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1、FullText:DiaoyuDaozanInherentTerritoryofChinaBEIJING,Sept.25(Xinhua)-TheStateCouncilInformationOffiCeofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaonTuesdaypublishedawhitepaperonDiaoyuDaozaninherentterritoryofChina.Followingisthefulltextofthewhitepaper:DiaoyuDaozanInherentTerritoryofChina(September2012)StateCouncilInf
2、ormation。仟iceThePeoplesRepublicofChinaContentsForewordI.DiaoyuDaoisChinasInherentTerritoryII.JapanGrabbedDiaoyuDaofromChinaIII.BackroomDealsBetweentheUnitedStatesandJapanConcerningDiaoyuDaoareIllegalandInvalidIV. JapansClaimofSovereigntyoverDiaoyuDaoisTotallyUnfoundedV. ChinahasTakenResoluteMeasures
3、toSafeguarditsSovereigntyoverDiaoyuDaoConclusionForewordDiaoyuDaoanditsaffiliatedislandsareaninseparablepartoftheChineseterritory.DiaoyuDaoisChinasinherentterritoryinallhistoricalgeographicalandlegalterms,andChinaenjoysindisputablesovereigntyoverDiaoyuDao.JapansoccupationofDiaoyuDaoduringtheSino-Jap
4、aneseWarin1895isillegalandinvalid.AfterWorldWar11,DiaoyuDaowasreturnedtoChinainaccordancewithsuchinternationallegaldocumentsastheCairoDeclarationandthePotsdamProclamation.NomatterwhatunilateralstepJapantakesoverDiaoyuDaozitwillnotchangethefactthatDiaoyuDaobelongstoChina.Forquitesometime,Japanhasrepe
5、atedlystirreduptroublesontheissueofDiaoyuDao.OnSeptember10z2012ztheJapanesegovernmentannouncedthepurchaseofDiaoyuDaoanditsaffiliatedNanxiaoDaoandBeixiaoDaoandtheimplementationoftheso-callednationalization.ThisisamovethatgrosslyviolatesChinasterritorialsovereigntyandseriouslytramplesonhistoricalfacts
6、andinternationaljurisprudence.ChinaisfirmlyopposedtoJapansviolationofChinassovereigntyoverDiaoyuDaoinwhateverformandhastakenresolutemeasurestocurbanysuchact.ChinaspositionontheissueofDiaoyuDaoisclear-cutandconsistent.Chinaswilltodefendnationalsovereigntyandterritorialintegrityisfirmanditsresolvetoup
7、holdtheoutcomesoftheWorldAnti-FascistWarwillnotbeshakenbyanyforce.I.DiaoyuDaoisChinasInherentTerritoryDiaoyuDaoanditsaffiliatedislands,whichconsistofDiaoyuDaozHuangweiYuzChiweiYu,NanxiaoDao,BeixiaoDaozNanYuzBeiYuzFeiYuandotherislandsandreefs,arelocatedtothenortheastofChinasTaiwanIsland,inthewatersbe
8、tween123o20-124o40E(EastLongitude)and25o40,-26o00,N(NorthLatitude),andareaffiliatedtotheTaiwanIsland.Thetotallandmassoftheseislandsisapproximately5.69squarekilometers.DiaoyuDao,situatedinthewesterntipofthearea,coversalandmassofabout3.91squarekilometersandisthelargestislandinthearea.Thehighestpeakont
9、heislandstands362metersabovethesealevel.HuangweiYuzwhichislocatedabout27kilometerstothenortheastofDiaoyuDao,isthesecondlargestislandintheareazwithatotallandmassofabout0.91squarekilometersandahighestelevationof117meters.ChiweiYuzsituatedabout110kilometerstothenortheastofDiaoyuDaozistheeasternmostisla
10、ndinthearea.Itcoversalandmassofapproximately0.065squarekilometersandstands75metersabovethesealevelatitspeak.1. DiaoyuDaowasfirstdiscovered,namedandexploitedbyChinaAncientancestorsinChinafirstdiscoveredandnamedDiaoyuDaothroughtheirproductionandfisheryactivitiesonthesea.InChinashistoricalliteratures,D
