01名词和主谓一致(解析版).docx

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1、Ol名词和主谓一致一、名词和主调一致I.名词的种类专有名词普通名词国名地名人名,团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词特别注意名词类别的相互转换个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换例句意义名词性质Sheheldsomeflowersinherhand.(2)Thetreesarcnowinflower花儿个体名词开花抽象名词YOUthisbeautiful.Heisayouthoftwenty青春抽象名词年轻人个体名词TheyhaveachievedremarkableSUCCeSSintheirwork.一HowabouttheChristmaseveningparty?Is

2、houldsayitwasasuccess.成功抽象名词成功的事个体名词物质名词与个彳本名词的相互转换例句意义名词性质(T)Ironisakindofmetal.PleaSelendmeyouriron.铁物质名词熨斗个体名词Hebrokeapieceofglass.Hebrokeaglass.玻璃物质名词玻璃杯个体名词Iboughtachickenthismoming(三)PleasehelpyourselftosomeChiCken小鸡个体名词鸡肉物质名词抽象名词与个体名词的转换具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词(如:have等)连用,表示某一次短暂的动作-dlikeinformatio

3、naboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please.Well,youcouldhavewordwiththemanager.HemightbehelpfulA.some,aB.an,someC.some,someD.an,aTheysentuswordofthelatesthappenings.消息(抽象名词)A.aB.anC./D.theCouldwehavewordbeforeyougotothemeeting?话(个体名词)A.aB.anC./D.the类例:haveadream/arest/asmoke/aswim/atrip/awash/adiscussion

4、/alooktakeawalk/abathmakeanadvance(进步makeanearlyStart(早点出发)/makeadecision/makeachange/giveacryofPain(发出痛苦的叫声)/giveatry表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分ManypeopleagreethatknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltradetoday.Aa/B.the,anC.the,theD./,theaknowledgeoftruth(知道实际情况)giveafullerknowledgeofChina(

5、提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)haveaknowledgeofShorthand(有速记的知识)Iftherewerenoexamination,weshouldhaveatschool.A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappierIimeismoney.A.ThetimeB.AtimeC.TimeD.Times抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种“具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰0h,John.yougaveme!A.HowapleasantsurpriseB.How

6、pleasantsurpriseC.WhaaPleaSantsurpriseD.WhatpleasantsurpriseShelookedupwhenIshouted.A.inasurpriseB.inthesurpriseC.inSUrDriSeD.insomesurprise其它彳列子:Thegiftcameasacompletesurprisetome.Wehavehadsomeunpleasantsurprise(3)Itisworkofartthateveryonewantstohavealookatit.A.sounusualB.suchunusualC.suchanUnUSUal

7、D.soanunusualII.名词的数规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-S或es(参看有关语法书)。英语里有些名词的复:数形式是不规则的,请看下表规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集体名词总是用作更数people,polic

8、e,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作兔数(成员)audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义CUStOmS(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),SPiritS(情绪),drinks(饮料),SandS(沙滩),PaPerS(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-SAmer

9、icans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-Woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为狂数sons-in-law,lkers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsIII.考点:名词的构词法

10、分考点1:名词的后缀后缀法是动词转换为名词、形容词转换为名词以及名词转换为名词的常用方法,常考的后缀有-ion,-11ess,-ment,-ure等,具体如下表:名词后缀age抽象名词后缀,表示动作或结果、状态或状况、数量或费用short-shortage缺乏marry-marriage婚姻percent-percentage百分比;百分率-ance,-ence抽象名词后缀,表示行动或状况appear-appearance外表;出现differ-difference不同-ancy,-ency抽象名词后缀,表示性质或状况expect-expectancy期待Iend-IendenCy趋势;趋向e

11、mergent-emergency紧急情况;突发事件-dom表示状况或状态free-freedom自由wise-wisdom智慧-ics表示”的科学(或艺术、活动)”economic-economics经济学physic-physics物理学alhlete-alhletics田径运动-ion,-lion,-sion,-ation,-ition由动词转换成名词,表示行为的过程、结果、状况elect-election选举divide-division分割;分开Organize-Organization组织;机构Compete-Competition竞争-ity,-ty抽象名词后缀,表示性质或状态r

