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1、-Content1Introduction介绍22 Horizontal Control Point Establishment (HCPs)2建立水平控制网2.1 GPS Survey (GPS Observation)2GPS观测,GPS测量2.1.1 Establishment of primary control point2建立首级控制点/网2.1.2 GPS Technique2GPS技术2.1.3 Referenceand Datum2参考和技术参数2.2 Traverse Survey2导线测量2.2.1 Establishment of secondary control p
2、oint2建立加密(次级)控制点/网2.2.2 Traverse adjustment2平差(加密控制网平差)2.2.3 Accuracy required and achieved2所需的精度和所到达的精度(是否符合要求)3 Vertical Control Point Establishment (VCPs)2建立垂直控制网3.1 Differential leveling2精细水准测量3.2Permissible error formula2允误差的公式4 Detail Surveying2测量详述4.1Route Location2中桩确实定(定线)4.2 Cross Sections
3、2横断面测量4.3 Longitudinal Section2纵断面测量5 Resources Allocation Plan2人员与设备配置方案5.1 Personnel Deployed2测量人员的配置5.2 Instrument and software2设备配置和(数据处理)软件1 Introduction引言Topographic survey is one of the most important and crucial form the base data for the project construction. The topographic survey is basic
4、 pre-requisite to capture all the physical feature along the project corridor to enable the selection of feasible and most useful alignment and later to design and to facilitate the establishment of final centerline of the road project and land acquisition requirements. The topographic survey work m
5、ethodology consists of following main tasks. 地形测量是施工工程的根底数据最重要也是最关键式之一。测量是获取所有工程沿线的物理特征的首要任务,使得可行路线的选择得以施行,此后使得设计和最终中心线的埋点布设以及土地征用的工作得以顺利开展,测量案包括以下主要任务: Route location.路中心线的初测(定线) Setting up of permanent beacons to serve as a reference system during construction of road project.建立永久控制点标志在作为道路施工过程中的参
6、照系统 Development of control traverse-line and geometric level-line.建立导线(平面控制)和水准线(水准路线) Detailed field survey using Total Stations and Automatic Levels, which will have a different precision according to the topographic operations.现场测量要使用全站仪和自动安平水准仪,根据测量操作,两者有不同的精度 Data Processing and CAD. CAD和数据处理 D
7、elivery of survey report including Diagrams and Monographs.提交包括图表和文字性的阐述的测量报告 Ground surface andstructural location survey.地形测量和构造性的地物测量For carrying the survey work the contractor received two initial control points from Enyi Consultant and collected detail data related to national Bench Mark in the
8、 project corridor and deployed high precision instruments like GPS, Total station, and Auto Level in pliance with the TOR. The contractor will verify the reliability of the EMA control point and known GPS points(GPS 11 & GPS 11A) in the field before they are used.为能使测量工作得以实施,施工从Enyi公司处得到引向工程路线的两个初始控
9、制点,并收集到与控制网严密关联的基准点详细数据。此次测量配置了高精度仪器比方符合TOR规标准的GPS,全站仪和自动水准仪。在引点使用前,承包会校验所得到的EMA控制点和现场GPS11和11A的可靠性。. z.-2 Horizontal Control Point Establishment (HCPs)建立水平控制网2.1 GPS Survey (GPS Observation)GPS测量(观测)2.1.1 Establishment of primary control point建立首级控制点/网Global Positioning System (GPS) observations wi
10、ll be fi*ed at 3 km intervals along the center line. The geodetic GPS Points will be placed in highly accessible sites with appropriate standard concrete benchmarks and bed rocks which are painted yellow, protected against impact to guaranty their stability and integrity.在沿中心线每隔3公里处进展GPS观测。GPS控制点使用标
11、准混泥土或在岩上喷上黄漆作为基准点，并设在容易接近的场地，而且加以保护防止撞击确保控制点的稳定性和完整性。2.1.2 GPS Technique GPS技术要求The observations will be carried out with 3 units of Leica GPS-System Dual-frequency receivers using Static Mode by tracking minimum 8 satellites per site in order to determine 3-D WGS84 co-ordinates. 测量工作使用3组莱卡的GPS系统双频接
