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1、美国名人城市规划学家简雅各布斯JaneJacobs,1916-2006:HerActivismHelpedShapethe1.ookandFeelofCitiesplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:00repeatByJiIIMoss2010-2-13VOICEONE:mSteveEmber.VOICETWO:AndmBarbaraKleinwithPEOP1.EINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.TodaywetellaboutJaneJacobs.Shewasanactivistforimprovingcities.(MUSIC)VOICEON
2、E:JaneJacobsJaneJacobswasanactivist,writer,moralthinkerandeconomist.Shebelievedcitiesshouldbedenselypopulatedandfullofdifferentkindsofpeopleandactivities.Shebelievedinthevalueofnaturalgrowthandbigopenspaces.Sheopposedthekindofcityplanningthatinvolvesbigdevelopmentandurbanrenewalprojectsthatteardowno
3、ldcommunities.ShewasalsoacriticofpublicplanningOffiCiaISwhowereunwillingtocompromise.Jacobshelpedleadfightstosaveneighborhoodsandlocalcommunitieswithincities.ShehelpedstopmajorhighwaysfrombeingbuiltzfirstinNewYorkCityandlaterinToronto,Canada.Developersandcityplannersoftencriticizedherideas.Yet,manyu
4、rbanplanningexpertsagreethatherworkhelpedshapemodernthinkingaboutcities.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:JaneButznerwasborninScranton,Pennsylvania,innineteensixteen.Herfatherwasadoctor.Hermotherwasaformerteacherandnurse.Aftergraduatingfromhighschool,JanetookanunpaidpositionattheScrantonTribunenewspaper.Ayearlatershe
5、leftScrantonforNewYorkCity.Duringherfirstseveralyearsinthecitysheheldmanykindsofjobs.Onejobwastowriteaboutworkersinthecity.Shesaidtheseexperiencesgaveherabetterideaaboutwhatworkinginthecitywaslike.Asayoungwoman,Jacobshadmanyinterests,includingeconomics,law,scienceandpolitics.Herhighereducationwasbri
6、efhowever.ShestudiedforjusttwoyearsatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Jacobsdidnotcompletehercollegeeducation,butshedidbecomeanexcellentwriterandeditor.WhileworkingasawriterfortheOfficeofWarInformationshemetabuildingdesignernamedRobertJacobs.Innineteenforty-four,theymarried.Theylaterhadthreechildren.Herh
7、usbandsworkledtoherinterestinthemonthlymagazine,ArchitecturalForum.Jacobsbecameatopeditorforthepublication.VOICEONE:ExpertshavedescribedJacobsasawriterwhowrotewell,butnotoften.SheisbestknownforherbookTheDeathand1.ifeofGreatAmericanCities.Thebookwaspublishedinnineteensixty-one.Itisstillwidelyreadtoda
8、ybybothcityplanningprofessionalsandthegeneralpublic.ExpertssayTheDeathand1.ifeofGreatAmericanCitiesisthemostinfluentialbookwrittenaboutcityplanninginthetwentiethcentury.Inthebook,Jacobscriticizedtheurbanrenewalprojectsofthenineteenfifties.Shebelievedthesepoliciesdestroyedexistinginner-citycommunitie
9、sandtheireconomies.Shealsothoughtthatmodernplanningpoliciesseparatedcommunitiesandcreatedunnaturalcityareas.Jacobsdescribedthenatureofcities-theirstreetsandparks,thedifferentculturesrepresentedbycitizensandthesafetyofawell-plannedcity.Safetywasanimportantissueinbigcitiesthathadhighratesofcrime.Jacob
10、swrotethatpeaceonthestreetsofcitiesisnotkeptmainlybythepoliceeventhoughpolicearenecessary.Itiskeptbyasystemofcontrolsamongthepeoplethemselves.Shebelievedtheproblemofinsecuritycannotbesolvedbyspreadingpeopleoutmorethinly.Jacobsarguedthatawell-usedcitystreetissaferthananemptystreet.Safety,sheargued,is
11、guaranteedbypeoplewhowatchthestreetseverydaybecausetheyusethestreetseveryday.VOICETWO:TheDeathand1.ifeofGreatAmericanCitiesbecameaguideforneighborhoodorganizersandthepeoplewhoJacobscalledfootpeople.Thesearecitizenswhoperformtheireverydayjobsonfoot.Theywalktostoresandtowork.Theywalktoeatingplaces,the
12、aters,parks,gardensandsportsstadiums.TheyarenotwhoJacobscalledcarpeople-thosewhodrivetheircarseverywhere.JaneJacobsalsobelievedthatbuildingsofdifferentsizes,kindsandconditionshouldexisttogether.Shepointedtoseveralcommunitiesasmodelsofexcellence.TheseincludeGeorgetowninWashington,D.C.;theNorthEndinBo
