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1、oG11de*qvCGender-basedviolenceThecostsofgender-basedviolenceintheEuropeanUnion后以XEuropeanl11m.nforGenderEqualityThecostsofgender-basedviolenceintheEuropeanUnionAcknowledgementsThisreportwaspreparedbyICFConsultingServices1.tdinclosecooperationwithEuropeanInstituteforGenderEquality(EIGE)staff,includin
2、gAgataSzypulska,CristinaFabreRosell1JurgitaPeiurien611.igiaNobregaandAdineSamadi.ThemainauthorsofthisreportwereMaleehaKisat,SimonadePaolis,ElberethPutsandKaterinaMantouvalou(ICFConsultingServices1.td).TheindependentexpertswhocontributedtothisreportwereIoanaBorzaandDrPhilippaOlive.Manythankstootherco
3、lleaguesfortheirintellectualcontributionsandadministrativesupport.EIGEwouldespeciallyliketothankDrElizabethVillagomez-Morales,whocontributedtothequalityassuranceofthisstudy.EuropeanInstituteforGenderEqualityTheEuropeanInstituteforGenderEquality(EIGE)isanautonomousbodyoftheEuropeanUnionestablishedtos
4、trengthengenderequalityacrosstheEU.EqualitybetweenwomenandmenisafundamentalvalueoftheEUandEIGEstaskistomakethisarealityinEuropeandbeyond.ThisincludesbecomingaEuropeanknowledgecentreongenderequalityissues,supportinggendermainstreaminginallEUandMemberStatepolicies,andfightingdiscriminationbasedonsex.E
5、uropeanInstituteforGenderEquality,EIGEGediminopr.161.T-01103Vilnius1.ITHUANIATel.+37052157444Email:eige.seceige.europa.euhttp:/www.eige.europa.euO4*1.uxembourg:PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion,2021PrintISBN978-92-9482-920-7doi:10.2839/23187MH-O9-21-238-EN-CPDFISBN978-92-9482-921-4doi:10.2839/063
6、244MH-09-21-238-EN-NEuropeanInstituteforGenderEquality,2021Photocredit:NateeMeepian/SReproductionisauthorisedprovidedthesourceisacknowledged.Reuseisauthorisedprovidedthesourceisacknowledged,theoriginalmeaningisnotdistortedandEIGEisnotliableforanydamagecausedbythatuse.ThereusepolicyofEIGEisimplemente
7、dbyCommissionDecisionof12December2011onthereuseofCommissiondocuments(2011/833/EU).AbbreviationsCSEWEIGEGREVIO1.AAMHC1.GNGOOECDONSCrimeSurveyforEnglandandWalesEuropeanInstituteforGenderEqualityGroupofExpertsonActionagainstViolenceagainstWomenandDomesticViolence1.egalAidAgencyMinistryofHousing,Communi
8、tiesand1.ocalGovernancenon-governmentalorganisationOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOfficeforNationalStatisticsContentsContentsAbbreviations3Executivesummary51. Introduction71.1. Structureofthisreport72. Estimatingthecostsofgender-basedviolenceintheEU-UKcasestudy82.1. Methodology82.2
9、. UKcasestudy112.3. ExtrapolationtoEUMemberStates222.4. Conclusions243. Methodologiesforestimatingthecostsofgender-basedviolenceandviolenceagainstwomenandmen-criticalreview253.1. Methodologyoftheliteraturesearch253.2. Overviewoftheselectedstudies283.3. Comparisonofmethodologiesforestimatingthecostso
10、fgender-basedviolenceorviolenceagainstwomenandmen293.4. Strengthsandlimitationsoftheselectedstudies423.5. Reflectionsandlessonslearned43References50ExecutivesummaryGender-basedviolenceisoneofthemostsevereformsofgenderinequalityanditremainsoneofthemostpervasivehumanrightsVio-Iationsjaffectingwomendis
11、proportionately.Genderbasedviolencenotonlycausespainandsufferingtothevictims,butalsoplaceslargecostsontheeconomyandsocietyasawhole.However,theextentandassociatedcostsofgender-basedviolence,encompass-inglosteconomicoutput,publicspendingonhealth,legal,socialandspecialisedservicestomitigateharms,andper
12、sonalimpactsonvic-tims,arerarelyseen.Inthiscontext,thisstudyprovidesupdatedestimatesofthecostsofgender-basedandintimatepartnerviolenceintheEuropeanUnion.Theseupdatedestimatesarebasedonthe2014EuropeanInstituteforGenderEquality(EIGE)reportentitledEstimatingthecostsofgender-basedviolenceintheEuropeanUn