11、iaoyuDaoisalsocalledDiaoyuYuorDiaoyuTai.TheearliesthistoricalrecordofthenamesofDiaoyuDao,ChiweiYuandotherplacescanbefoundinthebookVoyagewithaTailWind(ShunFengXiangSong)publishedin1403(thefirstyearofthereignofEmperorYongleoftheMingDynasty).ItshowsthatChinahadalreadydiscoveredandnamedDiaoyuDaobythe14t
12、hand15thcenturies.PIn1372(thefifthyearofthereignofEmperorHongwuoftheMingDynasty),theKingofRyukyustartedpayingtributetotheimperialcourtoftheMingDynasty.Inreturn,EmperorHongwu(thefirstemperoroftheMingDynasty)sentimperialenvoystoRyukyu.Inthefollowingfivecenturiesuntil1866(thefifthyearofthereignofEmpero
13、rTongzhioftheQingDynasty),theimperialcourtsoftheMingandQingDynastiessentimperialenvoystoRyukyu24timestoconfertitlesontheRyukyuKing,andDiaoyuDaowasexactlylocatedontheirroutetoRyukyu.AmplevolumeofrecordsaboutDiaoyuDaocouldbefoundinthereportswrittenbyChineseimperialenvoysatthetime.Forexample,theRecords
14、oftheImperialTitle-conferringEnvoystoRyukyu(ShiLiuQiuLu)writtenin1534byChenKanzanimperialtitle-conferringenvoyfromtheMingcourt,clearlystatedthattheshiphaspassedDiaoyuDaozHuangmaoYuzChiYu.ThenGumiMountaincomesintosight,thatiswherethelandofRyukyubegins.TheShiLiuQiuLuofanotherimperialenvoyoftheMingDyna
15、styzGuoRulin,in1562alsostatedthatChiYuisthemountainthatmarkstheboundaryofRyukyu.In1719zXuBaoguangzadeputytitle-conferringenvoytoRyukyuintheQingDynasty,clearlyrecordedinhisbookRecordsofMessagesfromChong-shan(ZhongShanChuanXinLu)thatthevoyagefromFujiantoRyukyupassedHuapingYu,PengjiaYuzDiaoyuDao,Huangw
16、eiYu,ChiweiYuandreachedNaba(Naha)portofRyukyuviaGumiMountain(themountainguardingthesouthwestborderofRyukyu)andMachiIsland.In1650,theAnnalsofChong-shan(ZhongShanShiJian)zthefirstofficialhistoricalrecordoftheRyukyuKingdomdraftedunderthesupervisionofRyukyusprimeministerXiangXiangxian(Kozoken)xconfirmed
17、thatGumiMountain(alsocalledGumiMountain,knownasKumeIslandtoday)ispartofRyukyusterritory,whileChiYu(knownasChiweiYutoday)andtheareastoitswestarenotRyukyusterritory.In1708zChengShunze(TeiJunsoku),anotedscholarandtheGrandMasterwiththePurple-GoldenRibbon(ZiJinDaFU)ofRyukyu,recordedinhisbookAGeneralGuide
18、(ZhiNanGuangYi)thatGumiMountainisthemountainguardingthesouthwestborderofRyukyu,.ThesehistoricalaccountsclearlydemonstratethatDiaoyuDaoandChiweiYubelongtoChinaandKumeIslandbelongstoRyukyuzandthattheseparatinglineliesinHeiShuiGou(todaysOkinawaTrough)betweenChiweiYuandKumeIsland.In1579zXieJiezadeputyim
19、perialtitle-conferringenvoyoftheMingDynasty,recordedinhisbook,AddendumtoSummarizedRecordofRyukyu(LiuQiuLuCuoYaoBuYi)thatheenteredRyukyufromCangShuitoHeiShui7andreturnedtoChinafromHeiShuitoCangShui.XiaZiyangzanotherimperialenvoyoftheMingcourt,wrotein1606thatwhenthewaterflowsfromHeiShuibacktoCangShuiz
20、itenterstheChineseterritory.MiscellaneousRecordsofaMissiontoRyukyu(ShiLiuQiuZaLu),abookwrittenin1683byWangJi,animperialenvoyoftheQingDynasty,statedthatHeiShuiGou,situatedoutsideChiYuzistheboundarybetweenChinaandforeignland.In1756,ZhouHuangzadeputyimperialenvoyoftheQingDynastyzrecordedinhisbook,theAn
