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1、美国名人最高法院大法官瑟古德马歇尔ThurgoodMarshall,1908-1993:FirstAfricanAmericantoServeontheUSSupremeCourtplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:32repeatByPaulThompson2008-7-26VOICEONE:ThisisGwenOuten.VOICETWO:AndthisisDougJohnsonwithPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.Everyweekwetellaboutapersonwhowasimportantinthehistoryof
2、theUnitedStates.TdaywetellaboutamanwhohelpedchangetheracialseparationlawsofAmerica,ThurgoodMarshall.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThurgoodMarshallwasbornafreeman.Butthefatherofhisgrandfatherwasaslave.HehadlivedinwhatwastheCongoareaofAfrica.AmanfromtheeasternAmericancityofBaltimore,Maryland,broughthimtotheUnitedSt
3、ates.Helatersethimfree.ThurgoodMarshallThurgoodMarshallwasborninBaltimoreonJulysecond,nineteen-oh-eight.Inthatcity,andinmanyotherpartsoftheUnitedStatesatthattime,blackpeoplewereseparatedfromwhitepeoplebylaw.Blackchildrendidnotgotoschoolwithwhitechildren.Blackpeoplelivedonlyinareaswhereotherblacksliv
4、ed.VOICETWO:Overtheyears,ThurgoodMarshallbecameaverygoodstoryteller.Hetoldstoriesabouthimsetoraboutplaceshehadvisited.Often,thestorieswerefunny.Butmostalsohadaseriousmessage.OnestorywasaboutbeingintroublewithhisteacherswhenhewasaboyinBaltimore.MisterMarshallsaidoneofhisteacherspunishedhimbysendinghi
5、mtotheroomwheretheschoolsheatingequipmentwaskept.TherehewastoldtoreadandrememberthewordsoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.TheConstitutionisalongdocument.ThurgoodMarshallsaidhereadallofit-morethanonceandlearnedtoremembermostofit.Hesaidthisschoolboypunishmentgavehimalife-longrespectfortheConstitution
6、.Ashegrewolder,hebegantothinkabouttheConstitutionsguaranteesoffreedom.Thoseguarantees,hebelieved,shouldbeforpeopleofallraces,notjustforwhitepeople.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThurgoodMarshallattendedLincolnUniversityinthestateofPennsylvania.Hecompletedhisstudies,withhonors,innineteenthirty.Hewantedtogotolawscho
7、olattheUniversityofMaryland.Butofficialsatthatschoolrefusedtolethimattendbecausehewasblack.SohewenttolawschoolatHowardUniversityinWashingtonD.C.HowardUniversitywasaschoolforAfricanAmericans.ThurgoodMarshallgraduatedfirstinhisclass.Aftercompletinghislawstudies,heacceptedthecaseofayoungblackmanwhowant
8、edtobecomealawyer;too.TheyoungmanwantedtoattendtheUniversityofMarylandlawschool.ItwasthesameschoolthathadrefusedtoadmitThurgoodMarshall.Again,theschoolrefusedtoletablackmanbecomeastudent.So,MisterMarshalltooklegalaction.Hewonthecase.Theyoungblackmanwaspermittedtoattendtheuniversityslawschool.Thurgoo
9、dMarshallwouldgoontowinmanymorecasesdealingwithracialseparationlaws.AndyearslatetheUniversityofMarylandwouldnameitslawlibraryinhishonor.VOICETWO:ThurgoodMarshallwasaverygoodlawyer.Thepeopleherepresentedincourtwereblackandpoor.Heneverearnedmuchmoney.Buthisnamesoonbecamewellknown.TheNationalAssociatio
10、nfortheAdvancementofColoredPeopleofferedhimajob.Hewenttoworkasoneofitslegalrepresentatives.Intime,hebecametheorganizationschieflegalrepresentative.HetraveledacrosstheUnitedStates.Hefoughtagainstracialseparationlaws.Healsodefendedblackpeoplewhowerechargedwithacrime,butwhodidnothavethemoneytopayforleg
11、alhelp.ManyofthosecasesreachedAmericashighestcourt,theSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.Duringhislifeasalawyer,ThurgoodMarshallarguedcasesbeforetheSupremeCourtmorethanthirtytimes.Helostonlyafewcases.Slowly,thelawsofracialseparationinAmericabegantochange.ManyofthosechangesweretheresultoftheworkofThurgood