12、收器，并使用静态模式，每个位置跟踪至少8个卫星，以便定位3-D WG84坐标。The contractor will transferEnyis control point (GPS 11 & GPS 11A) to TP 1 which is around 3km from the GPS 11 and found in the nearby mountain. Then the GPS observation from TP1 to F2-F3 starting point (GPS 1) will proceed. The baseline measurement will mainta
13、in an accuracy level of10 mm+5ppmwith at least45 minutes of observation.承包会从Enyi控制点GPS 11和GPS 11A导到TP1, TP1位于附近的山上距离GPS11大概有3公里，接着将从TP1到F2-F3的起始点(GPS1)开场GPS观测。这个基线测量至少观测45分钟并保持在精度10 mm+5ppm围。Using highly post-processing GNSS Solutions software, the WGS84 co-ordinates transformed into the National Gr
14、id, U.T.M. co-ordinates based on Calarc 1880 (Modified) Spheroid - Datum: Adindan (30th Arc).使用高精度GNSS后处理软件，基于Calarc 1880(修正后) 椭球体坐标-参数:Adindan (30th )弧度，将WGS84坐标转化成网坐标。A clear and intelligible monograph of the verte*es with a brief description of the location, photograph and diagram for each of thi
15、s will be prepared and attached.此后,我会为每个测量点准备一份清楚明了的并附有简单位置描述以及图表照片的测量报告。2.1.3 Reference and Datum参照和数据参数To secure and validate reasonable initial point, the remaining new primary control points will be automatically tied to the national grid system.为确保和证实初始点的合理性，之后建立的首级控制点会自动关联网系统。The transformatio
16、n requirements used to correlate the surveying work with national grid system of Ethiopia using GNSS software is as follows: 转点要求测量工作要与埃塞的网系统严密关联，要使用如下GNSS软件:- Coordinate system坐标系统Name-WGS 84 UTM zone 36N名字-WG84UTM 36区北Type Projected类型-投影Unit Meters单位-米Vertical datum- OGSM02垂直数据-OGSM02-Datum数据Ellip
17、soid name-CALARC 1888椭球面命名-CALARC 1888Semi-major A*is-6378249.145半球-主轴心-6378249.145Inverse Flattening-293.466076740反转展平-293.466076740D* to WGS84-165.000mDY to WGS84-11.000mDY to WGS84- 206.000mR* to WGS84- 0.000000mRY to WGS84- 0.000000mRZ to WGS84- 0.000000mPpm to WGS84- 0.0-Projection投影Projection
18、class- Transverse_ Mercator投影级别- Transverse_ MercatorLatitude of origin- 0000 00.00000N原点维度- 00 00 00.00000北Central meridian - 330 00 00.00000E中央子午线- 330 00 00.00000东Scale factor -0.0比例系数-0.0False easting- 500000.000m伪东向分量- 500000.000米False northing- 0.000m伪北向分量-0.000米-Units单位:Angular measurements a
19、re taken by degree and linear measurements are done and e*pressed by meters.角测量用度表示, 线性测量用米表示。2.2 Traverse Survey导线测量2.2.1 Establishment of Secondary Control Point建立加密(次级)控制点/网Benchmark (secondary control points) referenced in the field on reliable points on appropriate beacons protected against imp
20、act to guaranty their stability and integrity. These benchmarks will be established at 100-500m intervals prior to initiation of the survey work as stipulated in the TOR or as deemed necessary to suit with the site conditions. Care will be taken while establishing these points to locate them at safe
21、 places within the Right of Way (ROW) and away from main construction area to ensure no disturbance to the permanent benchmarks during construction period. These points will be established by the available materials on the site such as bed rocks and fi*ed bolder stones painted white and crossed by c