21、nalsofRyukyu(LiuQiuGuoZhiLue)zthatRyukyuisseparatedfromthewatersofFujianbyHeiShuiGoutothewest.ThewaterssurroundingDiaoyuDaoaretraditionallyChinesefishingground.Chinesefishermenhavezforgenerations,engagedinfisheryactivitiesinthesewaters.Inthepast,DiaoyuDaowasusedasanavigationmarkerbytheChinesepeoplel
22、ivingonthesoutheastcoast.2. DiaoyuDaohadlongbeenunderChinasjurisdictionIntheearlyyearsoftheMingDynasty,ChinaplacedDiaoyuDaounderitscoastaldefensetoguardagainsttheinvasionofJapanesepiratesalongitssoutheastcoast.In1561(the40thyearofthereignofEmperorJiajingoftheMingDynasty),AnIllustratedCompendiumonMar
23、itimeSecurity(ChouHaiTuBian)compiledbyZhengRuozengundertheauspicesofHuZongxianzthesupremeCommanderofthesoutheastcoastaldefenseoftheMingcourt,includedtheDiaoyuDaoIslandsontheMapofCoastalMountainsandSands(YanHaiShanShaTu)andincorporatedthemintothejurisdictionofthecoastaldefenseoftheMingcourt.TheComple
24、teMapofUnifiedMaritimeTerritoryforCoastalDefense(QianKunYiTongHaiFangQuanTu),drawnupbyXuBidaandothersin1605(the33rdyearofthereignofEmperorWanlioftheMingDynasty)andtheTreatiseonMilitaryPreparations.CoastalDefenseII.MapofFujiansCoastalMountainsandSands(WuBeiZhi.HaiFangEr.FuJianYanHaiShanShaTu),drawnup
25、byMaoYuanyiin1621(thefirstyearofthereignofEmperorTianqioftheMingDynasty),alsoincludedtheDiaoyuDaoIslandsaspartofChinasmaritimeterritory.TheQingcourtnotonlyincorporatedtheDiaoyuDaoIslandsintothescopeofChinascoastaldefenseastheMingcourtdid,butalsoclearlyplacedtheislandsunderthejurisdictionofthelocalgo
26、vernmentofTaiwan.OfficialdocumentsoftheQingcourt,suchasATourofDutyintheTaiwanStrait(TaiHaiShiChaLu)andAnnalsofTaiwanPrefecture(TaiWanFuZhi)allgavedetailedaccountsconcerningChinasadministrationoverDiaoyuDao.Volume86ofRecompiledGeneralAnnalsofFujian(ChongZuanFuJianTongZhi),abookcompiledbyChenShouqiand
27、othersin1871(thetenthyearofthereignOfEmperorTongzhioftheQingDynasty),includedDiaoyuDaoasastrategiclocationforcoastaldefenseandplacedtheislandsunderthejurisdictionofGamalan,Taiwan(knownasYilanCountytoday).3. ChineseandforeignmapsshowthatDiaoyuDaobelongstoChinaTheRoadmaptoRyukyu(LiuQiuGuoHaiTu)intheSh
28、iLiuQiuLuwrittenbyimperialtitle-conferringenvoyXiaoChongyein1579(theseventhyearofthereignofEmperorWanlioftheMingDynasty),theRecordoftheInterpretersofAugustMing(HuangMingXiangXuLu)writtenbyMaoRuizhengin1629(thesecondyearofthereignofEmperorChongzhenoftheMingDynasty),theGreatUniversalGeographicMap(KunY
29、uQuanTu)createdin1767(the32ndyearofthereignofEmperorQianlongoftheQingDynasty),andtheAtlasoftheGreatQingDynasty(HuangChaoZhongWaiYiTongYuTu)publishedin1863(thesecondyearofthereignofEmperorTongzhioftheQingDynasty)allmarkedDiaoyuDaoasChinasterritory.ThebookIllustratedOutlineoftheThreeCountrieswrittenby
30、HayashiShiheiin1785wastheearliestJapaneseliteraturetomentionDiaoyuDao.TheMapoftheThreeProvincesand36IslandsofRyukyuinthebookputDiaoyuDaoasbeingapartfromthe36islandsofRyukyuandcoloreditthesameasthemainlandofChinazindicatingthatDiaoyuDaowaspartofChinasterritory.TheMapofEastChinaSeaLittoralStatescreate
