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1、FishingwithBottomGillnetsAprojectofVolunteersinAsiaBy:FAoTrainingSeriesPublishedby:IoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsPublicationsDivisionViadelleTermediCaracallaOOlOORomeITA1.YAvailablefrom:FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsPublicationsDivisionViadelleTermediCaracalla0010
2、0RomeITA1.YReproducedwithpermission.Reproductionofthismicrofichedocumentinanyformissubjecttothesarestrictionsasthoseoftheoriginaldocument.FAOTRAININGSERIESText:I.IlosrHlustrations:S.MauiI00DANDAGRICU1.TUREORGANIZATIONOETHEUNITEDRome1Notice:Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthispub
3、licationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeverbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.B_41ISBN92-5100906-6ThecopyrightinthisbookisvestedintheFoodandAg
4、ricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations.Thebookmaynotbereproducedinwholeorinpart,byanymethodorprocess,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthecopyrightholder.Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthereproductiondesired,shouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,PublicationsDivision,FoodandAg
5、ricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,ViadelIeTcrmediCaracalla,Rome,Italy.PrintedinItalyPREFACEThisbookletisaboutbottom-setgi11netting.itshowshowtomakethreedifferentkindsofnets,howtousethenets,andtellsaboutequipmentthatcanbeusedtomakefishingeasier,itiswrittenforfishermen.Peoplewhoai-readyknowtomak
6、enetsandotherkindsoffishinggear,andhowtouseboats,willalsoknowmanyofthethingsthatthebooklettalksabout.Theywillbsabletousewhattheyalreadyknowtocatchfishindifferentways.F0hopesthatfishermenwillbeabletocatchmorefishwithbottom-setgiiinets.1.-Imetre+IIFigure1Thisbooklethasbeenwritteninawaythatwillbeeasyto
7、understand,ifafishermanhastroublereadingEnglishhecantPethebooktosomeonewhoreadswe11.BylisteningtothewordsandooMgatthepicturesbewillbeabletounderstandeverything.Thebookletwillhelpeachfishermantofindthebestwaytofishwherehe1ives.Themeasurementsinthebookletareailgiveninthemetricsystem.Forthebigmeasureme
8、nts(iikethelengthofnetsortheweightofsinkers)itisailrighttosaythatametreisthedistancefromyourleftshouldertoyourrighthand(Fig.1)andthatakilogramistheweightofaI-iitrebottlefullofwater,ifyoudonothaveanybetterwaytofindout.Forthesmal1measurementsyoucanusethepicturesinthisbooklet.Anytimethewordsreaisizeare
9、writtennexttoapicture,thethingyouneedtomeasureshouldbethesamesizeastheoneshowninthepicture.FAowouldbegratefulifthereadersofthisbookletwouldsendinanycommentsorquestionstheyhaveaboutit.1.ettersfrompeoplewhohaveusedthisbooklettomakebottom-setgiii11etswillhelpustoprepareotherbookletsofthesamekind.Sendle
10、ttersto:FisheriesTechnologyService,FisheryindustryDivision,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheilnitedNations,ViadeiieTermediCaracaiia,00700-Rome,Italy.WHATAGI1.1.NETISANDHOWITWORKSgiiinetcatchesfishthatswimintoit.Ithasafioatiincalongthetopandaieadiinealongthebottom.Thenettinghangsstraightup-and-down
11、inthewater1ikeagoodfence(Fig.2).AgilInetcatchesfishbytheirgiIls.11works1ikethis:thetwineofthenettingisverythin,andeitherthefishdoesnotseethenetorthenetissetsothatittrapsthefish.Themeshesofthenet1.angwideopen.Whenthefishswimsuptothenetitsticksitsheadrightintooneofthemeshes(Fig.2a).Ifthefishistoosmal1
12、forthemeshitwillswimrightthroughandgetaway.Ifthefishistoobigforthemeshitmighttearthenetandgetaway.Ifthefishistherightsizeitpushesitsheadandbodytightlyintothemesh,butitistoobigtofitthrough(Fig.2b).Whenthefishtriestopullitsheadoutofthemeshthethintwinecutsintoitsskin;itsgillsandfinsgetcaughtinthemesh.T
13、hefishstaysinthenetuntilyoupullitup(Fig.2d).Fisharealsocaughtwhenthenetwrapsaroundthem.Gilinetscanbeusedinmanyways.Theycanbemadetorestonthebottom(Fig.3a),tohangbetweenthebottomandthesurface(Fig.3b),ortofloatonthesurfaceFigure2c_.(Fig.3).GillneIScanbesetinoneplacewithanchl(Figs.3aand3b),orallowedtodr
14、iftwiththecurr(Fig.3).Abottom-setgiNnethasheavysinkersontheIeadltokeepitonthebottomandissetinoneplaceeitherhavinganchorsatbothendsorbytyingoneendofthetosomethingonlal?d.Abottom-setgiHnetcanbeusedinrivers,lakesorsea.Youshoulduseitwhenyouknowthatthefish1Figure4wanttocatchliveonthebottomorneartothebott
15、om.Itishardtouseifthebottomistoosteep,toodeeportoorocky.Almostanysizeofboatcanbeusedtofishwiththesenets.Amanwithoneortwonetscanuseacanoeandcatchfishforhisfamily(Fig.4).Fourorfivemenwith50ormorenetscanuseaboatof7to15metrestocatchmanyfishforIhe-market.Figure5showsthedifferentpartsofabottom-setgillnet.