22、hisel on the top.恰当标志杆标识出的现场可靠加密控制点作为参照引用并加以保护确保它们的稳定性和完整性。按照TOR规定或根据现场实际情况，这些基准点布控要先于测量工作前开场，其间距在100到500米之间。布设这些控制点时要小心慎重，放在道路用地的平安位置并要远离主要施工区域以确保施工期间不干扰这些永久性基准点。这些控制点的布设使用现场可用的物料，比方喷上白漆的岩床和固定巨，用顶部穿插开凿。Lists of all benchmarks will be tabulated with the following details and attached in Anne*es.所有基准
23、点的列表按照以下详细资料制成表格并附以形式。 Identification number,识别编号 Co-ordinates (*,Y and Z),and坐标(*,Y and Z), Description描述2.2.2 Traverse Adjustment平差A control traverse-line will be established along the center line, closed, checked and adjusted on to geodetic GPS points. Control beacons will be established to serve
24、 the construction phase.Traverse verte*es will be located in correspondence on appropriate concrete benchmarks at 100-400m intervals. Control traverse-line will be determined by measurement of angles and distances.一条测线/导线沿着路线中心线进展布置，是闭合的，经过检验的，再根据所引用的GPS基准点进展平差。布设控制点标志杆为将来施工阶段效劳。导线的基准点位于适宜混凝土墩子上，间隔1
25、00-400米。导线控制测量由边和角的测量决定。Distance measurements will be carried out using Leica EDM, considering 2 cm in distance as a ma*imum difference between e*treme values measured. 距离/边的测量将使用莱卡的EDM软件，距离的最大误差不能超过2厘米。The recording device FLASH CARD will be used in order to transfer field data directly into person
26、al puter for processing.使用存储卡作为记录设备将现场录入的数据导入个人电脑进展数据处理。The tolerance on distance in meters is given by: 0. 05*K, where K is the distance in km. Firstly, the traverse-line will tie and adjust into GPS Points and into the National Triangulation System in order to determine U.T.M. planes co-ordinates.
27、距离/边测量的误差用米表示，表示公式: 0. 05*K，K则用千米表示。首先导线与我所引用的GPS点关联，再做三角网平差，以确定平面坐标。Secondly, the plane co-ordinates will be transformed in a Local Grid to be used for map preparation. All traverse points will be shown on an appropriate diagram.其次，平面坐标转换成当地坐标作为测图之用。所有的导线点做成一平面布网图表。2.2.3 Accuracy Required and Achie
28、ved要求的精度和所到达的精度The accuracy required for the establishment of secondary control point is greater or equal to 1 in 20,000 between two primary control points established by GPS.两个首级GPS控制点之间所建立的加密(次级)控制网，其精度要求要大于或等于1/20,000。We will run traverses for 17 bases along the project proposed route and will ac
29、hieve the accuracy required stated above for most bases. All traverse adjustment putation sheets will be attached.我将沿着所选路线进展17对基点的导线测量并会到达上述精度要求，并附上所有平差计算结果表。3Vertical Control Point Establishment (VCPs)建立垂直控制点/网3.1 Differential leveling精细水准测量It is a vital operation in producing necessary data for en
30、gineering design. Differential leveling procedures shall be used to establish higher order of the vertical control points tied to the nationwide vertical control network.这是一项提供工程设计必要测量数据的关键操作。用精细水准测量程序布设与垂直控制网严密关联的高阶垂直控制点。3.2 Permissible Error Formula允误差公式The geometric level-line will be developed a
31、long the Control Traverse-line.几水准线会沿着控制导线/测线形成。The elevation of benchmarks will be obtained by Differential Leveling Method using AUTOMATIC LEVEL Leica instrument, with a ma*imum tolerance in mm for single section equal to:使用莱卡自动水准仪并采用精细水准法获取基准点的高程。单节最大允误差在毫米之，单节等于:1.5*K cm, where K is the distance
32、 in km.K是千米单位的距离The level-line will be tied-in and adjusted on the e*isting benchmarks of the National Leveling Network, or on the GPS points.水准导线在关联水准网现有基准点或初始GPS控制点根底上做平差。4 Detail Surveying具体测量4.1 Route Location路线确实定Route location is an art of mostly transferring of map/paper location to a ground.