12、esponsible-responsibility责任;责任心special-specialty专长;特色食品-ment抽象名词后缀,表示行为、状态、过程或结果replace-replacemen替代develop-development发展improve-improvement改善;改进-ness加在形容词后构成抽象名词,表示状态、性质、特点等dry-dryness干燥kind-kindness善意happy-happiness幸福-ship抽象名词后缀,表示状态、性质、品质、资格等relation-relationship关系member-membership成员资格;会员身份friend

13、-friendship友谊-th由形容词和动词转换成名词,表示性质、状态、情况、行为等warm-warmth温暖Iong-Iength长度grow-growth生长arrive-arrival到达survive-survival生存fail-failure失败;衰竭press-pressure压力-al表示动作的状态和结果-ure抽象名词后缀,表示行为、过程、结果等-er,-or表示“的人(或物)”carry-carrier携带者begin-beginner初学者direct-director主管Opcratc-Opcrator操作者;经营者-ian构成人称名词,表示“专长于的人”techni

14、que-technician技术人员music-musician音乐家-ist构成人称名词,表示“从事的人;的信仰者;的使用者”special-specialist专家piano-pianist钢琴家science-scientist科学家分考点2:常考名词与形容词的转换(1)beautyn.漂亮-beautifuladj.漂亮的confidencen.自信-COnfidentadj.自信的dayn.白天-dailyadj.日常的educationn.教育-educationaladj.教育的financen.金融-financialadj.金融的meaningn.含义-meaningfula

15、dj.有意义的traditionn.传统-traditionaladj.传统的wealthn.财富-WeaIthyadj.富有的(2) absencen.缺席-absentadj.缺席的ConVenienCen.方便;便利-ConVenientadj.便利的differencen.差别;差异-differentadj.不同的distancen.距离-distantadj.遥远的evidencen.证据-evidentadj.明显的importancen.重要性-importantaj.重要的independencen.独立-independentadj.独立的patiencen.耐心-pati

16、entadj.有耐心的silencen.沉默-SiIeniadj.沉默的(3) accessn.(使用或进入的)机会,权利;通道一accessibleadj.易使用的;易接近的knowledgen.知识-knowledgeableadj.有见识的valuen.价值-ValUabIeadj.有价值的;贵重的(4) agriculturen.农业-agriculturaladj.农业的culturen.文化-CUltUraladj.文化的naturen.自然-naturaladj.自然的centern.中心-centraladj.中心的(5) angern.怒气-angryadj.愤怒的hunge

17、rn.饥饿-hungryadj.饥饿的healthn.健康-healthyadj.健康的noisen.噪声-noisyadj.喧闹的tasten.味道;爱好;口味-tastyadj.美味的(6) basen.基础;根据-basicadj.基本的;必需的benefitn.好处;益处-beneficialadj.有利的energyn.精力-energeticadj.精力充沛的typen.类型-typicaladj.典型的(7) chemistryn.化学-ChemiCaladj.化学的curiosityn.好奇心-CUrioUSadj.好奇的varietyn.多样化-VarioUSadj.各种各样

18、的safetyn.安全-Safeadj.安全的fluencyn.流利-fluentadj.流利的accuracyn.准确(性accurateadj.准确的(8) advancen.前进;进步;进展-advancedadj.先进的delightn.高兴-delightedadj.高兴的dangern.危险-dangerousadj.危险的fooln.傻瓜-foolishadj.愚蠢的priden.自豪;骄傲-PrOUdadj.自豪的strengthn.力气-strongadj.强壮的fortunen.运气-fortunateadj.幸运的分考点3:of结构“of+n.”结构中的名词是抽象名词时,

19、相当于该名词所对应的形容词的意思,说明被修饰词具有某种特征或属性,在句中可作表语、定语或宾语补足语。具有该用法的名词有:use,importance,help,value,interest,benefit等。这些名词前可用great,no,little,some,any,notmuch等修饰,以表示不同程度。(2)“of+.结构中的名词表种类、数量、度量等时,表示不同的人或物的共同特征,此时名词前通常有冠词。常用的这类名词有:size,type,kind,price,height,depth,length,weight,age,shape,CoIor等。Thesetworoomsareofth