16、Therearemanydifferentkindsofmaterialsyoucanuseformakinganet.Youmustchoosethekindsthatarebestforthekindoffishyouwanttocatchandfortheplacewhereyouwillbefishing.Tomakeanetyouwillneednetting(Fig.Sa),rope(Fig.5b),floats(Fig.5c)forthefloat1ine,sinkersforthelead-line(Fig.5d)andplentyoftwinetoseweverythingt
17、ogeth-er(Fig.5e).Whenyouusethenetyouwillneedanchors(Fig.5f),buoys(Fig.5g),andanchor-ropes(Fig.5h).Youwillneednettingneedles(Fig.5i),agoodknife(Fig.5j)andpostsortreestohangthenetfrom(Fig.5k)whiIeyouworkonit.Youwillneedaplacetoworkandshouldgettogethereverythingyouneedbeforeyoustart.Youcansavemoneybyma
18、kingfloatsandsinkersyourself(Fig.6).Theyshouldberoundandsmoothsothattheydonotcatchthenetting.Forexample,leadsinkersandringsarebetterthanchainandstones.Ring-shapedandba11-shapedfloatsarebest,kFigure5InthenextpagesyouwillSeehowtomakeanet,stepbystep.FishermenonthewestcoastofAfricacatchInthebackofthisbo
19、okletthereareinstructionscroakerwiththisnetusingboatsfrom5to7metreslong,makingtwootherkindsofnets.Whenyouaredecidwhatkindofnettomake,remember:thenetmustFigure6Figurc7strongenoughtoholdthefishbutlightenoughtocithem.Thethinnerthetwineinthenetthebetteritcatchfish.Everynetmustbemadeintherightwayforthepl
20、whereyouarefishing.IfthebottomisveryrockythemustbemadetoprotectitfromgettingtornontheroiIfthebottomisverysoftthenetmustbemadesothwillnotgetstuckinthemud.Themeshesofthenettingmustbetherightsizeforfishyouplantocatch.Tofindwhatsizeisbest,takeaofthesortyouwanttocatch.Chooseamediumsize(i6REA1.SIZEREA1.SI
21、ZEFigure9Thestretchedlengthofameshshouldbe14centimetres.Thestretchedlengthof10meshesshouldbeabout1.40metres.Usethepictureasaguide(Fig.9).Meshesofthissizewillonlycatchfishthatare50centimetreslongormore.Theyworkwellforcroakers,becausecroakershaveathickbody.Nowmeasurethelengthofthepieceofnetting.Dothis
22、bystretchingtheedgesofthenettingtightlyasyoumeasure.Thepieceofnettingyouneedshouldbeabout70metreslongand1.50metreswide.Youcanalsomeasurebycountingthemeshes.Thepieceofnettingshouldbe500mesheslongand11deep.Thenetisnotverydeep,soitwi11notcatchfishthatswimhighabovethebottom.Croakerliverrightonthebottom,
23、soitisgoodforcatchingthem.Therearemanydifferentkindsofropethatyoucanuseforthefloatline,theleadlineandtheanchor-rope.Youneedropethatisstiffenoughtohelpgivethenetitsshape,butsoftenoughtobeeasytocoi1andhandle.POethylene,polypropyleneandpo1yamidecnyon)areal1goodkindstouse.Theycanbeeithertwistedorbraided
24、.Youcanalsousehempormanilarope.Grassropeisnotverystronganditdoesnotlastverylong,butyoucanuseitifyouhavenothingelse.Theropeyouuseshouldbe6mi11imeIresindiameterbutthickerifitisvegetable(non-synthetic).Tomakethenetyouneedabout110metresofrope,andyouwillalsoneedmoreropefortheanchor-ropes.Thefloatsyouusem
25、ustbebigenoughtoliftthenet-ting,butnotsobigthattheyliftthesinkersontheleadline.Thebestkindoffloatsaremadeofplasticorcorkandhaveaholeinthemiddletofastenthemtothefloatine.Plasticorcorkfloatsshouldbeaboutthesamesizeastheoneinthepicture(Fig.Io),6centimetreswideand3centimetresthick.Youmightwanttomakeyour
