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1、大学英语四级考试写作专题讲座,一、写作原则二、文章结构三、四级考试对作文的要求四、四级作文真题回顾五、预测六、写作流程七、范文赏析,讲座提纲,一、写作原则（Basic Principles of Writing）,Honesty(Be honest.)Clarity(Be clear.)Brevity(Be brief.)Variety-Variety in sentence structure and sentence length-Variety in sentence movement,二、文章结构（Essay Structure）,Generally speaking,an essay
2、 structure is like this:Introduction Body Conclusion,Sample(of an introductory paragraph),A person born in the 21st century has seen a lot of changes take place in almost all areas of human life.Some people are excited by the challenges that these changes offer;others want to return to the simpler,l
3、ess automated life style of the past.Living in the 21st century offers certain advantages,such as a higher standard of living,but it also has some disadvantages,such as a polluted environment,the depersonalization of human relationships,and the weakening of spiritual values.(Thesis statement),Backgr
4、ound Information,General,Specific,More Specific,Thesis Statement,Body(Body paragraph structure),a topic sentence supporting details a concluding sentence+(transitional sentences),A.The topic sentence(consisting of the topic and the controlling idea),e.g.Convenience foods are easy to prepare.,-Two re
5、minders to keep in mind when writing a topic sentenceA topic sentence should be neither too general nor too specific.,e.g.-American food is terrible.-American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned,frozen,and prepackaged food and because everything is fried in oil or butt
6、er.,Do not include too many unrelated ideas in your topic sentence;if you do,your paragraph will not be unified.,-American food is tasteless and greasy.,e.g.San Francisco is famous for its temperate climate,its many tourist attractions,and its cosmopolitan atmosphere.,Revised:San Francisco is famous
7、 for its many tourist attractions.,Sample:Londons weather is very strange.It can rain several times a day;each time the rain may come suddenly after the sun is shining brightly.The air is damp and chill right through July.On one March afternoon on Hampton Heath last year it rained three times,there
8、was one hail storm,and the sun shone brilliantly-all this within two hours time.It is not unusual to see men and women rushing down the street on a sunny morning with umbrellas on their arms.No one knows what the next few moments will bring.,B.The concluding sentence,A concluding sentence serves thr
9、ee purposes.-It signals the end of the paragraph.-It summarizes the main points of the paragraph.-It gives a final comment on your topic and leaves the reader with the most important ideas to think about.,Conclusion(The concluding paragraph),The concluding paragraph consists ofA summary of the main
10、idea orB.restatement of your thesis in different words andC.Your final comment on the subject,Sample(of a concluding paragraph),In conclusion,although the 21st century has indeed given us a lot of advantages by making us richer,healthier and freer to enjoy our lives,it has,in my opinion,not made us
11、wise.The 21st century has also made our earth dirtier,our people less humane,and our spiritual lives poorer.We should continue to enjoy the benefits of technological advancements because they free us to pursue our interests and goals.However,we must make a concerted effort to preserve our natural en
12、vironment for future generations.Moreover,we should take the time now to make our lives more meaningful in an increasingly impersonal,and computerized world.,Summary:1、开头段的写作要点（注意以下几点）1)开头偏离主题太远 2)使用抱怨或埋怨之词句 3)内容不具体，腌制无物 4)使用不言自明的陈述2、主体段（注意以下几点）1)所涉及的内容应该准确、清楚，颇具说服力 2)段落中一定具备主题句 3)段落内容应该保持完整、统一,4)内容
13、顺序安排合理、逻辑性较强 5)段落之间连贯自然 6)段落中讨论的内容主次分明，材料比例适当 7)词与句型运用合理并有变化3、结尾段（结尾段的写作要针对以下几点）1)契合主题，与中心思想对应 2)内容明确、观点到位 3)干脆利落、不拖泥带水,1、评分原则：综合评判(global scoring)2、要求：1）内容上的要求：所写内容与主题相关；有层次感 2）语言上的要求：主谓语一致；名词的单复数使用正确；时态一致；词语搭配 正确；单词拼写正确；人称代词使用正确；没有片断句；没有不连贯的句子等。,三、四级考试对作文的要求,英文写作（包括段落写作）应做到：起：提出主题 e.g.Some people
14、think we should read selectively.承：阐述观点（正面）:e.g.They argue that.;whats more,.转：从另一面阐述观点（反面）e.g.But others may not agree.合：总结 e.g.Since.,we should read./In a word(To sum up/In short/In conclusion)在写作中尽量使用固定短语和结构，不要逐字翻译。,Should Smoking Be Banned?Should smoking be banned?Answers to this question vary g
15、reatly(Answers to this question vary from individual to individual.)Some people are in favor of the idea of smoking(起).(承)They always say that it can get rid of the tiredness and make them refreshed.And they also say that giving and being given cigarettes is a sign of friendship.(合)Therefore,they ca
16、rry cigarettes with them wherever they go.,(转/起)But some other people consider it very harmful to peoples health.(承)They have heard the official reports that one person in the world dies from smoking every second.And they have heard the doctors warning that smokers are more likely to have lung cance
17、r and to increase their chances of having heart attack.In addition,smoking pollutes the air and may cause fire accidents.(合)Thus it has become a major threat to peoples life and property.,There is some truth in both arguments(This sentence is more idiomatic than“Both arguments are reasonable),but hu
18、mans life and property outweighs anything else.If smoking brings us illness and death,why not have it banned by the government?Without cigarettes,cant we come up with better ways to express our friendship and to make us refreshed?,1.正反关系的议论文（pro-con）标题特点：1.一般疑问句 2.选择提问 3.陈述的短语结构 4.My View on 提纲特点：1.