20、esamesize.这两间房一样大。(3)“of+n”结构还可以表示人的特点、特性,常用的有“of+wisdom/wealth/education/courage/achievement/ability”等。-YoursisterisagirlofWiSdOm.你妹妹是一个有智慧的女孩。IV.主谓一致规则情况举例语以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语,动名词短语或Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm.TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy.Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.Whathesaidisveryimportantforusal

21、l.法从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。由What引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。whatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks.WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfulforyou.LucyandLilyaretwinsThewriterandartisthascome.致由连接词and或both.and连接起来的主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物Everystudentandevery

22、teachisintheclassroom.Manyaboyandmanyagirllikesit.Noboyandnogirllikesit.原则时,它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,every或morethana(an)one,manya(an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。either,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,anyno,every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。.Eachofushasanewbook.Iseveryoneheretoday?Somebodyisspeakinginclass.E

23、verythingaroundusismatter若noneof后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。Noneofthesugarwasleft.Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.在定语从句里,关系代词that,who,which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Thosewhowanttogopleasewritetheirnamesontheblackboard.Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard.Heisthe(only)oneofmyfrien

24、dswhoisworkinghard.在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致ItisIwhoamgoingtothecinematonight.ItisWewhoaregoingtothecinematonight.如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数形式;如果它指的集体的成员,其谓语动词用复数形式Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.Thecattleareeatinggrassinthefield.HisfamilyhasmovedtotheSoUth.(他的一家)HisfamilyarewatchingTV.(他的家人)Classfourisonthet

25、hirdfloor.(四班)ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.(四班的学生)由alotof/lotsof/plentyoi7aheapof7heapsof7therestof/themajorityof+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.50percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.此外,还有anum

26、berof+复数名词有类似的用法(用复数),但thenumberof+复数名词的数就得依number而定(用单数)。Anumberofstudentshavegonetothefarmtohelpthefarmerpickapples.Thenumberofpagesinthisbookisthreehundred.在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致Therecomesthebus.Onthewallaremanypictures.Suchistheresult.Sucharethefacts.Betweenthetwohillsstandsamonument.逻辑意义致原则What,

27、who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。Whichisyourbag?Whichareyourbags?AreanyofyougoodatEnglish?Hasanyofyougotapen?Allcanbedonehasbeendone.Allisgoingwell.Allhavebeentakenout.AllhavegonetoBeijing.表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是个整体。Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework.Twentypoundsi

28、stoodear.如强调这类词的复数意义,则谓语动词要用复数形式Fortykilosofwaterareusedeveryday.若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。TheUnitedStatesissmallerthanChina.“TheArabianNightsisaninterestingstory-book.表数量的短语“oneandahal后面接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.一些学科名词是以-ics结尾,如:mathematics,politics,physics以及n

29、ews,works等。都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。Thepaperworkswasbuiltin1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。Idon,tthinkphysicsiseasytostudy.trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,scissors(剪刀)等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a(the)pairof等量词修饰时(CIotheS被asuitof修饰)谓语动词用单数。Myglassesarebroken.Thepairofshoesunderthebedishis.“定冠词the+形容词或分词

30、”,表示某一类人动词用复数;若表示某一类东西时,动词用单数。Theoldaretakengoodcareofthere.Thebeautifulgivespleasuretoall.当两个主语由eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,whetheror连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。Eithertheteacherorthestudentsareourfriends.Neitherhenortheyarewhollyright.Neithertheynorheiswhollyright.Isneitherhenortheywhollyright?

31、therebe句型中be动词的单复数取决于其后的主Therearetwochairsandadeskintheroom.就语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语,则应与靠Thereisadeskandtwochairsintheroom.近近的那个主语保持一致,即就近一致。/远Mr.Green,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,hascometoChina.致Awomanwithababywasonthebus.原主语后面跟有with,togetherwith,except,but,like,asNobodybutJimandMikewasonthe则wellas,n

32、olessthan,ratherthan,morethan,besides,playground.alongwith,including,inadditionto等引起的短语,She,likeyouandTom,isverytall.谓语动词要跟主语一致,即就远一致。ThegirlsaswellastheboyhavelearnedtospeakJapanese.Nooneexceptmyteachersknowsanythingaboutit.巩固练习:单句填空:1.However,tenyearsago,thisdistinctivetechniquewasclosetocomplete(