26、ownfloatswithwoodoroldbottles.Woodfloatsshou1dbetarredorpaintedtostopthemfromsoakingupwater.Figure11Forleadsinkersuse8kiIograms-forexample,1sinkers,eachweighing80grams.Bottlefloatsmusthavetheirholespluggeduptightandshouldbeprotectedwithsacksornetting(Fig.11).!fyouarcgoingtofishinwaterthatisdeepertha
27、n20metresyoushouldbuycorkorhardplasticfloats.Home-madefloatsworkfineinshallowwater.Youneed26floatsforthenetandshouldalwayshavesomeextraonestore-placefloatsthatgetlostorbroken.FigulThesinkersalongtheleadlinekeepthefloatsfromliftingthenetoffthebottom.Youcanuselead,ironringsorchain,stoneorconcrete(Fig.
28、12)tomakeyoursink-ers.Ironandstonearenotasheavyinwateraslead,soifyouusethesematerialsyouwillneedmoreweight.Ifyouusepiecesofchainhaveevery1inkofthechainwell-tied(seized)totheleadlineOrevenwrappedincanvassothatitwillnotcatchthenet.YoucanalsoUSesmallbagsful1ofsandassinkers.Stonesandconcretesinkersmust0
29、bemadesmooth.Forironsinkersuse12kiIograms(11/2timesasmuchaslead)-50sinkers,eachweighingabout250grams.Forstone,sandorconcretesinkersuse40kilograms(fivetimesasmuchaslead)-40sinkers,eachweighingabout1kilogram.Whenyouarechoosingfloatsandsinkersforyournet,remember:thesinking-powerofthesinkersmustbefromth
30、reetofivetimesgreaterthanthefloating-powerofthefloats.Thismeansthatforeachfloatonthefloatlinetheremustbeaweightinsinkersthatisfromthreetofivetimesmorethanthefloatcan1ift(Fig.13).Thetwineyouusetosewthenettogethermustbethesamesizeasthenettingtwine,ora1ittlethicker.Thetwineyouusetoattachthesinkersshoul
31、dbemadeofanaturalfibre1ikecottonorhemp.Thisway,ifyouloseanetthetwineholdingthesinkerswillrotandbreakafterthenethasbeenonthebottomforawhileandthenetwillnotgoonki1lingfishthatyoucouldcatch.Ifthetwinedoesnotrot,thenetwillgooncatchingfishuselessly.Theanchorsaltheendsofthenet(orfleetofnetsifseveralnetsar
32、etiedtogether)keepitfromdrifting.Youcanusebigstonesforanchc,is.ThestonesshouldweighaboutIOkilograms.Youcanalsohavetheblacksmithmakeyouironanchors.Asmal1ironanchorwi11holdaswellasabigstone.Figure13.I._Figure14Thebuoysattachedtoeachanchor-ropemarktheplacewherethenetisset.Aninnertube(Fig.14)atincontain
33、er(Fig.15)a1ight-woodlogorabigplasticbottlewillmakeagoodbuoy.Ifthebuoyispaintedabrightcolouritwillbeeasytosee.Youcanalwaysattachtothebuoyawoodenpolewithaflagorabunchofpalmleaves,treebranchesoranyotherthingthatyoucanseefromfar10away(Fig.16).FiguFiguHOWTOMKETHENETiFirsttaketheropeyouaregoingtouse,soak
34、itinhaterandthenstretchittogetal1thesnarlsandtanglesoutofit.Thisiseasytodowithaswivel(Fig.17).Measureoutthepiecesyouneedforthefloat1ineandtheleadline.Theymusteachbe52metreslong.Makeamark1metrefromeachendofbothpieces.Takethepreparedpieceofnettingandcheckifthesideofthenetiscutstraightacrossthemeshes(Fig.18),Nowthenettingmustbehungonthefloat1ineandtheFigure17Figure18