19、有人认为 2.另一些人认为 3.我的看法,四真题回顾（1990-）,例1：Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?（2000年6月）Outline:（1）很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是（2）也有人持不同意见，（3）我的看法和打算,例 2：Reading Selectively or Extensively?Outline:（1）有人认为读书要有选择。（2）有人认为应该博览群书。（3）我的看法。例 3：Owning a Car例 4：My View on,2 时事热点题 特点：标题是热点问题或时事话题；提纲不完整，通常需对提纲作适当调整。例 1：To
20、 Be Honest(2003年1月)Outline:（1）最近社会上出现了一些不诚实的现象。（2）诚实利人利己；怎样做到诚实。例 2：How I Finance My College EducationOutline:（1）上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多种途径解决。（2）哪种途径适合我（说明理由）。,3、图表作文 切记：Quote as few figures as possible.“考图表作文得分最低的同学往往是引用数据最多的同学。”-杨惠中（原四六级考试委员会主任）提纲特点：1）简单描述图表 2）分析原因 3）提出建议或进行预测,例如：Changes in
21、Peoples Diet(1991年6月)As can be seen from the table,great changes have been taking place in peoples diet in the past five years.Grain,as the main food of most Chinese,is now playing a less important role,while the population of some high-energy foods,such as milk and meat,has increased.What has cause
22、d these changes?I think there are two reasons.First,people now have more money.The price of meat and milk is much higher than that of grain,so in the old days people couldnt afford them.Now they have enough money to buy both meat and milk.Second,people nowadays pay more attention to the elements of
23、their diet.They look for a well-balanced diet that will be good for their health.,In short,there have been changes in peoples diet in the past five years because of financial and health reasons,and there will be further changes in the future.,4、谚语警句题 例如：Haste Makes Waste 提纲：1)怎样理解“欲速则不达”2）请举例说明5、应用文
24、 例如：2003年6月四级作文是要求写一份交通事故见证书（an eye-witness account of a traffic accident)提纲：1）车祸发生的时间及地点 2）你所见到的车祸的情况 3）你对车祸原因的分析6、其它 特点：提纲松散 例如：Dont Hesitate to Say No,虽然自2003年开始四六级考试作文题目不同，但二者之间有共同之处。下面重点看看近五年四、六级作文题目。,最近5年四级考试作文题目列表,1、类型：对比选择类现象解释类问题解决类、应用文类2、题材：-校园生活：学习日常生活工作及健康交际等-社会热点：考生对这类话题比较熟悉。3、体裁:议论文、说明
25、文和应用文写作(包括书信、便条、通知、海报等)。4、命题形式：提纲作文情景作文图表作文提示作 文、关键词作文等。,五、命题趋势及预测,1、审题-确定文章的体裁，抓住中心思想，按照各体裁 写作原则进行写作。-明确题目给定的题材及写作考查重点。例如，“How I Finance My College Education”重点应放在“How”和“I”上，侧重写我怎样筹措上大学的费用;再如“The World Is Getting Smaller and Smaller”，“世界变得越来越小”应该是这篇文章的中心，通过“交通和通讯工具的发达”和“人们交往的频繁”来论证“世界变得越来越小”。,六、写作流
26、程,例：Global Shortage of Fresh Water(全球淡水紧缺)(1996年6月四级真题)Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Global Shortage of Fresh Water.You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:1.人们以为淡水是取之不尽的(
27、提示：雨水、河水、井 水);2.实际上淡水是非常紧缺的(提示：人口增长、工业用水增加、污染);3.我们应该怎么办。,2、构思列提纲,Topic:Global Shortage of Fresh WaterQuestion:What has caused the global shortage of fresh water and how can we solve the problem?Outline:I.It is widely assumed that fresh water is inexhaustible.1.Plenty of rainfall 2.Numerous wells 3.
28、Countless rivers,falls and springsII.There are three causes for a global shortage of fresh water.1.Population growth 2.Development of industry&agriculture 3.Water pollutionIII.Measures should be taken to solve the problem.1.Protect water resources from being polluted 2.Save water 3.Recycle water&con
29、vert sea water into drinkable water.,3提笔写作4修改润色 1)检查语篇结构：文章的主题是否明确，篇章层次是否明显，段落衔接是否连贯，内容是否切题等。2)检查每个段落：段落是否完善，中心是否突出，段内各句是否衔接紧凑等。3)检查语法：用词是否恰当，标点是否正确，句子结构是否完整，语句是否通顺等。,七、范文赏析,Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that drunken driving has been a grave(serious/severe)problem with which we are con
30、fronted.Generally speaking,there are several reasons accounting for/behind this phenomenon.Firstly,recent decades have witnessed the rapid development of peoples living standards.As a result,cars gained ever-increasing popularity and have found their way into our everyday life.Secondly,people partic
31、ipate in more activities or banquets than ever before,where they will drink liquor/strong wine.Then,they may get drunk but continue to drive.,Drunken Driving,Drunken driving is bound to generate(bring about/cause/result in)severe consequence if we keep turning a blind eye to it.First and foremost,th
32、is behavior will directly threaten the safety of drivers,passengers and pedestrians/goers,resulting in traffic accidents,injuries and even deaths.Besides,treating the injured and repairing broken cars mean a grievous waste of money,time and resources.Last but not least,this irresponsible driving wil
33、l make the road a nightmare,and thus,it will cause serious losses of faith in governments and the society.,In view of the seriousness of this problem,effective measures must be taken before things get worse.First,it is essential that the supervisory role of laws and regulations should be strengthened to punish those performing drunken driving.Secondly,the public,especially drivers,should enhance(strengthen)their awareness of public safety.With stricter laws and alert public,it will only be a matter of time for drunken driving to become things of past.,