12、Marshall.VOICEONE:1.egalexpertssaythatThurgoodMarshallsmostimportantcasewastheoneknownasBrownversusBoardofEducation.ThecaseinvolvedthecityofTopekainthemiddlewesternstateofKansas.Alawtheresaidthathavingseparateschoolsforblackstudentsandwhitestudentswaslegal,iftheschoolswerethesame.Itwastheideaofsepar
13、atebutequal.Buttheschoolswerenotequal.Whitechildrenreceivedabettereducationthanblackchildren.ThurgoodMarshallagreedtoarguethecasebeforetheSupremeCourt.Whennewspapersreportedthis,hebegangettingmessagesthreateninghimwithdeath.Othercivilrightslawyerssaidhewasmovingtooquickly.TheysaidadefeatintheBrownca
14、sewouldgreatlydamagethecauseofcivilrights.Theytoldhimtowait,tomovemorecarefullyandslowly.VOICETWO:ThurgoodMarshalldidnotlistentothethreatsagainsthislife.Andhedidnotlistentothosewhosaidheshouldmovemoreslowly.TheSupremeCourtheardthecaseinnineteenfifty-four.MisterMarshallsaiditwasaviolationoftheConstit
15、utiontoseparatepeoplebecauseoftheirrace.So,heargued,theraciallyseparatedschoolsinTopeka,Kansas,wereillegal.Headdedthatnothingcouldbeequalinraciallyseparatedschools.OneSupremeCourtjusticeaskedhimtoexplainwhathemeantbythewordequal.Heanswered:Equalmeansgettingthesamething,atthesametime,andinthesameplac
16、e.TheSupremeCourtagreed.ItruledthatnoonecouldberejectedfromaschoolinTopekabecauseofrace.VOICEONE:ThecaseofBrownversusBoardofEducationprovidedthebasisforothercourtdecisions.IthelpeddestroytheterriblewalloflegalracialseparationthroughouttheUnitedStates.SomepeoplesayitisthemostimportantSupremeCourtdeci
17、sionofthetwentiethcentury.ThatdecisionwasthebeginningofyearsoflegalbattlesagainstracialseparationinAmericasschools.ItalsosentamessagetothepeopleofthenationthatblackAmericanshadthesamerightsaswhiteAmericans.ManyAfricanAmericanssaidMisterMarshallsvictoryinnineteenfifty-fourchangedtheirlivesandtheirfut
18、ures.VOICETWO:Innineteensixty-one,PresidentJohnKennedynamedThurgoodMarshalltobeajudgeofafederalappealscourt.Duringhisyearsonthatcourt,JudgeMarshallwrotemorethanonehundredopinionsondifferentlegalissues.SeveralofhisopinionsfromthosedayshavebeenapprovedaslawbyamajorityoftheSupremeCourt.JusticeMarshalls
19、ervedontheSupremeCourtfor24yearsInnineteensixty-seven,PresidentLyndonJohnsonnominatedThurgoodMarshalltotheSupremeCourt.PresidentJohnsonsaidthenominationwastherightthingtodo,andtherighttimetodoit.ThurgoodMarshallbecamethefirstblackpersontoserveasaSupremeCourtJustice.Heservedfortwenty-fouryears.Justic
20、eMarshallwroteopinionsaboutlegalrepresentationinAmericascriminaljusticesystem.Hesaideveryonehastherighttoberepresentedbyagoodlawyer;nomatterhowguiltytheymaybe.InhislastyearsontheSupremeCourt,heoftenvotedagainstthemajorityofthemoreconservativemembers.JusticeMarshallalwaysvotedindissentincasesinwhicht
21、hemajorityvotedthatadeathsentencewaslegal.Hesaidnooneshouldbeputtodeathforanyreason.VOICEONE:Innineteenninety-one,ThurgoodMarshallannouncedthathewouldretirefromtheSupremeCourt.Somereportssaidhenolongerwantedtofightagainsttheconservativemajorityofthecourt.Atanewsconference,areporteraskedhimwhyhewasre
22、tiring.JusticeMarshalllookedatthemanandsaid,simply:Iamgettingoldandcomingapart.AnotherreporteraskedJusticeMarshallhowhewouldliketoberemembered.Hesatquietlyforamoment.ThenThurgoodMarshallsaid:IwanttoberememberedfordoingthebestIcouldwithwhatIhad.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyPaulThompson.ItwasproducedbyLawanDavis.ThisisDougJohnson.VOICEONE:AndthisisGwenOuten.ListenagainnextweekforPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.