13、ion.ThemethodusedtocalculatethesecostsinvolvedcalculatingestimatesfortheUnitedKingdomandextrapolatingtheresultstoEUMemberStates.TheUnitedKingdomwaschosenasacasestudyasrelevantinformationwasavailabletocalculatethesecosts.Becauseoftheabsenceofcomprehensivedataforcomparablecostestimates,thefinalestimat
14、eswereextrapolatedtoEUMemberStatesbyadjustingthetotalcostsofgender-basedandintimatepartnerviolencetotherelativepopulationsizeoftheUnitedKingdomandeachMemberState.Themethodofextrapo-latingcostsfromtheUnitedKingdombasedonpopulationsizesalonehassomelimitationsandtheseshouldbeconsideredwheninterpretingt
15、hecostestimates.Potentialdiffer-encesinsurvey-basedprevalenceandreport-ingratesincrimesurveysorpolicedataacrossMemberStatesaswellasdifferencesinservicecostsandexpendituredataneedtobetakenintoaccount.ExtrapolatingtheUKcasestudyresultstotheEUbyadjustingtheestimatestothepopulationsizeofeachEUMemberStat
16、e,theestimatedcostofgender-basedviolenceagainstwomenintheEU-27wasmorethanEUR290billion()jrepresenting79%ofallcostsofgender-basedviolenceagainstbothwomenandmen.TheestimatedcostofintimatepartnerviolenceagainstwomenintheEU-27wasnearlyEUR152bil-lion(2),representing87%ofallcostsofintimatepartnerviolencea
17、gainstbothwomenandmen.Aswellasthecostestimates,thisreportprovidesacriticalassessmentofstudiescarriedoutwithintheEUtoestimatethecostsofgenderbasedandintimatepartnerviolencethathavebeenpublishedsinceEIGE,s2014study.Basedonanin-depthassessmentofthecost-ingmethodologiesappliedinrecentliterature,thisrevi
18、ewprovidesasetoflessonslearnedforfuturecostingstudiesatEuropeanlevel,aswellasrecommendationsforestimatingthecostsofgender-basedviolenceatMemberStateandEUlevels.Thereviewnotedthatgender-basedviolenceisacomplexproblemthatcanaffectthelivesofthevictims,thoseclosetothemandsocietyasawhole,bothdirectlyandi
19、ndirectly,makingitparticularlydifficulttocapturethefullextentoftheeffectsofviolenceincostingstudies.Therefore,carefulconceptualisationisrequiredtofullyunderstandthelandscapeoftheagentsinvolved(individualsandorganisations),aswellasthecoststheyincur.Thereviewalsohighlightedtheneedtostrengthennationala
20、ndEUdatacollectionontheextentofgender-basedviolenceanditscostsandtheuseofservicesasaresultofgenderbasedviolence,includingcomprehen-siveadministrativedatafrompublicservicesandpopulationsurveys.Becauseofculturalandinstitutionalfactorssuchasbarrierstore-()Thefullestimatedcostofgender-basedviolenceagain
21、stwomenintheEUwasEUR290309795927.(2)ThefullestimatedcostofintimatepartnerviolenceagainstwomenintheEUwasEUR151950791341.porting,theuseofarangeofvaluesordifferentdatasourcesisrecommendedtoaddressuncertaintiesintheextentofgender-basedviolenceinacountry.Forexample,uncertaintiescanbeaddressedthroughtheus
22、eofconfidenceintervals,byusingbothprevalenceandincidencedataandmultiplesourcesofdata.Moreover,itisrecommendedthatsensitivityanalysesarecarriedouttoassesstherobustnessofthemethodologyusedinordertoquantifyhowuncertaintiesregardingdifferentinputscanimpactfinalcostestimates.Inaddition,followinguponexist
23、ingcostestimatesofgender-basedviolencecanfurtheradvancepolicymaking.Theexamplesprovidedinthisreportcanalsosupportpolicymakersandrelevantinstitutionsintheireffortstocombatgender-basedviolenceandassessthegapsbetweenserviceuseandthebudgetsallocatedtogender-basedvio-lencepolicies,measuresandserviceprovi
24、sion.Theycanalsobeusedtodevelopamacroeco-nomicmodelformeasuringtotaloutputgainsorlossestotheeconomyandtomonitortheevolutionofserviceprovisionandtheextentofgender-basedviolencetoinformfuturecostingstudies.1. IntroductionGender-basedviolenceisawidespreadphenom-enonintheEuropeanUnion,affectingwomenClis
