresshasbeenmadeinfuelcelltechnology,theworldmanyfamousautomobilemanufacturerssuchasToyota,ford,BMW,etcarepurposeful,plannedtofuelcellvehiclesonthemarket.Hydrogenpoweredcarsaredividedintohydrogenfuelcellvehicle
18、swithhydrogeninternalcombustionvehicle.Theformerwithordinaryfuelcellcars,byhydrogenfuelcellsinliquidhydrogenandoxygentoproduceelectricityintheairtopushthecar.Withhydrogenfuelcellvehiclesusingdifferentmotor,hydrogenisusedforcarinternalcombustionengine,byhydrogengasandairmixturecombustionproducesenerg
19、y,soastomovethecar.Hydrogeninternalcombustionvehicleinazerodischargeofhydrogenfuel-cellcars,nopollution,etc.Befoulreferstoproductoritsby-productsofagricultureandforestry,industrialwaste,livinggarbageandotherbiologicalorganismanditsmetabolicwasteasrawmaterialformakingfuel.Inmostcases,befoulusedtospec
20、ificallytoethanol,methanol,aliquidfuelssuchasbodies.Befoulsmainlyincludebiologicaldieselcarsandfuelethanolcar.Newenergycarsrepresentthefutureoftheworldautomobileindustrydevelopmentdirection,isthecommandingheightsoftheworldautomobileindustryinthefuture.Vigorouslydevelopnewenergyvehiclesistheworldscou
21、ntriesandmajorautomakerscommonstrategicchoice.Sincethe2008Imancialcrisis,theworldsmajorautomobileproductioncountriesincreasethedevelopmentofnewenergyautomotiveindustryasitsindustrycompetitionability,keepthesustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofmajorstrategicmeasures.Atthesametime,thedevelopmentof
22、newenergyvehiclesbutalsothebreachtoseekaneweconomicgrowthpointandthebasicwaytorealizetransportationenergyIransformation.Supportfornewenergyvehicletechnologyandrelatedfiscalandtaxpolicy,hasbecomethepowerfulweaponofcountriestotacklethefinancialcrisis.Tothatend,countrieshaveissuedaseriesofpoliciesandme
23、asurestoencouragedomesticthedevelopmentofnewenergyvehiclesandrelatedindustry.Astheworldssecondlargestautoproducerandahandfulofautomotivetechnologypowerhouse,Japan,whichismainlycomposedofhybridandelectricvehiclesinthedevelopmentofnewenergyvehicles,leadstheworldinothercountries.Atthesamelime,Japanisal
24、soahybridcarpenetrationofthehighest.OnApril12,2010,theJapaneseeconomy,tradeandindustryjointJapaneachbigautocompaniesandtheacademiccommunitytosetupthestrategyofnanewgenerationofautomobileresearchinstituteannouncedanewgenerationofautomotivestrategy2010n,putforwardtoJapanbuiltanewgenerationofnewenergya