33、 As a prerequisite for this task, the consultant had been undertaking the route selection of the project.Prior to conduct the topographic survey the contractor and professional team the consultant defined the best alternative route that will be feasible both economically, technically and socially.定线
34、(中桩确实定)是纸上定线法导到地面的主要一门艺术。作为这个任务的先决条件，设计咨询参谋先要进展路线的选线，在测量工作进展之前我设计专业团队要先确定最正确路线，也就是经济上、技术上以及社会环境影响面最优的可行路线。A rapid and critical general e*amination (reconnaissance) was carried out by location engineers. And the engineers determined the optimum route between the two e*treme points.The route location
35、this segment was carried out using 1:50,000 maps and aerial photographs conducted by Ethiopian Mapping Authority (EMA).定线/选线工程师已对现场路线进展快速、关键的综合检查(地勘)并且我工程师已在公路起始点之间选取最优路线。在这局部定线过程我们使用1:50,000地图和EMA的航空摄影图。4.2 Cross Sections横断面测量局部Along the whole route a topographic survey will be carried out for a ma
36、*imum of 100m and 80m minimum band width. The random points will be surveyed on a square grid not e*ceeding 20m spacing with accuracy of 5cm, starting from traverse points or additional intermediate stations. Where the land shows marked irregularities of slope, a close survey grid will be used. The
37、Leica Total Station instruments with suitable software will be used for this purpose.测量会沿着整条路线进展，带宽最大100米和最小80米。从交点/导线点或追加的中间桩/站开场，在不超过20米间距的四形网上找到随机点进展测量，精度5厘米。当有明显不规则斜坡的地，则要使用严密间距的测量网/基点网。为此，使用配备适宜软件的莱卡全站仪。 DTM Interpolation数据插Where the route corridor shows dense forest and inaccessible to underta
38、ke cross section survey DTM Interpolation techniques will be used at a very flat section of the route.当路线通道显示茂密森林和无法进入进展横断面测量时，这时就会在平整路段使用数据插技术。 Bridge Sites桥梁位置Detailed cross section points will be collected included top and bottom of banks, at break points and at center of the rivers. The cross se
39、ctions will e*tended 200m and above meters both upstream and downstream.在断点处和河流的中心处，采集详细的横断面点包括河堤的顶部和底部。横断面局部将沿着河流上下游延伸至200米以上。4.3 Longitudinal Section纵断面测量局部Collection of longitudinal centerline points will be carried out at intervals of 20m in straight sections and 10m to 15m apart on horizontal a
40、nd vertical curves depending on the degree of sharpness of the curves. In case of bridge and culvert and riverbeds the points collected included the bottom of the course ways and riverbeds.纵向中心线点的采集:在直边段每间隔20米进展，水平和垂直的弯段则会每隔10米-15米(根据弯曲的陡度而定)。要是有桥梁，涵管和河床，测量点的采集则要包括这些路径和河床的底部。5 Resources Allocation P
41、lan资源配置方案5.1 Personnel Deployed人员部署The surveying team assigned for the project consists of 4-senior surveyors, 6-surveyor and 1-advanced surveying technician of 6 members. Hence in order to achieve the required output within scheduled time the contractor will deploy2-total stations, 4 Leica GPS unit
42、s, 1 leveling instrument and 1-TOYOTA Station Wagon Cars. All the deployments are tabulated below in detail. 现场所分配的测量队包括4个资深测量员，6个普通测量员和6个之中要有一个是高级测量技术员。因此为了在方案时间完成测量数据的获得，承包会部署2台全站仪，4套莱卡GPS装置，1台水准仪设备和1台丰田旅行车。所有的布置详见以下表格。Table 5.1: Personnels人员配置NoJob Title职务Number of staff人数Position on the Project角
43、色1Senior surveyor资深测量员1Coordinator/GPS& Location Surveyor协调/联络人和GPS位置观测员2Senior surveyor资深测量员1Coordinator/GPS& Location Surveyor协调/联络人和GPS位置观测员3Senior surveyor资深测量员1GPS & Total Station OperatorGPS和全站仪操作员4Senior surveyor资深测量员1Total Station & Level Operator全站仪和水准仪操作员5Surveyor测量人员2Total Station & Level
44、 Operator全站仪和水准仪操作员6Surveyor测量人员2Total Station & Level Operator全站仪和水准仪操作员7Surveyor测量人员2Total Station & Level Operator全站仪和水准仪操作员5.2 Instrument and Software设备和软件Table表5.2: Instruments设备NoName of Instruments设备名称Quantity数量Specification规格1GPS Instrument设备4Leica莱卡2Total Station全站仪2Leica莱卡3Automatic Level自动调平水准仪1Leica莱卡4Station Wagons /Car/旅行车1Four Wheel DriveTOYOTA丰田四轮驱动5Lap Top puter笔记本电脑2Toshiba & Dell东芝或戴尔6Printer打印机1HP Coloring Jet 惠普彩色打印机. z.
