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1、Unit9“Massmedia*isadeceptivelysimpletermencompassingacountlessarrayofinstitutionsandindividualsdifferinginpurpose,scope,method,andculturalcontext.MassmediaincludeallformsofinformationcommunicatedIolargegroupsofpeople,fn)mahandmadesignlaninternationalnewsnetwork.Beingvcr)pervasiveinindustrializedcoun
2、trics.thcyhaveapowerfulimpactOnhoWIhosCpopulationsviewtheworld.ltisonlythemostlocalandpersonaleventsthatareexperiencedfirst-hand,Thosein(helargercommunityJhestateJhecountry,andtherestof(heworldarcexperiencedlh11)ughIheeyesofjournalists“大众传媒”这个询具有迷性,它看似何洁,事实上包含了不计其数的一系列机构和个体.这些机构和个体有着不同的宗旨、范围、方式和文化背景
3、.大众传媒包括全部达到大1群众的信息,不管是何种形式一从手制的牌麻到国际化的新闻网络,在工业化国家,大众传媒无处不在,它强有力地影响着人们对世界的行法。人们只能亲身经脸当地的和个人化的事芬.而要了解大一点的社区、州、国家和世界的另一些地方,人们就得通过新闱工作者的朱睹了。HowMassMediaAffectOurPerceptionofReality1.JustbeforeSeptemberll,b2)01ThcUSmassmediawerefocusedonsports.IhClivesofvariouscelebrities,andaCtmgrcssniansrelationshipwit
4、hamissingstaffmember.Theneverythingchanged.Askyscrapercomplex,militantgroup,anddistantCOUlHrysuddenlydominatedmassmediaaspeoplesoughttoIlnderSUUHiwluhadoccurred,whatomakeofpassengerplanesturnedinumissiles,andwhoto(rslforcredibleinformationonlem)rism.I.在2001年9月Il日之前,美国媒体的主要焦点是体育界,幺人轶事以及某个国会议员与一个失踪联员的
5、关系等.然而.9“11之后一切都发生了交史.一幢摩天大楼,一个武装组织,以及一个遥远的国家突然之间主宰了大众传媒.这是因为美国民众迫切想要弄明白:究党发生了什么小,是什么让软人的客机变成了导弹,谁供应的有关恐怖主义的情报才是ft实可信的.2.Thatdramaticshiftinmediaemphasisisanexcellentrecentexampleofhowmassmediahelptoshapeourshiftingconcernsandbeliefs.Whycouldwehavebeensoconcernedabup.HndinfesteringMiddleEastcountrie
6、sandcultures?Why(hesuddenmediashiftfromaRcgularly-Criticized-PrcsidcnttoanEstccmcd-1.cadcr-Prcsidcnt?2.这次第体焦点的巨大转变是近期的一个好例子.它展示I大众传媒如何帮助我们形成快速变更的关注点和信念.为什么我In在这一周里对名人的生活方式如此关注,而到了下一冏却又对此变得漠不关切?为什么公众以前对个早己臭名昭著的恐怖祖织、对11益衰败的中东国家和文化部普期缺乏发好?为什么媒体以前对我们的总统总是指责,而突然之间又将其誉为一位令人敬重的、勇于担当责任的总统?3.l)ramaticadvance
7、sinmasscommunicationandtransportationduringthepast50yearshaverulycreatedaglobalvillage,amasssociety.Thingsoccurringanywherearcnowquicklyknowneverywhere.Massmediabothoverwhelmuswithinformation,andhelpUStosortitout.3 .大众传媒和交通运在过去50年星迅猛发展把世界tl口实切地变成了一个地球村,个大众社会.如今任何地方发生的事务都会快速地传播到世界的每一个角落.大众传媒不仅用遮天蔽日的信
8、息将我们沉没,也AJ助我们对这些信息加以分类整理.4 .Massmediaseekabroadaudienceforatypicallynarrow(andoftenbiased)message(hatstypicallyembeddedinCntertainnienlorusefulinformalion.*opinion.Massmediacommunicationisexpensive,soitsfundedthroughparticipantadmissions/subscriptionsandcontributions,orthroughsponsorshipsandadvertis
9、ing(oracombinationofthesefundingsources).ItthusmustprovidesomethingSufficieinlyvaluable(oitsxte11ialaudienceiogain(hatnecessaryfinancialsupport.4大众传媒为典型的受众面特别狭小的(通常常有偏见,讯息J求广泛的受众群体,这类讯息通常嵌于消遣或行用的信息/观点中。大众传媒的成本极其昂贵,所以它通过加盟许可/订阅和捐款来获得资金,或者通过吩助和广告(或者多管齐下)来获得资金.因此,它必露为潜在的受众供应足终有价值的讯息,以此荻得必要的资金支持,1 .,hem