31、dbytheFrenchcartographerPierreLapieandothersin1809coloredDiaoyuDaozHuangweiYu,ChiweiYuandtheTaiwanIslandasthesame.MapssuchasANewMapofChinafromtheLatestAuthoritiespublishedinBritainin1811zColtonsChinapublishedintheUnitedStatesin1859,andAMapofChinasEastCoast:HongkongtoGulfofLiao-TungcompiledbytheBriti
32、shNavyin1877allmarkedDiaoyuDaoaspartofChinasterritory.II.JapanGrabbedDiaoyuDaofromChinaJapanaccelerateditsinvasionandexternalexpansionaftertheMeijiRestoration.JapanseizedRyukyuin1879andchangeditsnametoOkinawaPrefecture.Soonafterthat,JapanbegantoactcovertlytoinvadeandoccupyDiaoyuDaoandsecretlyinclude
33、dDiaoyuDaoinitsterritoryattheendoftheSino-JapaneseWarof1894-1895.JapanthenforcedChinatosigntheunequalTreatyofShimonosekiandcedetoJapantheislandofFormosa(Taiwan),togetherwithDiaoyuDaoandallotherislandsappertainingorbelongingtothesaidislandofFormosa.1. JapanscovertmovestoseizeDiaoyuDaoIn1884zaJapanese
34、manclaimedthathefirstlandedonDiaoyuDaoandfoundtheislandtobeuninhabited.TheJapanesegovernmentthendispatchedsecretfacts-findingmissionstoDiaoyuDaoandattemptedtoinvadeandoccupytheisland.Theabove-mentionedplotsbyJapantriggeredChinasalert.OnSeptember6,1885(the28thdayofthe7thmonthintheIlthyearofthereignof
35、EmperorGuangxuoftheQingDynasty),theChinesenewspaperShen-pao(ShanghaiNews)reported:Recently,JapaneseflagshavebeenseenontheislandsnortheasttoTaiwan,revealingJapansintentiontooccupytheseislands.ButtheJapanesegovernmentdidnotdaretotakeanyfurtheractionforfearofreactionfromChina.Afterthesecretfacts-findin
36、gmissionstoDiaoyuDaozthegovernorofOkinawaPrefecturesentareportinsecrecytotheMinisterofInternalAffairsYamagataAritomoonSeptember22,1885zsayingthattheseuninhabitedislandswere,infactzthesameDiaoyuTaizHuangweiYuandChiweYuthatwererecordedintheRecordsofMessagesfromChong-shan(ZhongShanChuanXinLu)andknownwe
37、lltoimperialtitle-conferringenvoysoftheQingcourtontheirvoyagestoRyukyu,andthathehaddoubtsastowhetherornotsovereigntymarkersshouldbesetupandthereforeaskedforinstruction.TheMinisterofInternalAffairsYamagataAritomosolicitedopinionfromtheForeignMinisterInoueKaoruonOctober9.InoueKaorurepliedinalettertoYa
38、magataAritomoonOctober21,Atpresent,anyopenmovessuchasplacingsovereigntymarkersareboundtoalerttheQingimperialcourt.Therefore,itisadvisablenottogobeyondfieldsurveysanddetailedreportsontheshapesofthebays,landandotherresourcesforfuturedevelopment.Inthemeantime,wewillwaitforabettertimetoengageinsuchactiv
39、itiesasputtingupsovereigntymarkersandembarkingondevelopmentontheislands.InoueKaorualsomadeaspecialemphasisthatitisinappropriatetopublicizethemissionsonofficialgazetteornewspapers.Asaresult,theJapanesegovernmentdidnotapproveoftherequestofOkinawaPrefecturetosetupsovereigntymarkers.ThegovernorofOkinawa