13、ston,Massachusetts;RittenhouseSquareinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania,andTelegraphHillinSanFranciscozCalifornia.Shealsosupportedmixed-usebuildingsasawaytoincreasesocialinteraction.Suchbuildingshavestoresandofficesonthegroundfloor.Peopleliveontheupperfloors.Mixed-usebuildingsarealotmorecommoninAmericanciti
14、esthaninthesuburbanareasaroundthem.VOICEONE:JaneJacobsalsonotedNewYorkCitysGreenwichVillageasanexampleofanexcitingcitycommunity.Thisisoneofthecommunitiesthatwassaved,inpartatleast,becauseofherwritingsandactivism.Innineteensixty-two,Jacobsheadedacommitteetostopthedevelopmentofahighwaythrough1.owerMan
15、hattaninNewYorkCity.TheexpresswaywouldhavecutrightthroughGreenwichVillageandthepopularSoHoarea.InfluentialNewYorkCitydeveloperRobertMosesproposedtheplan.Buthugepublicprotestsinnineteensixty-fourledthecitygovernmenttorejectit.Jacobsbook,TheDeathand1.ifeofGreatAmericanCitieshelpedinfluencepublicopinio
16、nagainsttheexpressway.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Innineteensixty-ninezJacobsmovedtotheCanadiancityofTorontowhereshelivedfortherestofherlife.PartofherreasonforleavingtheUnitedStateswasbecausesheopposedtheUnitedStatesinvolvementinthewarinVietnam.Atthattime,shehadtwosonsalmostoldenoughtobecalledforduty.Jacobscont
17、inuedtobeacommunityactivistinToronto.ShewasinvolvedinacampaigntostoptheSpadinaExpresswaythroughToronto.ThishighwaywouldhavepermittedpeoplelivinginsuburbanareasoutsideTorontototravelintoandoutofthecityeasily.JacobsorganizedcitizensagainsttheSpadinaExpresswayandthepoliticianswhosupportedit.Oneofhermos
18、timportantissueswasthisquestion:Arewebuildingcitiesforpeopleorforcars?Today,expertssayTorontoisoneofonlyafewmajorcitiesinNorthAmericatohavesuccessfullykeptalargenumberofneighborhoodsinitsdowntownarea.Manyexpertsbelievethisisbecauseoftheanti-SpadinamovementledbyJaneJacobs.VOICEONE:JaneJacobsspentherl
19、ifestudyingcities.Shewrotesevenbooksonurbanplanning,theeconomyofcities,andissuesofcommerceandpolitics.Herlastbook,publishedintwothousandfour;wasDarkAgeAhead.Init,JacobsdescribedseveralmajorvaluesthatshebelievedwerethreatenedintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Theseincludedcommunityandfamily,highereducation,s
20、cienceandtechnologyandagovernmentresponsivetocitizensneeds.InDarkAgeAhead,JacobsarguedthatWesternsocietycouldbethreatenedifchangeswerenotmadeimmediately.Shesaidthatpeoplewerelosingimportantvaluesthathelpedfamiliessucceed.InDarkAgeAhead,Jacobsalsocriticizedhowpoliticaldecision-makingisinfluencedbyeco
21、nomics.Governments,shesaid,havebecomemoreinterestedinwealthyinterestgroupsthantheneedsofthecitizens.Jacobsalsowarnedagainstaculturethatpreventspeoplefrompreventingthedestructionofresourcesuponwhichallcitizensdepend.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:JaneJacobshadhercritics.Manyofthemarguedthatherideasfailedtorepresent
22、therealityofcitypolitics,whichlanddevelopersandpoliticiansoftencontrol.OthersarguedthatJacobshadlittlesympathyforpeoplewhowantalifestyledifferentfromtheonesheproposed.Still,manyurbanplanningexpertssayherideasshapedmodernthinkingaboutcities.Shehashadamajorinfluencedonthosewhodesignbuildingsandtownsth
23、ataimtoincreasesocialinteractionamongcitizens.JaneJacobsdiedintwothousandsixinTorontoattheageofeighty-nine.Herfamilyreleasedastatementonherdeath.Itsaid:Whatsimportantisnotthatshediedbutthatshelived,andthatherlifesworkhasgreatlyinfluencedthewaywethink.Pleaserememberherbyreadingherbooksandimplementingherideas.VOICEONE:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyJillMoss.Itwasproducedby1.awanDavis.mSteveEmber.VOICETWO:AndmBarbaraKlein.YoucanreadscriptsanddownloadaudiofromourWebsite,.JoinusagainnextweekforPEOP1.EINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.