10、assmediahavea“slownewsday”problem.Iheyhavepagesandtimetofill,evenwheneventsarcmundane.AcommonSoIUlionatsuchtimesistofocusonsportsandthelivesofcelebrities(peoplewhoarewellknownforheirwell-knownness*asAndyWaiholoncePUti()tortolakesomethingrelativelytrivialandCXPUnditintosmelhingimportant.Thinkbackto(h
11、eprc-Scpgs.andconcertsarcalsoformsofmassmedia,althoughmanypeopleconsiderthemtobesomethingotherthanmassmedia.6大众传媒并不属限于印U媒介和电子通信媒介等形式(如杂志和电视).尽管很多人不认同.但体可炎事、教堂、博物馆、主即公园、政治活动、书目单和音乐会也是大众传播的媒介形式。7 .ThcU.S.ConstitutionunderscorestheimportanceftheopvncommunicationofinformationandopinioninourdemocraticSOC
12、iCtybygrantingconsiderableSdf-direCtiontothevariousIbrmsofmassmedia.Amrkcllaccmentalitysuggeststhatusefulinformationandopinionswillspread,andtheuselesswilldisappear.frees)eechsocietycanthusIolenUeinstancesofseinfo11nalin.slupidi(y.andvulgarilv-assumingIhernlobeaIcrnporaryimlimt.8 .美国宪法给予各种形式的大众集体极大的
13、自主权,以此来强调信息和想法的公开沟通对民主社会的重要性.从一种市场心态来看.有用的信息和想法将会得到传播.而无用的终将消逝.因此,个言论自由的社会能够容忍虚假信忠、愚it和施俗一假设这些东西仅会扰人一时,不会许久。9 .Massmediaarcverycompetitive.FolkstodayhavemanyoptionsabouttheTVandfilmsIheywatch,thebooksandmagazinestheyread,theculturalandreligiousinstitutionstheyattend.,Vhcchallengeforamediaprogramisto
14、gelandholdtheattentionofmassmediashoppers-whoarcchannelsurfing,browsingatabooks(ov.checkingoutvariouschurches.8.大众传媒间的竞争很微今日的人力对所看的电视和电影、所读的竹格和杂志、所参与的文化和宗教机构都有很多的选择。媒风光临的挑战是如何吸引并抓住大众传媒消费者的留意力i地们正在来回调换频道,在书店翻阅书籍,在教堂之间穿梭.9.lnastimulatingcompetitiveenvironment,amediaretintothegenepool,soavoidingdangera
15、ndtakingadvantageofopportunitiesforcating/shekcr/matingarccognitivelyimportant.Eventsrelated(otheseneedsareinberemlyemotionallyarousing,alsuccessfulmassmediaprogru11nrsunderstandthis.1。.我们生理上的基本挑战是生存和繁衍后代,因l躲避危急、利用各种机会来吃、住.交航被认为是头等大事.与这些衢求相关的事务本身就能激发起人的情感.胜利的大众传媒策划人都了解这一点.1 !.Peoplecomplainaboutthea
16、mountofviolence,sexuality,andcommercialisminmassnedia.bu(letslookalIhcissuefromaTVprogrammer、perspective.ChannelSUrfeniwillgiveaTVprogramonlyafewsecondsbeforemovingtothenextchannel,soProgmmmerSfocusoncontentsequenceswithahighprobabilityforemotionalarousal-andprogramcontentandcommercialsrelatedtoviol
17、ence,sexuality,andltxlshellerdoallractHndholdattention.ConsidertherxenlmedialocusonCcrruristviolence,theTalibantreatmentofwomen,thefbodshclterproblemsnowfacingthefamiliesofthosekilledandAfghanirefugees-andtheresultantwidespreadoutpouringofangerandsupport.11 .人edia*drivenincreaseinknowledgeof(beIerro
18、risisand(heirvictims.Osamabin1.adenhadpreviouslybeenaperipheralmediafigure.Theseveralthousandsvictimshadbeeninvisibleofficeworkersuntilmanynewspaperspublishedaseriesofanecdotalobituariesofallof(hem.Policeandfirefightersacroethecountryweresuddenlyelevatedinesteem-aswasNewYorksmayor,severelycriticized