40、PrefecturesubmittedthematterforapprovaltotheMinisterofInternalAffairsonceagainonJanuary13,1890zsayingthatDiaoyuDaoandotherabove-mentioneduninhabitedislandshaveremainedundernospecificjurisdiction,andthatheintendstoplacethemunderthejurisdictionoftheOfficeofYaeyamaIslands.OnNovember2,1893zthegovernorof
41、OkinawaPrefectureappliedonceagainforsettingupsovereigntymarkerstoincorporatetheislandsintoJapansterritory.TheJapanesegovernmentdidnotrespond.OnMay12,1894,twomonthsbeforetheSino-JapaneseWar,thesecretfacts-findingmissionstoDiaoyuDaobyOkinawaPrefecturecametoafinalconclusion,Eversincetheprefecturepolice
42、surveyedtheislandin1885(the18thyearoftheMeijiperiod),therehavebeennosubsequentinvestigations.Asaresult,itisdifficulttoprovideanyspecificreportsonit.Inaddition,thereexistnooldrecordsrelatedtothesaidislandorfolkloreandlegendsdemonstratingthattheislandbelongstoourcountry.JapansattemptstooccupyDiaoyuDao
43、wereclearlyrecordedinJapanDiplomaticDocumentscompiledbytheJapaneseForeignMinistry.RelevantdocumentsevidentlyshowthattheJapanesegovernmentintendedtooccupyDiaoyuDao,butrefrainedfromactingimpetuouslyasitwasfullyawareofChinassovereigntyovertheseislands.JapanwagedtheSino-JapaneseWarinJuly1894.Towardsthee
44、ndofNovember1894,JapaneseforcesseizedtheChineseportofLushun(thenknownasPortArthur),virtuallysecuringdefeatoftheQingcourt.AgainstsuchbackdropztheJapaneseMinisterofInternalAffairsYasushiNomurawrotetoForeignMinisterMutsuMunemitsuonDecember27thatthecircumstanceshavenowchanged,andcalledforadecisionbythec
45、abinetontheissueofsettingupsovereigntymarkersinDiaoyuDaoandincorporatingtheislandintoJapansterritory.MutsuMunemitsuexpressedhisSupportfortheproposalinhisreplytoYasushiNomuraonJanuary11,1895.TheJapanesecabinetsecretlypassedaresolutiononJanuary14toplaceDiaoyuDaounderthejurisdictionOfOkinawaPrefecture.
46、Japansofficialdocumentsshowthatfromthetimeofthefacts-findingmissionstoDiaoyuDaoin1885totheoccupationoftheislandsin1895zJapanhadconsistentlyactedinsecrecywithoutmakingitsmovespublic.ThisfurtherprovesthatJapansclaimofsovereigntyoverDiaoyuDaodoesnothavelegaleffectunderinternationallaw.2. DiaoyuDaowasce
47、dedtoJapantogetherwiththeTaiwanIslandOnApril17,1895,theQingcourtwasdefeatedintheSino-JapaneseWarandforcedtosigntheunequalTreatyofShimonosekiandcedetoJapantheislandofFormosa(Taiwan),togetherwithallislandsappertainingorbelongingtothesaidislandofFormosa.TheDiaoyuDaoIslandswerecededtoJapanasislandsapper
48、tainingorbelongingtothesaidislandofFormosa.In1900zJapanchangedthenameofDiaoyuDaotoSenkakuIslands.III. BackroomDealsBetweentheUnitedStatesandJapanConcerningDiaoyuDaoareIllegalandInvalidDiaoyuDaowasreturnedtoChinaaftertheSecondWorldWar.However,theUnitedStatesarbitrarilyincludedDiaoyuDaounderitstrustee
49、shipinthe1950sandreturnedthepowerofadministrationoverDiaoyuDaotoJapaninthe1970s.ThebackroomdealsbetweentheUnitedStatesandJapanconcerningDiaoyuDaoareactsofgraveviolationofChinasterritorialsovereignty.Theyareillegalandinvalid.TheyhavenotandcannotchangethefactthatDiaoyuDaobelongstoChina.1. DiaoyuDaowasreturnedtoChinaaftertheSecondWorldWarInDecember1941,theChinesegovernmentofficiallydeclaredwaragainstJapantogetherwiththeabrogat