33、disappear).2. Hispoemsspeakofthe(lonely)ofthemines,thedeathsoffellowworkersandthedistancebetweenmodernlifeandhisundergroundwork.3. Comparedtoothernoodle(variety)fromNorthwestChina,biangbiangnoodlesisalsowellknownoutsideofXi,an.4. Thechanceofthis(adventurer)survivalisveryslim.5. Carsonwroteabouthowis

34、landswereformedandhow(current)changeandmerge(融合).6. BorninPolandin1867,MarieCurieisfamousforherworkonradioactivity,andwastwicea(win)oftheNobelPrize.1 .Itwashethatfirstsetupprivateschoolsandreceivedstudentsfromeverywalkoflifewithout(consider)oftheirsocialstatus.8 .FewplacesinEuropearedevelopingtoward

35、acashlessfutureasquicklyasSweden,whichisnowenjoyingthe(convenient)ofelectronicpayment.9 .November21stisWorldTelevisionDay.TVisoneofthegreatest(invention)ofthe20thcentury.10 .Weshouldrememberthese(hero)namesforever.语法填空:Aseedbankstoresseedstopreservegeneticdiversity;henceitisatypeofgenebank.Manypeopl

36、emaywonder1.theseedsarestored.Oneofthemajorreasonsistopreservethegenesthatplantgrowersneedtoincreasetheyield(产量),diseaseresistance,droughttolerance,nutritionalquality,andthetasteofcrops.Anotheristoprevent2.(lose)ofgeneticdiversityinrareorendangeredplantspeciesin3.efforttoconservebiodiversity.Manypla

37、nts4.(grow)centuriesagobyhumansareusedlessfrequentlynow;seedbanksofferawaytopreservethathistoricalandculturalvalue.Collectionsofseedsstored5.constantlowtemperatureandlowwaterlevelareguardedagainstreductionofgeneticresourceswhichareotherwisemaintainedinfieldcollections.Thesealternative“livingcollecti

38、onscan6(damage)bynaturaldisasters,outbreaksofdisease7.war.Containingvaluableinformationaboutevolvedstrategiestoreduceplantstress,seedbanksareconsideredseed8.(library),andcanhelptocreategeneticallymodified(调整过的)versionsof9.(exist)seeds.Theworkofseedbanksoftenspansdecadesandevencenturies.Mostseedbanks

39、are10.(public)fundedandseedsareusuallyavailableforresearchthatbenefitsthepublic.解析:单句填空:1. consumption句意为:在过去的十年里,瓷器热推动了高消费。high是形容词,应修饰名词,设空处意为消费,consumption,且其为不可数名词,故填COnSUmPtion。2. flexibility句意为:著名的中国舞狮表演者真正拥有出色的灵活性和技术,它们需要多年的练习才能使其完美。分析句子结构可知,此处被形容词WOnderfUl修饰,作动词OWn的宾语,应用名词形式,且flexibility为不可数

40、名词,故填flexibility。3. achievements句意为:钟南山长期致力于重大传染病的研究、预防和治疗,并且取得了很多成就。achievement在此处意为“成就;功绩”,为可数名词,根据设空处前的alongrecordof可知,此处应用复数形式,故填achievements04. buyers句意为:由于一位当地买家不愿谈判,这68件文物不得不被英国警方继续扣押。根据空后的unwillingness和句意可知,buyer和unwillingness之间为所属关系,应用名词所有格形式,故填buyerSo5. researchers,句意为:这些云冈研究人员的尝试是技术帮助保护文化

41、遗产的一个很好的例子。此处researcher被TheSe限定,应用复数形式,且researcher与attempt之间为所属关系,应用名词所有格。语法填空:1. disappearance句意为:然而,十年前,这种独特的技术几乎完全消失。设空处应填名词作介词Io的宾语,disappearance意为消失,为不可数名词。故填disappearance。2. loneliness句意为:他的诗歌讲述了煤矿的荒凉、同事们的死亡,以及现代生活与他在地下的工作之间的距离。此处位于定冠词the和介词Of之间,应用名词IOneliness。故填Ioneliness。3. varieties句意为:与中国西北地区的其他种类的面条相比,biangbiang面在西安以外的地方也很有名。variety在此处意为“种类”,是可数名词,且由前面的Other可知,此处表示“其他的面条种类”,不止一种,应用复数形式。故填Varieties。

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