25、proportionally-in2012,oneinthreewomenaged15oroverexperiencedphysicaland/orsexualviolence(3).Althoughapricecannotbeputonwomen,slivesandsuffering,estimatingthelosteconomicoutputandpublicspendingonhealth,legal,socialandspecialisedserviceswithregardtogender-basedviolencecancre-ateabetterunderstandingoft
26、heextentandassociatedcostsofthisphenomenon.AttachingamonetaryvaluetotheissuecanalsofurthersupportbothMemberStatesandtheEUinmak-inginformeddecisionsregardingresourceallo-cationacrossdifferentpolicyareas(EIGE,2014).Analysisoftheeconomiccostsofgenderbasedviolencemayalsoshowthecostofinactionandlackoffin
27、ancialprioritisation.Acknowledgingtheimportanceofpreventingandcombatinggender-basedviolenceintheEU,thisstudyestimatesthecostsofgender-basedviolence,usingexistingmethodologyfromtheEuropeanInstituteforGenderEqualitys(EIGE)2014studyentitledEstimatingthecostsofgen-der-basedviolenceintheEuropeanUnion(EIG
28、E,2014).Asinthepreviousstudy,thisreportfocusesonintimatepartnerviolenceasasub-setofgender-basedviolence.IntimatepartnerviolenceisdefinedbytheCouncilofEuropeasallactsofphysical,sexual,psychologicaloreconomicviolencebetweenformerorcurrentspousesorpartners,whetherornottheperhttps:/fra.europa.eu/en/data
29、-and-maps/violence-against-women-survey/survey-information(4)httpswww.coe.intenwebnventionsfull-list-conventionstreaty210https:/www.ohchr.org/EN/Professionallnterest/Pages/ViolenceAgainstWomen.aspxpetratorsharesorhassharedthesameresidencewiththevictim1(4).Thebroadercategoryofgender-basedviolenceaddi
30、tionallyincludesviolencefromotherfamilyandhouseholdmembersandformsofgender-basedviolencethatareperpetratedbynon-intimatepartnersandnonhouseholdmembers(EIGE,2014).ThisbroadercategoryofviolenceagainstwomenisdefinedbytheUNasanyactofgender-basedviolencethatresultsin,orislikelytoresultin,physical,sexualo
31、rpsychologicalharmorsuf-feringtowomen,includingthreatsofsuchacts,coercionorarbitrarydeprivationofliberty,whetheroccurringinpublicorinprivatelife*(5).1.1. StructureofthisreportThisreportfocusesonupdatingestimatesofthecostsofgender-basedandintimatepart-nerviolenceintheUnitedKingdomin2019.Theseestimate
32、sarethenextrapolatedfromtheUnitedKingdomtoEUMemberStates.Thisupdatedstudyonthecostsofgender-basedviolenceintheEUisaccompaniedbyacriticalreviewofstudiescarriedoutwithintheEUtoestimatethecostsofgender-basedandintim-atepartnerviolencethathavebeenpublishedsinceEIGE,s2014study.Thisreviewprovidesasetofles
33、sonslearnedforfuturecostingstud-iesatEuropeanlevelandrecommendationsforestimatingthecostsofgender-basedviolenceatMemberStateandEUlevels.2. Estimatingthecostsofgender-basedviolenceintheEU-UKcasestudy2.1. MethodologyFollowingEIGE,s2014study,theUKcasestudyadherestoHomeOfficemethodologytomeasurethecosts
34、ofcrime,includinglosteconomicoutput,utilisationofthehealthsystemandcriminaljusticesystemandphysicalandemotionalimpactsonvictims.In2018,theHomeOfficepublishedthesecondeditionofTheEconomicandSocialCostsofCrime(Heeksetal.12018),whichprovidesupdatedestimatesforthe*unitcosts,ofcrime.Toobtainupdatedcostes
35、timatesofgender-basedandintimatepartnerviolencefortheUnitedKingdom,theunitcostofcrimeobtainedfromtheHomeOfficereportwasadjustedforinflationtoreflect2019prices,convertedfrompoundssterlingtoeurobasedonthemid-2019conversionrateandthenmultipliedbythenumberofincidentsofcrimeundereachtypeofcrimecategory.I
36、nformationontheincidenceofcrimewasprimarilyderivedfromthe2019/2020CrimeSurveyforEnglandandWales(CSEW)(6)andhomicidestatistics(7)forEnglandandWales,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.InadditiontotheHomeOfficemethodology,othertypesofcoststhatareknowntobere-latedtogender-basedandintimatepartnerviolenceweremeas