19、priortoSeptember11.nationalreadybesetbyafinancialdownturnhadtobecomeemotionallyarousedtorespond.Charilicssi11ilariyuseexamplesofafewindividualsindesperatestraitstoencouragecontributionsforamuchbroaderassistanceprogram.3因此,大众传媒利用他唤起!据情星的信息城来恬助我们构建学问、形成观点,例如,媒体的报道让我们短时间内对恐怖分子和受杏者方面的学问急剧增加,而在此前,媒体对本拉登鲜
20、有报道。在很多报纸发布一系列带点轶事M格的讣传之前,那几千名受击者都只是些静数无名的上班族,不为我们所知.和纽约市市长一样.全国的警察和消防队员突然之间受到了前所未有的赞誉.而9”11之前.他们都的备受苛费.一个深受金融危机困扰的国家必需将民众的情感调动起来以应对危机.慈善机构同样会以少数几个身处绝境的个人为例,激励人们为范用更广的救济项目捐款。14 .Givcnsuchmanipulativepotentialoverouraffectiveprocesses,itsimportanttoknowwhodeterminesthecontentofmassJnedia.Arelativelys
21、mallnumberOfla笔Ccorporationscontrolmuchofournationsprintandelectronicmedia(newspapers,publishinghouses.CKiiOzTVstations.cablesystems,etc.).Further,arelativelysmallnumberofmediastarsreachvastaudiences-syndicatednewspaperCoIumniMsandcartoonists,radioandTVtalkshowhoses.IatenightTVcomedians.OnIheotherha
22、nd,n)ostMWSPaPerSincludeeditorialcolumnistswhodisagreewitheachoher.andtheSundaynmingPOIiIiCidTVshowsarecharacterizedmorebyagurncnlthanagreement.Amajormediaorganizationthatdefinesitself100narrowlyrisksreachingalimitedaudiencewhentheyneedamassiveaudiencetosurvive-sothisfinancialrealityforcesatleastsom
23、ebalanceinprogramming.14或于媒体具有M控我们的情感过程的漕力,知能像在确定Y众传媒的内容特别取要,为数不多的几家大公E限制着我们国家大部分的印刷和电子媒体(报纸、出版社、广播电f电视台、有戏电视系统等).此外,为数不多的一些媒体明星,例如辛迪加报业专栏作家和漫画家、广播和电视谈话节目主持人、午夜电视喜剧演员,也影响着大麻的观众.用一方面.大多数报纸的社论专栏作家们彼此间的看法都不样,周口上午的政治电觇节目的特点是争辩多于统一。一个主要的媒体机构股如定位过于狭窄,它将会面砧观众太少的风险,而要生在卜去就必需拥有大量的观众一因此,经济现实迫使其在编导过程中至少须要泞定的平衡
24、,15.MagazinesandradiostationsareperhapsthemostsuccessfulnanowIydefinedmassmediaIbmiats-typicallybeingupfrontaboutseekinganaudiencewhosharestheirnarrowperspective(eg.RollingStone.Gowinei,Ms.TheChristianCentury.Spozslllus(raiedgoldenOldiesJazz.classical,rockmusicradiostations).1S在柒义的大众传媒形式中,.杂志和广播电台或许
25、是最胜利的一具典型做法是干施地迎合那些与其旨趣相投的受众(例如,滚石h关食h女士Kq基珞数世纪h体育国报h金曲音乐台、的士乐台、古典乐台、摇滚音乐台等),16.ThcComputerArchasrevolutionizedmassmedia.TheInternetallowstheuniversalinexpensivepublicationofideas,whetheritsane11uilmessagesenttoeven,oneononeslistoranaaowly-dcfincdwebsitethatsavailabletoanyone.Desktoppublicationandad
26、vancesinduplicatingtechnologyhavereducedtheneedforauthorstogothroughapublisher.6.计算机时代砌JteeaE了大众传媒互联网让全部人无需太多花费即可发布个人观点,无论是以电子邮件的形式送达帐件地址簿里的短个人,还是发布到一个人人都可阅读的局域网.桌面出版和更印技术的发展使得作者无需通过出版商即可出版自己的作品。!7.Soitsaculturalparadox.WeresimultaneouslyexperiencingtheCcntralizaiionofinfluenceincorporatemassmediaandtherapidexpansionofpopulistmassmediaBoihposedangersandOpPorlUnilies.17.因此,这就构成了一个文化悻检我们一方面在见证传媒业日趋集中的势头,而另一方而又在经验着大众传媒向平民化方向迅猛发展的大潮.这两者都缠含著危急和机遇.