25、utomobileresearchanddevelopmentandproductionbase.StudythedevelopmentofJapansnewenergyautomotiveindustrywillhaveonthedevelopmentofnewenergyvehiclesindustryinChinahasimportantsignificance.中文文献近年来,随着国民经济的不断发展,世界各国尤其是以中国、印度为首的发展中国家的汽车保有量急剧增长。汽车的尾气排放对自然环境及人类居住环境造成的破坏越来越明显;汽车所需要消耗的石油量不断上升,国际能源供给日趋紧张,人类以往的
26、汽车生产和生活方式已经到了必须变革的时候。传统汽车所带来的能源消耗和气候变暖问题己不容忽视。在这样背景下,发展新能源汽车对降低环境污染、缓解石油短缺有着重要的意义。新能源汽车主要包括混合动力电动汽车、纯电动汽车,包括太阳能汽车、燃料电池电动汽车、其他新能源汽车等。有别于其他常规汽车,新能源汽车使用非常规燃料作为动力来源,具有排放小甚至零排放的优点,对环境污染的压力很小,具有非常广泛的前景。混合动力汽车的关键是混合动力系统,它的性能直接关系到混合动力汽车的整体性能。经过十余年的技术发展,混合动力系统已从原来发动机与电动机的离散结构向发动机、电动机和变速器一体化结构发展,即集成化混合动力系统。混合
27、动力汽车是电动汽车与传统内燃机汽车相结合的产物,它既继承了电动汽车低排放,低噪音的优点,又发挥了普通燃料汽车高扭矩和高功率的优点,显著改善了传统内燃机汽车的排放性和燃油经济性,增加了纯电动汽车的续航里程,在由内燃机汽车向电动汽车的转变过程中扮演了重要的角色。混联式混合动力汽车包含了串联式和并联式的特点。动力系统包括发动机、发电机和电动机。在低速时只靠电动机驱动行驶,当速度提高时发动机和电动机相配合驱动汽车。这种方式需要动力分配装置和发电机等,因此结构复杂。纯电动汽车是一种采用单一蓄电池作为储能动力源的汽车。它利用蓄电池作为储能动力源,通过电池向电动马达提供电能.驱动电动马达运转,从而推动汽车行
28、进。纯电动汽车由底盘、车身、蓄电池组、电动马达、控制器和蓄电池等六部分组成。由于电动马达具有良好的牵引特性,因此纯电动汽车的传动系统不需要离合器和变速器。车速控制由控制器通过调速系统改变电动马达的转速即可实现。与混合动力最大的不同在于,纯电动汽车完全不使用内燃机作为发动装置,也不使用汽油、柴油等燃料,而是完全采用可充电式电池驱动。纯电动汽车的优点是:首先,它本身不排放污染大气的有害气体。即使按其所耗电量换算为发电厂的排放,除硫和微粒外,其它污染物也显著减少,由于电厂大多建于远离人口密集的城市,对人类伤害较少,而且电厂都是固定不动的,集中的排放,清除各种有害排放物较容易,也已有了相关技术。由于电
29、力可以从多种一次能源获得,如煤、水力、核能等,解除了人们对石油资源日见枯竭的担心。其次,纯电动汽车还可以充分利用晚间用电低谷时富余的电力进行充电,使发电设备日夜都能充分利用,大大提高其经济效益。此外,纯电动汽车结构简单,运转和传动部件少,维修保养工作方便。目前,纯电动汽车仍存在一些技术上的缺陷。最主要的问题在于蓄电池单位重量储存的电能太少,一次充满电后行驶里程不理想;同时,高储量的电池使用寿命较短,使用成本高,使得纯电动汽车总体成本比较高,当然这和纯电动汽车没有实现商业化、无法形成规模经济也有关系。因此,大范围的发展纯电动汽车的首要任务就是研发先进的蓄电池。燃料电池汽车是采用燃料电池作为动力源
30、的电动汽车。其电池的能量是通过氢气和氧气的化学作用,直接变成电能获得。储存在燃料电池中的的氢与空气中的氧发生化学反应,产生电能启动电动机,从而驱动汽车。此外,甲醇、天然气、汽油、柴油也可以代替氢。燃料电池在化学反应过程中不经过燃烧,故燃料电池汽车对环境没有污染。同时,燃料电池的能量转换效率比内燃机要高2至3倍,因此从能源的利用和环境保护方面,燃料电池汽车是一种理想的车辆。与传统汽车相比,燃料电池汽车具有以下优点:无污染、零排放。减少了温室气体的排放。能量转换效力高。燃料选择范围广。近几年来,燃料电池技术取得了重大进展,世界多家著名汽车厂商如丰田、福特、宝马等都开始有目的,有计划的将燃料电池汽车
31、投放市场。氢能源动力汽车分为氢燃料电池汽车与氢内燃车。前者与普通的燃料电池汽车一样,通过氢燃料电池中的液态氢与空气中的氧结合而产生电能来推动汽车。与氢燃料电池车使用电动机不同,氢内燃车使用的是内燃机,通过氢气与空气混合燃烧产生能量,从而推动汽车行驶。氢内燃车在具备氢燃料电池车的零排放,无污染等优点。生物燃料指以农林产品或其副产品、工业废弃物、生活垃圾等生物有机体及其新陈代谢排泄物为原料制取的燃料。大多数情况下,“生物燃料”用来专指生物乙醇,甲醇,生物柴油等液态燃料。生物燃料汽车主要有生物柴油汽车与燃料乙醇汽车。新能源汽车代表了世界汽车工业的未来发展方向,是未来世界汽车产业的制高点。大力发展新能
32、源汽车是世界各国和各大汽车制造厂商的共同战略选择。2008年金融危机以来,世界主要汽车生产国都把发展新能源汽车产业作为提高本国产业竞争能力、保持经济社会可持续发展的重大战略举措。同时,发展新能源汽车也是寻求新一轮经济增长点的突破口以及实现交通能源转型的根本途径。对新能源汽车技术的扶持及相关的财政税收政策,成为了各国应对金融危机的有力武器。为此,各国相继出台了一系列政策措施以鼓励本国新能源汽车及其相关产业的发展。作为世界上第二大汽车生产大国以及屈指可数的汽车技术强国,日本在以混合动力汽车和电动车为主的新能源汽车方面的发展,遥遥领先于世界其他国家。同时,日本也是混合动力汽车普及率最高的国家。2010年4月12日,日本经济产业省联合日本各大汽车企业以及学术团体共同成立的“新一代汽车战略研究会”公布了新一代汽车战略2010,提出了要将日本建成“新一代新能源汽车研发和生产基地”的目标。研究日本新能源汽车产业的发展将对发展我国新能源汽车产业有着举足轻重的意义。