37、uredbyapplyingtheme-thodologiesusedinEIGE,s2014study.Thesecostsincludethoserelatedtopolicetimespenton*no-crimeincidents(三)andutilisationoftheciviljusticesystem,socialwelfaresystemandspecialisedservices,andpersonalcosts.Thesecostestimateswerederivedfromadditionaldatasourcesincludinglegalaidstatistics
38、,fam-ilycourtstatistics,localauthorityexpendituresandOfficeforNationalStatistics(ONS)divorcestatistics.ThemethodologypresentedheredescribesthekeyaspectsoftheapproachusedtoobtainthecostestimatesfortheUnitedKingdomandextrapolatethemtoEUMemberStates.Acomprehensiveaccount,includingthestep-by-stepapproac
39、husedanddetailsofdatalimitations,isprovidedinaseparatetechnicalreport.2.1.1. UpdatestothemethodologyusedintheUKcasestudyRelevanttothiscasestudy,themainupdatetotheHomeOfficemethodologywastheavailabilityoftheunitcostofcrimebycrimeclassification.InEIGE,s2014study,unitcostsofviolentincidentswereavailabl
40、efromtheHomeOfficeforthefollowingcrimeclassifications:homicide,wounding,commonassaultandsexualviolence.Atthetimeofthepresentcasestudy,theCSEWcollecteddataonviolentcrimeusingadiffer-(6)https:/www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/bulletins/crimeinenglandandwales/yearending-march
41、2020(7) EnglandandWaleshomicidedata,Tables11aand11b(https:/www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjus-ticedatasetsappendixtableshomicideinenglandandwales);Scotlandhomicidedata,Table8(https:/www.gov.scot/publications/homicide-scotland-2019-2020/pages/3/#:text=The%20number%20of%20homicide
42、%20cases,which%20comparable%20data%20are%20available);NorthernIrelandhomicidedata,Domesticabuseannualtrends,Table3.9(https:/www.psni.police.uk/inside-psniStatisticsdomestic-abuse-statistics).()Nocrimeisacategoryofpoliceworkthatcoverscasesinwhichthepolicehavebeencalledtorespondtoanincidentandtheincid
43、entisdeemednottomeetthelegalthresholdforacriminaloffence.InEnglandandWales,thereweremorethan1millioncallstothepolicein2012/2013fordomesticabuse-relatedincidentsandonly269700incidentswererecordedasdomesticviolence-relatedcrimes(HMIC,2014).Thesedatashowthat4no-crimeincidentsmakeupasubstantialcomponent
44、ofpoliceactivity(anditisalsoimportanttonotethatmanyeventsareprobablymisclassified)(日GE,2014).entsetofclassifications.CorrespondingtotheupdatestocrimeclassificationsintheCSEW,the2018editionoftheHomeOfficemethodologyprovidedunitcostssubdividedbythefollowingcrimeclassifications:homicide,violencewithinj
45、ury,violencewithoutinjury,rapeandothersexualoffences.Themethodologiesappliedtoestimatethecostsoftheutilisationoftheciviljusticesys-tem,selffundedlegalcostsandthecostsofhomelessnessprevention(previouslysanctuaryschemes)wereupdatedbasedontheavailabilityofdataandexaminationofthecurrentpolicycontextinth
46、eUnitedKingdom.Thesechangesaredetailedinthetechnicalreport.2.1.2. DataupdatesintheUKcasestudyThiscasestudyusedacombinationofupdatedsurveydataonvictimsofcrimeandcostestimatesbasedonadministrativedatafromthesamestatisticalsourcesasinEIGE,s2014studywhereavailable;alternativedatasourceswithmorerecentorc
47、ompletedatawhereappropriate;andoldindicatorswhereappropriatealternativedatasourceswerenotavailable.Allcostswereadjustedforinflationto2019levels-inaccordancewiththe2014methodology.Moreover,inaccordancewiththe2014methodology,iftherequireddatawerenotavailablefortheUnitedKingdom,dataforthecostestimatesw
48、ereextrapolatedtotheUnitedKingdomusingmultipliersbasedonrelativepopulationsizes(e.g.fromEnglandandWalestotheUnitedKing-dom).ThemethodforextrapolatingcoststotheUnitedKingdombasedonpopulationsizesalonehassomelimitations,whichshouldbeconsideredwheninterpretingthecostesti-mates.Becauseofthedevolutionofhealthandsocialcareservicesandjusticeandp
